英文文獻(xiàn) HYDRAULIC EQUIPMENT OF PLIABLE FORCE FOR MAINTENANCE AND MECHANICAL WORKINGAbstract.The collaboration between the Hydraulic and Pneumatic Acting Systems Engineering Department and the SC HYDRAMOLD SRL firm led to the realization of some performances products on the hydraulics and pneumatics segment.The paper proposes to offer the most representative hydraulic pliable equipments force for mechanical working and maintenance.A big part from the hydraulic equipments is patented or claim of patent,the technology and technological originality being totally part of those.Because the paper has a prevalent technical character,in the presentation will be got off especially the performance characteristics of the areas used and the hydraulic equipments advantages of the pliable force.Key words:hydraulic equipment,maintenance,mecanical working. 1. IntroductionThe multi-functional modular equipments,pliable,for mechanical working, that are based on the hydraulic drive are destined to the manufacturing plant IMM also to the manufacturing plant of maintenance of the big company framework from energetic,petrochemistry,transport.All the equipments what are adduced in work are submitted in the framework of DISAHP research and make the study of other papers.Taking account the finite space of a work,there will be proposed from the large palette of hydraulic pliable equipments force a new or modernized equipments series from each segment developed by the SC HYDRAMOLD SRL firm(pressure sources,hydraulic presses,hydraulic tools, hydraulic equipment of 3000 bar,hydraulic lift equipment),following as in the next works it will be published other modern hydraulic equipments.2.Hydraulic Equipments Analysis Force 2.1 Pressure SourcesThe pressure sources of the force hydraulic equipments yielded by the SC HYDRAMOLD SRL are:the hydraulic acting units that have electric or thermal engine and the hydraulic manual or pedal pumps.·Hydraulic drive unit description with electric engineThe electro-hydraulic drive units HUEH are high pressure sources for the hydraulic cylinder supplying with simple or double action from some equipments structure,hydraulic installations or appliances,and they work with relative small rate flow and pressures of until 700 bars,(Fig.1).The working developed pressure can be adjusted depending on task:30-700 bar.Fig.1–The electro-hydraulic drive unit[1]1- electric engine;2-multiplier;3-oil receiver;4-operator’s desk.Table 1·AdvantagesThe electro-hydraulic drive unit advantages(HUEH)are:they offer the possibility to maintain into the pressure,respectively the hydraulic obstruct of the task and dispose of a precise setting of the pressure depending on the task until 700 bar;it allows the permanent control of the cylinder stroke and also the automatic commutation from the first step to the second pressure step respectively from the fast start to the