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Professional-relatedEngineering,Unit3Waterlegislation水立法,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterisaprimarynaturalresource,inthesenseofbeingnecessaryforhumanexistenceandfrequentlyinshortsupply.naturalresource自然資源inshortsupply供應(yīng)不足從人類生存的需要和經(jīng)常性地缺乏來考慮，水是一類基本的自然資源。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Inordertobeusefultopeople,anaturalresourcemustbeavailableinadequatequantity,inappropriatequality,intherightplace,attherighttime,andatreasonablecost.Inorderto為了……beusefulto對(duì)……有用為了對(duì)人類是有用的，自然資源必須是數(shù)量足夠、質(zhì)量適當(dāng)、地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間恰當(dāng)、費(fèi)用合理。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterresourcemanagementisthemaximizationofasmanyofthesevariablesaspossibleinresponsetodemands——frequently,conflictingdemands——forwater.as……aspossible盡可能inresponseto響應(yīng)，適應(yīng)水資源管理就是在各種情況下，最大程度地滿足用水量需求——通常是相互矛盾的需求。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterresourcepolicyconsistsofthosepublicdecisions,andthecriteriaonwhichtheyaremade,thataffectwaterresourcemanagement.consistsof由……組成publicdecisions公眾決議They指代publicdecisions水資源政策由公眾決議和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法規(guī)組成，而這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法規(guī)是公眾決議的依據(jù)，同時(shí)影響水資源管理。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Lawisonemeansofformulatingandeffectuatingwaterresourcepolicy.法律是闡述和實(shí)行水資源政策的一種手段。,1.WaterLaw水法,Mostwritesonwaterlawdeclarethat“waterlawisthecreation,allocation,andadministrationofwaterrights.”在絕大多數(shù)的水法中都聲稱，水法引發(fā)出水權(quán)，并對(duì)水權(quán)進(jìn)行分配和管理。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Butthisisaninaccurate,unproductivedefinitionbasedontheartificialdichotomybetweenwaterquantityandquality.basedon以……為基礎(chǔ)但它以對(duì)水量和水質(zhì)的人為割裂為基礎(chǔ)，是一個(gè)不確切、沒有價(jià)值的定義。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Traditionally,thegeneralterm“waterlaw”hasbeensynonymouswithlegalrightstoparticularamountsofwater,especiallyintheAmericanWest.習(xí)慣上，就詳細(xì)的水量來講，通用術(shù)語(yǔ)“水法”和水權(quán)是同義語(yǔ)，特別是在美國(guó)西部。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Casebooksandcommentariesonwaterlawfrequentlyalsodiscussmattersrelatedtowaterquantity,suchasfederalwaterresourcedevelopmentandpublicrecreationalaccessanduse.relatedto與……相關(guān)關(guān)于水權(quán)的個(gè)案記錄和注釋也經(jīng)常討論和水量有關(guān)的事件，如聯(lián)邦水資源開發(fā)和公共娛樂用水。,Professional-relatedEngineering,However,thelawofwaterqualityisalmostalwaysomittedfrom,orgivenshortshriftby,thesebooks.togiveshortshrift不理會(huì)，忽視，輕視然而，這些書對(duì)于水質(zhì)方面的法幾乎總是省略或輕視。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Forexample,arecentlypublishedcasebookentitledLegalControlofWaterResourcesdevotesonly50desultorypagesofits934totalpagestovariousaspectsofwaterpollutioncontrollaws.例如，最近公開的一個(gè)題為“水資源的立法控制”案例記錄，總共有934頁(yè)，其中只有斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的50頁(yè)涉及到水污染控制法的各個(gè)方面。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Amodernconcisecommentaryonwaterlawdispenseswithwaterpollutioninsevenpages.dispenseswith免除，省卻現(xiàn)今的對(duì)于水法的簡(jiǎn)要注釋中省略了有關(guān)水污染的7頁(yè)內(nèi)容。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Indeed,“waterqualitylaw”istypicallyviewedasadistinctfieldoflaw,separate（separated?）from“waterlaw”.的確，“水質(zhì)法”被看作一個(gè)有明確領(lǐng)域的立法，從水法中分離出來。Inotherwords,theparticularterm“waterquantitylaw”hasswallowedthegeneralterm“waterlaw”.換句話說，專用術(shù)語(yǔ)“水質(zhì)法”已經(jīng)取代了通用術(shù)語(yǔ)“水法”。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Thisuseofterminologyisobsolete（主句）inanerawhenwerecognizetheneedforcomprehensivewaterresourcemanagement（定語(yǔ)從句，修飾era）characterizedbytheinterrelatingofhithertodisparatecategoriessuchaswaterquantityandquality（分詞短語(yǔ)，修飾management）.