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中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯
系 別： 工程技術(shù)系
專 業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
姓 名： 張林
學(xué) 號： 05208340
2012 年 3 月 1 日
外文資料翻譯譯文
卷揚(yáng)機(jī)（又叫絞車）是由人力或機(jī)械動力驅(qū)動卷筒、卷繞繩索來完成牽引工作的裝置。可以垂直提升、水平或傾斜拽引重物。卷揚(yáng)機(jī)分為手動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)和電動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)兩種?，F(xiàn)在以電動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)為主。電動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)由電動機(jī)、聯(lián)軸節(jié)、制動器、齒輪箱和卷筒組成，共同安裝在機(jī)架上。對于起升高度和裝卸量大工作頻繁的情況，調(diào)速性能好，能令空鉤快速下降。對安裝就位或敏感的物料，能用較小速度。常見的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)噸位有：0.3T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 0.5T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 1T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 1.5T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 2T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 3T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 5T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 6T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 8T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 10T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 15T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 20T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 25T卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 30T卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。
卷揚(yáng)機(jī)可分為國標(biāo)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、非標(biāo)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。國標(biāo)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)指符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，非標(biāo)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)是指廠家自己定義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)）通常只有具有生產(chǎn)證的廠商才可以生產(chǎn)國標(biāo)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，價格也比非標(biāo)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)貴一些。 特殊型號的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)有：變頻卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 、 雙筒卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 、手剎杠桿式雙制動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、帶限位器卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、電控防爆卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、電控手剎離合卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、大型雙筒雙制動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、大型外齒輪卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、大型液壓式卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、大型外齒輪帶排繩器卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、雙曳引輪卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、 大型液壓雙筒雙制動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、變頻帶限位器繩槽卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。1、JK0.5-JK5單卷筒快速卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 2、JK0.5-JK12.5單卷筒慢速卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 3、JKL1.6-JKL5溜放型快速卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 4、JML5、JML6、JML10溜放型打樁用卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 5、2JK2-2JML10雙卷筒卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 6、JT800、JT700型防爆提升卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 7、JK0.3-JK15 電控卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 8、非標(biāo)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。其中Jk表示快速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，jm表示慢速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，jt表示防爆卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，單卷筒表示一個卷筒容納鋼絲繩，雙卷筒表示兩個卷筒容納鋼絲繩。
卷揚(yáng)機(jī)使用時的注意事項：