technological breakthrough;it allows electric remote command,while the charging voltage is of 24 Vcc,having the oil temperature monitoring possibility and the automatic disconnect to the value of 55°C;it has the hydraulic components of the hydraulic panel(pump,valve, slide valve)and it functions in optimal behavior to maximum from the half nominal pressure,providing for advanced reliability;it has a low level noise (under 70 db);it confers the simultaneous supplying possibility of 2,3 or 4 cylinders-through to an attached branch[2,3].·The hydraulic drive unit description with heat engineThe hydraulic drive units with heat engine(HUMUTH)proceed from the new products scale with a distinguished resilience into the field,and they function with small flow rate and pressures of until 700 bar,(fig.2).Fig.2–The hydraulic drive unit with heat engine[4]1- heat engine;2-multiplier;3-operator’s desk;4-oil receiver.Table 2The hydraulic drive unit characteristics with heat engine[1].The hydraulic drive unit with heat engine has a manual command for thestart and the changing of the pressure steps from the 1st step to the 2nd step itmakes manual too[4].·AdvantagesThe hydraulic drive unit offers similar advantages with those presented at the hydraulic drive unit with electric engine.The additional advantage consists of the mobility into the field as the result of a low weight and it doesn’t depend of a fixed power source(for example the connected of the unit to the line system).2.2.Hydraulic PressesThe hydraulic press workshop HPH-075 is composed from a stand shut framework(fixed top traverse columns,adjustable bottom traverse,basic plate) removable,a hydraulic cylinder with double action HCHD-075.150 installed on a transversal carriage,a plates set,pressing bolts and nuts,(Fig.3).Fig.3.–The hydraulic press 75[tf]1- Basic plate;2-Columns;3-Bottom traverse;4-Hydraulic cylinder HCHD-075.125;5-Top traverse;6-Pressing bolts;7-Pressing plates.Table 3The hydraulic press characteristics[1].Among the direct applications of this hydraulic presses deserve reminded: pressing and gear puller off of the transmission shafts from the gear boxes; pressing and puller ball bearings from the attack pinions from the tapering groups;pressing and extraction from jammed subsets;cold deformation for various proof sample.·AdvantagesThe hydraulic press has a modular construction,removable,having an indexed settlement system of the inferior traverse,at the various determinate heights of range of 75[mm].The transverse carriage of press represents an easy settlement system of the hydraulic cylinder position allowing thus the pressing axle regulation;The hydraulic press has plates set,bolts and pressing nuts for the realization of all technological operations;From the press project result an optimal report between its weight and achieved force owing to the acting to maximum pressures 700 bar,as effect of a reduced weight it is easy of carried.2.3.Hydraulic toolsThe hydraulic tool scale used in the mechanical processing and maintenance is various,with many applications in the mechanical engineering.There are reminded among these hydraulic tools:the device of the bending pipes and the hydraulic device of cutting.