在人們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到需要將水量、水質(zhì)等迄今為止認(rèn)識(shí)到的各類相關(guān)因素統(tǒng)籌起來規(guī)劃水資源管理的時(shí)候，這種術(shù)語(yǔ)的使用實(shí)在陳腐。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Nowadays,waterlawshouldencompassthelegalaspectsofallwateruses.今天，水法應(yīng)當(dāng)包含與所有使用水相關(guān)的立法。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Likemostfieldsoflaw,“waterlaw”defiesprecisedefinition.象大多數(shù)法律的適用范圍一樣，“水法”沒有準(zhǔn)確的定義。Itover-lapsotherlegalfieldssuchasenvironmentallaw,naturalresourceslaw,propertylaw,tortlaw,publiclandlaw,andlanduselaw.它與其它的一些法律（如環(huán)境法、自然資源法、財(cái)產(chǎn)法、民法、公共土地法和土地利用法）相互交迭。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Nevertheless,“waterlaw”islooselydefinedhereasthoseaspectsoflawthatareofprimaryconcerninthemanagementofwaterresources.bedefined……as……被定義為盡管如此，這里還是泛泛地將“水法”定義為：關(guān)于水資源管理基本問題的立法.,Professional-relatedEngineering,Foranalyticalpurposes,thefieldissubdividedasfollows（如下）:為了便于分析，將其進(jìn)一步細(xì)分如下：(1)thelawofwaterdiversionanddistribution;有關(guān)輸送水和配水的立法；(2)thelawofwaterresourcedevelopmentandprotection;有關(guān)水資源開發(fā)和保護(hù)的立法；(3)thelawofnontransformationaluses;有關(guān)水不可替代轉(zhuǎn)換的使用價(jià)值的立法；(4)thelawofwatertreatment;有關(guān)水處理的立法；and(5)thelawofwater-relatedlanduse.與水相關(guān)的土地利用方面的立法。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Whereverpossible,relationshipsamongthesesubdivisionswillbeelicited.無(wú)論什么情況下，只要可能，都將尋求這些組成部分之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。,2.WaterLight（水權(quán)）,Waterlawdealswithwaterrightsofvariouskinds.dealwith涉及，處理，安排水法涉及到各種各樣的水權(quán)。Alegalrightisalegallyenforceableexpectation——theassurancethatanactivitywillbeprotectedbythelegalsystem.合法的權(quán)利是指從法律上給予保障，即這種行動(dòng)將受到法律的保護(hù)。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Itmeansthatotherpeoplehaveenforceabledutiestowardarightholder.這意味著其他一些人對(duì)這些權(quán)利持有者有強(qiáng)制責(zé)任。Legalrightsareeitherprivateorpublic.合法的權(quán)利既是個(gè)人的也是公共的。Asetoflegalrightsthatarightholderholdsexclusivelyiscalled“privateproperty”.權(quán)利持有者專有的一系列合法權(quán)利被稱作“私有財(cái)產(chǎn)”。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Ownershipofprivatepropertydefinesagroupofrightswithregardtothesubjectofproperty;e.g.,aplotoflandoranautomobile.withregardto關(guān)于私有財(cái)產(chǎn)所有者還具有一些與相關(guān)財(cái)產(chǎn)有關(guān)的權(quán)利，如一塊土地或一部汽車。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Thesepropertyrightsgenerallyincludetherighttopossessthesubject,useit,disposeofit,andprohibitanyoneelsefrominterferingwithitforanindefiniteperiodoftime.這些財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)通常包括占有、使用、轉(zhuǎn)讓相關(guān)財(cái)產(chǎn)，以及禁止其他任何人不定期的干擾。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Publicrightsareheldincommonbyadefinablegroupofpeople.incommon共有公共權(quán)利被某一確定群體共同擁有。TherightsguaranteedbytheUnitedStatesConstitutionaretheheritageofallAmericancitizens.被聯(lián)邦憲法保障的權(quán)利是所有美國(guó)公民享有的遺產(chǎn)。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Eachmemberoftheclassofrightholdersmayassertapublicrightindividually,eventhoughtherightiscommontoall.權(quán)利持有者群體的每一個(gè)成員可以獨(dú)立地堅(jiān)持某個(gè)公共權(quán)利，盡管這個(gè)權(quán)利是所有成員共有的。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Thus,eachAmericancitizenhaslegalauthorizationtosueagovernmentalunitifitfrustrateshisexerciseofafundamentalrightsuchasfreedomofspeech.這樣，每一個(gè)美國(guó)公民都有合法的權(quán)利起訴政府，如果政府剝奪了他的基本權(quán)利，如言論自由。,Professional-relatedEngineering,OneofthethorniestproblemsperplexingtheAmericanlegalsystemis:Atwhatpointdoesagovernmentalregulationtoprotectthepublichealth,safety,andwelfare（不定式短語(yǔ)做目的狀語(yǔ)）becamea“regulatorytaking”ofprivatepropertyforwhichjustcompensationmustbepaid?