·The Device Description of Bending PipesThe bending template,fixed on acting rod of the hydraulic cylinder and having the suitable skewers profile so pipe dimension as well as inflexion beam,it will act over pipe that follows to be distorted;the pipe guides on the two ferries of the rest,fixed between the device plates.The superior plate of the appliance it can bate to allow the introduction of the template and of the ferries of the rest(Fig.5).The device of bending pipes type HDIT.M-020.300 is an equipment, hydraulic driven and it is destined to the bending at cold of the installations pipes in the maintenance and repairs sectors.Table 4 The device characteristics of bending pipes[1]Fig.5.–The device of bending pipes[1]1- Tripod;2-Fixed plate;3-Turnover plate;4-Bolt;5-Hydraulic cylinder HCHD-020.300,6-Form.Table 5The working characteristics of device of bending pipes HDIT.M-020.300[1]·The Hydraulic Device Description of Cutting 20[tf]The device is formed from a metallic body,realized through welded construction,a hydraulic cylinder with simple action HCHS-020.028,a movable knife jointly mounted with the cylinder rod and a fixed knife body, (Fig.6).The hydraulic cylinder acting it realizes through the connection to a highpressure source(manual pump HPHM-700 or hydraulic pedal pump HPHP-700),through a fast coupling and hydraulic flexible pipe.The semi-finished product it installs between the two knives,while the cutting knife and the counter-knife establish the debiting of the semi-finished product from the steel.The retirement of the cutting knife it realizes by a spring incorporated into a cylinder.The hydraulic device of cutting HFMO-020.028 is a hydraulic drive device,used in the producing processes and maintenance with the view of cuttings at cold of the circular,square,hexagonal and flat bars steel.The movable knife run is of 28[mm]and the maximum pressure 700[bar],[1].Fig.6.–The hydraulic device of cutting 20[tf]1--2-Movable knife;3-Fixed knife;4-Feed nipple with oil under pressure.Table 6The working characteristics of hydraulic device of cutting type HFMO-020.028,[1].·AdvantagesThere are important to notice,among the hydraulic device advantages of cutting:the compact structure and modern design;the easy drivability and the reduced weight;it eliminates the useless physicals work of the operator;it lowers the appropriated time procedure.Scaling Behaviour of Pressure-Driven Micro-Hydraulic SystemsABSTRACTThis paper presents a lumped network approach for the modelling and design of micro-hydraulic systems.A hydraulic oscillator has been built consisting of hydraulic resistors,capacitors and transistors(pressure controlled valves).The scaling of micro-hydraulic networks consisting of linear resistors,capacitors and inertances has been studied.An important result is that to make smaller networks faster,driving pressures should increase with reducing size.1 INTRODUCTIONMicro-hydraulic systems can be modeled and designed using a generalized physical system description[1,2].This approach is based on the assumption that it is possible toseparate and concentrate properties of a system into interconnected subsystems.It has proven its great value in the design of electronic circuits.The lumped network approach also offers a powerful design tool for microfluidic systems[3-5].To illustrate the far-reaching analogy between different physical domains,we have rebuilt an electronic astable multivibrator network in the hydraulic domain[4].The system consists of hydraulic capacitors, resistors,transistors and(parasitic)coils.Based on this micro-hydraulic system the scaling behaviour of low Re (Reynolds number)hydraulic systems has been analyzed.2 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS In every physical domain a conserved quantity q can be distinguished[1].The flow is the rate of exchange of this conserved quantity between subsystems.In the hydraulic domain the flow variable is the volume flow. The effort is the tension that governs the exchange of the conserved quantity between subsystems.In the hydraulicdomain the effort variable is the pressure p[Pa].2.1 Hydraulic Resistors The hydraulic resistor physically is a liquid flow restriction,symbolically represented as in fig.1a.For a linear flow resistor,the resistance R is defined by:Where p12=p1–p2 is the pressure drop across the resistor, and the volume flow through the resistor.At sufficient low Re the flow in a duct is laminar and fully developed (Poisseuille flow),and the pressure drop p across the duct is proportional to the volume flow rate .For a duct of arbitrary cross section the resistance is given by[6]:Where f is the Fanning friction factor,L is the length of the channel,μis the viscosity of the liquid,Dh the hydrodynamic diameter,and A the cross sectional area.For a laminar fully developed flow the product f*Re=k,a dimensionless constant only depending on the shape of the cross section.The hydraulic resistors we have tested,were realized by anisotropic KOH-etching into asilicon wafer and closing of the channel by anodic bonding of a glass wafer onto the silicon.Fig.1b-d show a side view,a cross section and a top view of the implemented restrictionsrespectively.Figure 1:Hydraulic resistor.a)Symbolic representationb)Side-view of realized restrictions c)Cross section ofealized restrictions d)Top view of a realized restriction.For these triangular channels with a top width of 2w the resistance is given by:The limits of the