一直令美國(guó)立法困惑的最棘手的問題之一是：為了保護(hù)公眾健康、安全和福利，政府機(jī)構(gòu)只支付一定的補(bǔ)償，可以在何種程度上“調(diào)整性占有”私人財(cái)產(chǎn)？,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterquantityrightsmaybesubjecttoreasonablepublicregulationsuchasrulesgoverningregistrationorforfeiturefornonuse.besubjectto應(yīng)服從….，受制于……用水量權(quán)應(yīng)服從合理的公眾規(guī)范，如注冊(cè)登記制度或不使用時(shí)收回的政策。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Butawaterquantityrightisprivatepropertyandgovernmentcannotusurpawaterquantityrightwithoutpayingfairmarketvalueforit.topay…forsth.為某事（物）支付……但水量權(quán)是私人財(cái)產(chǎn)，政府不支付公平的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格就不能侵占水量權(quán)。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Inanumberofwesternstates,water-shortmunicipalitiesarestatutorilyauthorizedtotakeoversenioragriculturaldiversionrights,butonlyafterpaymentofjustcompensationtofarmersandranchers.takeover占有，接任在西部許多州，缺水的市政當(dāng)局只支付農(nóng)民和農(nóng)場(chǎng)主一些補(bǔ)償后，就被準(zhǔn)許占有長(zhǎng)期以來一直為農(nóng)業(yè)使用的水權(quán)。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Thepublichasarighttorecreationalopportunities,butthisdosenotjustifyzoningprivatelakefrontpropertyasapublicwaterfrontpark.Thepublic公眾，民眾公眾有休閑娛樂的權(quán)利，但將私人湖區(qū)周邊財(cái)產(chǎn)作為公共的水邊公園是不公正的。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Ifgovernmentwantstocreateaparkonthatsite,itmustpurchasethelandorpublicaccessrightsfromtheowner.如果政府想要在這個(gè)位置建設(shè)一個(gè)公園，它不許從業(yè)主那兒購(gòu)買土地或公眾出入的權(quán)利。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Arighttoaparticularquantityofwaterisprivatepropertybecauseitisuniquetotherightholder,butitisadifferentmodeofpropertythaninaplotoflandoranautomobile.享有一定的水量權(quán)是私人財(cái)產(chǎn)，因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)于權(quán)利擁有者是唯一的，但與一塊土地或一輛汽車相比它又是另外不同形式的財(cái)產(chǎn)。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Waterinanaturalwaterbodyissoimportanttosocietythatitcannotbeprivatelyowned.Itisownedbyeachstateastrusteeforitscitizens.so…that…如此…以致于…天然水體中的水對(duì)于社會(huì)如此重要，以致于不能夠被私人占有。每個(gè)州為了它的市民作為它的監(jiān)管人而擁有它。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Inotherwords,waterinnaturalwaterbodiesis“publicproperty”;itbelongstoallcitizensofthestate.Inotherwords換句話說waterbody水體belongto屬于自然水體中的水是公共財(cái)產(chǎn)，它屬于這個(gè)州所有的市民。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Aprivatecitizencanonlyowntherighttousesuchwater.個(gè)人只擁有使用這類水的權(quán)利Thisiswhatlawyerscalla“usufructuaryright”.這就是律師講的所謂的“使用權(quán)”。,Professional-relatedEngineering,It（形式主語(yǔ)）isnotmeaninglesssemanticstosay（真正主語(yǔ)）thatthesubjectofaprivatepropertyrightinwaterquantityisnotthewateritselfbuttheuseofwater,eventhoughinmanyAmericanstateswaterrightscanbeboughtandsold.isnot…but…不是…而是…盡管在美國(guó)的許多州水權(quán)可以買賣，但對(duì)水量這個(gè)私有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)不是指水本身而是水的使用權(quán)。這種說明并不是無(wú)意義的文字游戲。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Foronething,thedistinctionsupportsextraordinarystatepowerstoregulatewateruse,powerswhichastatecanassertagainstthefederalgovernmentaswellasitsowncitizens.foronething首先首先，這種差別支持有突出能力的州執(zhí)政者控制管理水的使用，并與聯(lián)邦政府和它自己的市民進(jìn)行抗?fàn)帯?Professional-relatedEngineering,Afterall,astrueownerofthewaterinnaturalwaterbodieswithinitsboundaries,astateshouldpossessgreaterauthoritytoregulatewaterusethantoregulatelandorautomobileuse.afterall雖然，盡管雖然，作為境內(nèi)天然水體中水的真正所有者，一個(gè)州對(duì)水的用途管理方面擁有的權(quán)利比對(duì)土地和汽車的管理要更大。,Professional-relatedEngineering,Butifgovernmentgoestoofarinprotectingpublicrightsattheexpenseofprivaterights,itsactionsmaybedeclared“takings”requiringthepaymentofcompensation.但如果政府以犧牲個(gè)人權(quán)利來過度保護(hù)公眾權(quán)利，它的行為被稱作需要支付補(bǔ)償費(fèi)的“收入”。,