linear regime have been determined analytically and verified experimentally for liquids[7]. Entrance and exit effects result in a non-linear relationbetween p12 and .They can be neglected if the channel is long compared to the hydrodynamic entrance length.At low Re the entrance length Lhy increases linearly with Re.For circular channels with a diameter d this is expressed by [6]:2.2 Hydraulic CapacitorsThe hydraulic capacitor physically is an elastic membrane across which a pressure difference can be maintained.It is symbolically represented in fig.2a.The capacitor establishes a relation between the pressure drop across the membrane and the displaced volume.For a linear capacitor the capacitance C is defined by:Where V is the volume of the displaced liquid by bending of the membrane.Because the volume V is created by accumulation of the volume flow,(5)can be rewritten tofind a relation between effort and flow:Figure 2:Hydraulic capacitor a)Symbolic representation b)Cross section of a capacitor realized in glass-silicon-glass technology,showing the deflection of the membrane under influence of a pressure difference.Fig.2b shows a cross section of a capacitor realized in a glass-silicon-glass sandwich.For deflections smaller than the thickness of the membrane there is a linear relation between the applied pressure difference and the membrane deflection.In this case a simple expression for the capacitance can be derived:Where a is the radius of the membrane,and D is the flexural rigidity of the membrane,defined by ,in which E [Pa] is the Young's modulus,ν[-] the Poission's ratio,and h[m] the thickness of the membrane.中文翻譯柔韌力液壓設(shè)備維修和機(jī)械加工摘要：液壓和氣動(dòng)代理系統(tǒng)工程部門和 SC HYDRAMOLD SRL 公司的合作實(shí)現(xiàn)了一些表演上的液壓與氣動(dòng)領(lǐng)域的產(chǎn)品. 文章提出了提供最具代表性的為機(jī)械加工和維護(hù)液壓圓滑設(shè)備力量。液壓設(shè)備的大部分組成部分是有專利的或是專利的要求，技術(shù)或技術(shù)創(chuàng)新即這些專利的整個(gè)部分 因?yàn)槲恼掠幸粋€(gè)普遍的技術(shù)特征，在演示文稿將完成特別是使用地區(qū)和液壓設(shè)備的柔韌力優(yōu)勢的性能特點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵詞：液壓裝置、維修、力學(xué)性能工作。１．介紹使機(jī)械工作具有柔韌性的多功能模塊化設(shè)備，這在液壓傳動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)上，實(shí)現(xiàn)了 IMM 的生產(chǎn)廠從有力的石化，交通方面的公司向維護(hù)大公司的框架生產(chǎn)公司的轉(zhuǎn)化。所有的同時(shí)考慮到有限的工作空間，將有提出從大型液壓設(shè)備的調(diào)色板柔韌力由公司的 SC HYDRAMOLD?。樱遥蹋▔毫υ矗簤簷C(jī)，液壓工具，液壓設(shè)備而開發(fā)的每一段新的或現(xiàn)代化的設(shè)備系列 3000 酒吧，液壓升降設(shè)備） ，在它下面將公布下一液壓設(shè)備等現(xiàn)代作品。在工作中用到的設(shè)備呈現(xiàn)在 DISAHP 框架研究報(bào)告中并對(duì)其他文件作了研究。2. 液壓設(shè)備分析力2.1 壓力源力量水力設(shè)備的壓力來源由 SC HYDRAMOLD SRL 產(chǎn)生了是：有電或熱量引擎和水力指南或腳蹬泵浦的水力代理單位 ·與電引擎的水力驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置描述電動(dòng)液壓的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置 HUEH 是供應(yīng)以簡單或雙重行動(dòng)的液壓缸的高壓來源從一些設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)、水力設(shè)施或者裝置，并且他們與直到 700 個(gè)酒吧一起使用相對(duì)小率流程和壓力， (Fig.1)。工作被發(fā)展的壓力可以根據(jù)任務(wù)被調(diào)整：30-700 吧。Fig.1–電動(dòng)液壓的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置[1]1- 電引擎 ; 2 乘算器; 3 油接收器; 4-工作臺(tái)。表 1電動(dòng)液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置特點(diǎn)[1]油接收器[l] 10;20;30;40電引擎[kw] 1.5-4高壓流速[l/min] 0.5-1.5低壓流速[l/min] 6-16最大壓力[吧] 700重量[kg] 84-176· 優(yōu)勢電動(dòng)液壓的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置好處(HUEH)是：他們提供可能性維護(hù)入壓力，各自水力阻礙任務(wù)并且根據(jù)直到 700 吧的任務(wù)處理壓力的一個(gè)精確設(shè)置; 它允許圓筒沖程的永久控制并且從第一步的自動(dòng)換向到第二壓力步分別從快速的開始到技術(shù)突破; 它允許電遙遠(yuǎn)的命令，而電荷電勢是 24 Vcc，有油溫監(jiān)視可能性和自動(dòng)斷開對(duì) 55°C 的價(jià)值; 它有水力盤區(qū)(泵浦、閥門，滑閥)的液壓元件，并且它在優(yōu)選的行為起作用對(duì)從半公稱壓力的最大值，提供先進(jìn)的可靠性; 它有低級(jí)噪聲(在 70 db 以下); 它同時(shí)供應(yīng)的可能性的 2,3 或4 圓筒通過對(duì)一個(gè)附上分支[2,3]?！び脽嵋娴囊簤候?qū)動(dòng)裝置描述用熱引擎(HUMUTH)的液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置從與卓越的韌性的新產(chǎn)品標(biāo)度入領(lǐng)域和他們進(jìn)行起作用與直到 700 吧小流速和壓力， (fig.2)。 圖 2-熱發(fā)電機(jī)的液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置[4]1 - 熱機(jī)，2 加速器; 3 操作臺(tái)，4 油接收器表 2 用熱引擎[1]的水力驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置特征油接收器[L] 10電動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率[kw] 1.2高壓流速[L/min] 0.35低壓流速[L/min] 3.3最大壓力[巴] 700重量[Kg] 40用熱機(jī)的液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置有一個(gè)開始的命令，壓力的變化從第一步到第二步同樣使人工操作化[4].·優(yōu)點(diǎn)水力驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置提供與那些的相似的好處被提出在與電引擎的水力驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。另外的好處包括流動(dòng)性到由于低重量的領(lǐng)域里和它不依靠一個(gè)固定的電源(例如被連接對(duì)于系統(tǒng)的單元)。 2.2 液壓機(jī)液壓機(jī)是用于各種各樣的應(yīng)用的設(shè)備例如：冷的變形、切割，固化，煞車皮和推力板， 壓力軸承拉出器。這些水壓機(jī)可以為其他適合他們是需要的機(jī)械的應(yīng)用按提取強(qiáng)迫要求作用。 液壓機(jī)描述水壓機(jī)車間 HPH-075 從被關(guān)閉的立場組成框架(固定的上面橫斷專欄、可調(diào)整的底部橫斷，基本的板材) 可移動(dòng)的，在具有雙重作用的 HCHD-075.150 的液壓缸上安裝的一橫截支架，被設(shè)置的板材，按螺栓和螺母， (Fig.3)。 Fig.3.–液壓機(jī) 75[tf]1 基本盤; 2 專欄；3 底部橫斷；4 液壓缸 HCHD-075.125;5 上部橫斷; 6 壓力螺栓 ; 7 壓力板材。表 3液壓機(jī)特點(diǎn)力[tf] 70沖程[mm] 150壓力[bar] 700在直接應(yīng)用這之中水壓機(jī)該當(dāng)提醒：脫套和齒輪制帽工人從工具箱的傳動(dòng)軸; 從攻擊小齒輪末端的緊迫和制帽滾珠軸承從逐漸變細(xì)的小組; 從被阻塞的子集的按和提取; 各種各樣的證明樣品的冷的變形。 優(yōu)點(diǎn)液壓機(jī)具有?；瘶?gòu)造，可移動(dòng)，并且有下等橫斷的一個(gè)被標(biāo)注的解決系統(tǒng)，在各種各樣的 75 [mm]的范圍的確定高度。鍛壓橫向支架代表液壓缸位置的一個(gè)容易的解決系統(tǒng)因而允許緊迫的軌章程; 液壓機(jī)有實(shí)現(xiàn)所有技術(shù)操作的板材設(shè)置，螺栓和緊迫螺母; 從這個(gè)項(xiàng)目結(jié)果，因?yàn)闇p少的重量的作用它是容易運(yùn)載，在它的重量和達(dá)到的力量之間的一個(gè)優(yōu)選的報(bào)告由于行動(dòng)對(duì)最大值達(dá)到 700 吧。 2.3 液壓工具在機(jī)械加工和維修的過程中使用的工具是多種多樣的，許過應(yīng)用在機(jī)械工程里。那些在液壓工具之中被提到的：彎曲管道的設(shè)備和切割的液壓設(shè)備?！澢墓茏拥脑O(shè)備描述彎曲的模板，固定在液壓缸的代理標(biāo)尺和有適當(dāng)?shù)拇璩?，因此用管道輸送維度并且變化射線，它將行動(dòng)在跟隨被變形的管子; 在休息的二條輪渡的管子指南，固定在設(shè)備板材之間。它可能降低允許模板介紹和剩余裝置的優(yōu)越板材(Fig.5)的渡輪。 彎曲管子類型設(shè)備 HDIT.M 020.300 是液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的設(shè)備，并且它注定在維護(hù)的并且修理區(qū)段的設(shè)施管子寒冷時(shí)彎曲。表 4彎管的設(shè)備特點(diǎn)描述[1] 過載[tf] 200沖程[mm] 60管直徑 2”-4”壓力[bar] 700圖 5 –彎管設(shè)備[1] 1 三腳架; 2 固定板材; 3 轉(zhuǎn)板; 4 螺栓;5 HCHD-020.300,6 型液壓缸 表 5HDIT.M-020.300 型彎管設(shè)備的工作特點(diǎn)[1]外徑[toli/mm] 3/8’[17]1/2’’[21,25]3/4’’3/4’’[26,4]1’’[33,5]1’’1/4[42,25]1’’1/2[48,25]2’’[60]管的彎曲壁厚[mm] 2,75 3,25 3,5 4 4 4,25 4,5曲率半徑[mm] 50 64 90 120 150 200 235形式最大彎曲角度[grad]120指導(dǎo)數(shù) 2 支 ， 普遍的·切割 20[tf]的力的液壓設(shè)備的描述設(shè)備有一個(gè)金屬體，通過被焊接的構(gòu)造實(shí)現(xiàn)，這個(gè)構(gòu)造就是簡型 HCHS-020.028 液壓缸。一個(gè)可以一個(gè)可以移動(dòng)的刀具和液壓桿和一個(gè)固定的刀體裝在一起，（如圖 6）.實(shí)行操作的液壓缸通過與一個(gè)高壓源（HPHP-700 的人工泵或液壓腳蹬泵），通過一個(gè)快速的聯(lián)結(jié)和液壓的靈活的管子。半成品位于兩把刀具之間，而切割刀和柜臺(tái)刀建立從鋼的半成品中除去，它安裝在二把刀子之間的半成品，而切刀和柜臺(tái)刀子建立扣除從鋼的半成品。它在春天之前體會(huì)被合并到圓筒里切刀的退休。切開 HFMO-020.028 水力設(shè)備是一個(gè)水力推進(jìn)設(shè)備，用于生產(chǎn)的過程和維護(hù)有切口看法在鋼圓，方形，六角和的扁桿的寒冷。可移動(dòng)的刀子奔跑是28 [mm]和最大壓力 700 [吧]， [1]。圖 6-切割 20[tf]的力的液壓設(shè)備1-金屬體；2-移動(dòng)刀；3-固定刀；4-用壓力油的油口。表 6HFMO-020.028 型切割型號(hào)的液壓設(shè)備的工作特點(diǎn)。[1]·優(yōu)點(diǎn)在這些液壓設(shè)備的優(yōu)點(diǎn)中有一些重要的值得去注意：緊密的結(jié)構(gòu);簡單的操作和減少的重量；它可以除去工人無用的勞作；降低了時(shí)間過程。壓力驅(qū)動(dòng)的微型液壓系統(tǒng)的縮放行為摘要 本文提出了一種對(duì)微型液壓系統(tǒng)的成型與設(shè)計(jì)的一種混合網(wǎng)狀方法。被修造了的包括水力電阻器、容積和交換器(壓力控制閥)的一臺(tái)液壓振蕩器。包括線性電阻器、容積和的微水力網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)垢被學(xué)習(xí)了。一個(gè)重要結(jié)果是使更小的網(wǎng)絡(luò)更加快速的那，推進(jìn)壓力應(yīng)該增加與減少大小。1 介紹微型液壓系統(tǒng)建模這種假設(shè)和設(shè)計(jì)，可以使用一個(gè)廣義的物理系統(tǒng)的描述[1,2]。這種方法是基于一種假設(shè)，這種假設(shè)就是它可能分開和集中系統(tǒng)的部分進(jìn)入相互聯(lián)系的子系統(tǒng)，它已證明了其在電路設(shè)計(jì)中的電路設(shè)計(jì)中的大的價(jià)值。泵的網(wǎng)狀方法的液壓系統(tǒng)[3-5]給微流體系統(tǒng)的功能強(qiáng)大的設(shè)計(jì)工具。為了說明不同物理領(lǐng)域的深遠(yuǎn)的比喻，我們已在液壓領(lǐng)域建立了一個(gè)電子無穩(wěn)態(tài)多諧網(wǎng)絡(luò)[4].液壓系統(tǒng)由容器，阻抗器，(寄生)卷組成。基于微型液壓系統(tǒng)的低重（雷諾數(shù)）的液壓系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析。 2 液壓原理 在每個(gè)物理領(lǐng)域被保存的數(shù)量 q 可以被區(qū)分的[1]。流速在子系統(tǒng)之間保存的數(shù)量交換率。在液壓領(lǐng)域流程可變物是容量流。 作用是處理被保存的數(shù)量交換在子系統(tǒng)之間的緊張。在液壓領(lǐng)域作用可變物是壓力 p [Pa]。2．1 液壓阻抗器液壓阻抗是對(duì)液體流動(dòng)的限制，象征性地在表示在 fig.1a 中，因?yàn)榫€性流阻，阻力R 定義為：那里 p12=p1–p2 是橫跨阻抗器的降壓，和 容量流經(jīng)阻抗器。在充足低關(guān)于在輸送管的流程是層流和充分發(fā)展的(流程)，并且橫跨輸送管的降壓 p 與體積流率成比例。對(duì)于任意橫剖面輸送管給抵抗[6] ： 這里 f 是扇面摩擦因子， L 是渠道的長度、μ 是液體的黏度， Dh 水力直徑和 A 是橫截面面積。為層流充分發(fā)展的流程產(chǎn)品 f*Re=k，一個(gè)無維的僅常數(shù)根據(jù)橫剖面的形狀。我們對(duì)非均質(zhì)性的酸值蝕刻測試了，體會(huì)入渠道和結(jié)束由玻璃簿塊正極接合的在硅上的水力阻抗器。Fig.1b-d 展示一張側(cè)視圖、被使用的一個(gè)橫剖面和一張頂視圖。 圖 1 ：水力阻抗器.a)象征性的代表 b)受制約的邊角度 c)橫剖面 d)頂視圖。對(duì)于與 2w 的頂面寬度的這些三角渠道的阻抗： 分析確定了線性體的極限并且為液體[7]實(shí)驗(yàn)性地被核實(shí)了。 入口和出口作用導(dǎo)致了在 p12 和 之間的非線性聯(lián)系。如果渠道是長的與水力入口長度比較，它們可以被忽略。由于低雷諾數(shù)，入口長度 Lhy 隨著雷諾數(shù)線性地增加。帶有直徑 d 的圓形渠道可以被[6]表達(dá)：2.2 液壓容器 液壓容器完全是壓力區(qū)別可以被維護(hù)的一個(gè)彈性膜。在 fig.2a 中容器象征性地代表建立在降壓橫跨面和被偏移的容量之間的聯(lián)系。對(duì)于一臺(tái)線性電容器電容 C 可以被定義：這里 V 是被偏移的液體的容量通過的彎曲膜。由于容量 v 由容量流的儲(chǔ)積造成， (5)是被重寫并發(fā)現(xiàn)在作用和流程之間的聯(lián)系：圖 2 ：在玻璃硅玻璃技術(shù)下的電容器的水力電容器 a)象征 b)橫剖面，顯示膜的偏折在壓力區(qū)別的影響之下。 Fig.2b 顯示了在玻璃硅玻璃夾心中的電容器的一個(gè)橫剖面。對(duì)于偏折小于膜的厚度有在應(yīng)用的壓力區(qū)別和膜偏折之間的一個(gè)線性關(guān)系。在這種情況下電容的一個(gè)簡單表達(dá)式可以獲得：那里 a 膜的半徑和 D 是膜的彎曲堅(jiān)硬，定義由， E [Pa]是典型、ν 的比率和 h [m]膜的厚度。