1、卷筒上的鋼絲繩應(yīng)排列整齊，如發(fā)現(xiàn)重疊和斜繞時，應(yīng)停機(jī)重新排列。嚴(yán)禁在轉(zhuǎn)動中用手、腳拉踩鋼絲繩。鋼絲繩不許完全放出，最少應(yīng)保留三圈。 2、鋼絲繩不許打結(jié)、扭繞，在一個節(jié)距內(nèi)斷線超過10%時，應(yīng)予更換。 3、作業(yè)中，任何人不得跨越鋼絲繩，物體（物件）提升后，操作人員不得離開卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。休息時物件或吊籠應(yīng)降至地面。 4、作業(yè)中，司機(jī)、信號員要同吊起物保持良好的可見度，司機(jī)與信號員應(yīng)密切配合，服從信號統(tǒng)一指揮。 5、作業(yè)中如遇停電情況，應(yīng)切斷電源，將提升物降至地面。 6、工作中要聽從指揮人員的信號，信號不明或可能引起事故 時應(yīng)暫停操作，待弄清情況后方可繼續(xù)作業(yè)。 7、作業(yè)中突然停電，應(yīng)立即拉開閘刀，將運(yùn)送物放下。8、作業(yè)完畢、應(yīng)將料盤落地、關(guān)鎖電箱。 9 鋼絲繩在使用過程中與機(jī)械的磨損.自燃的腐蝕局部損害難免，應(yīng)間隔時間段涂刷保護(hù)油。 10嚴(yán)禁超載使用。即超過最大承載噸數(shù)。 11使用過程中要注意不要出現(xiàn)打結(jié).壓扁.電弧打傷.化學(xué)介質(zhì)的侵蝕。 12不得直接吊裝高溫物體，對于有棱角的物體要加護(hù)板。13使用過程中應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查所使用的鋼絲繩，達(dá)到報廢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)立即報廢。
卷揚(yáng)機(jī)鋼絲繩的報廢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
1 直徑減小直徑磨損超過百分之四十應(yīng)報廢，不超百分之四十應(yīng)降低系數(shù)使用。2 表面腐蝕；當(dāng)整根鋼絲繩表面腐蝕達(dá)到肉眼顯而易見時，鋼絲繩就不能使用。3 結(jié)構(gòu)破壞；鋼絲繩整股破斷應(yīng)報廢，有斷絲的鋼絲繩應(yīng)降低系數(shù)使用。4 超載；超載使用的鋼絲繩不得使用。
國家交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、城市建設(shè)的規(guī)模越來越大，建筑工程中使用的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)規(guī)模、功率隨之越來越大，牽引速度也越來越快，相應(yīng)地卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的關(guān)鍵傳動件卷筒開式齒輪副結(jié)構(gòu)的尺寸越做越大，在大功率、高速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況下卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的噪聲也越來越高，然而這是國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所不允許的。建筑卷揚(yáng)機(jī)國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB1955—2002規(guī)定合格的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)噪聲限值為機(jī)外不得大于85dB(A)、操作者耳邊不得大于88dB(A)。當(dāng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)牽引力較小、速度較低時其噪聲都遠(yuǎn)低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值，控制也容易；但當(dāng)牽引速度較高、牽引力較大時要確保噪聲不超標(biāo)，需從設(shè)計、工藝、材料、質(zhì)檢等各個環(huán)節(jié)采取有效措施。
卷揚(yáng)機(jī)噪聲來源有多種途徑，但本質(zhì)上是撞擊和振動的結(jié)果，一般是由于齒輪嚙合質(zhì)量差、運(yùn)動不平穩(wěn)在運(yùn)動中產(chǎn)生了瞬時加速度而造成的。 我公司一臺80kN快速可溜放液力控制卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，鋼絲繩牽引速度為30m/min、電機(jī)功率55kW，機(jī)器噪聲一般在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍以內(nèi)，但偶而出現(xiàn)噪聲超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象，少數(shù)機(jī)器不能通過出廠檢驗。在排除噪聲時感到無從下手，因機(jī)器制造所依據(jù)的圖樣、工藝流程相同，既然絕大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品合格，就應(yīng)排除設(shè)計和工藝不合理因素。噪聲來源分析及控制主要是我們認(rèn)為底盤的設(shè)計制造存在造成噪聲的可能：1底盤采用箱形結(jié)構(gòu)，不是所有焊縫都進(jìn)行連續(xù)焊接，各個底盤焊縫的長短、高低位置不同，底盤剛性存在較大個體差異，有的則產(chǎn)生共鳴效應(yīng)，機(jī)器如有一點(diǎn)震動噪聲就被放大；2底盤由鋼板焊成，不具備吸震消聲功能，如果其固有頻率與齒輪嚙合頻率接近就可能造成個別機(jī)器因齒輪弱小震動引發(fā)較大共震，引起噪聲值上升。 我們針對上述可能性分別進(jìn)行試驗，但通過三次實(shí)驗發(fā)現(xiàn)噪聲高低與底盤結(jié)構(gòu)、剛度、頻率等因素呈弱相關(guān)，噪聲大小與運(yùn)動件強(qiáng)相關(guān)，因此底盤設(shè)計構(gòu)造、制造質(zhì)量并不是噪聲超標(biāo)的原因。
軸承間隙有人認(rèn)為，既然噪聲是伴隨卷筒總成和傳動件，那么就可能由于卷筒滑動軸承間隙大而引起。我們對卷筒零件配合間隙進(jìn)行選擇，保證軸承孔與主軸間隙符合圖紙要求，裝配后進(jìn)行試驗。試驗時采用變頻電機(jī)調(diào)速，觀察速度對噪聲的影響。? 大量試驗結(jié)果表明，速度對噪聲影響是第一位的，卷筒轉(zhuǎn)速越高則噪聲值越大、機(jī)器震動越激烈；間隙在其次，主軸與軸套間隙越大則噪聲也越大；而底盤對噪聲影響最小。如果機(jī)器本來噪聲就很低，則速度高低、主軸間隙大小的變化都不會產(chǎn)生過大噪聲，由此表明噪聲超標(biāo)也不是由軸承間隙大而引起的。
卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的分類及其不同特性卷揚(yáng)機(jī)包括建筑卷揚(yáng)機(jī),同軸卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 主要產(chǎn)品有：JM電控慢速大噸位卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、JM電控慢速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、JK電控高速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、 JKL手控快速溜放卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、2JKL手控雙快溜放卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、電控手控兩用卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、JT調(diào)速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、KDJ微型卷揚(yáng)機(jī)等，僅能在地上使用，可以通過修改用于船上。它以電動機(jī)為動力，經(jīng)彈性聯(lián)軸節(jié)，三級封閉式齒輪減速箱，牙嵌式聯(lián)軸節(jié)驅(qū)動。卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的卷筒，采用電磁制動。該產(chǎn)品通用性高、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、體積小、重量輕、起重大、使用轉(zhuǎn)移方便，被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、水利工程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖，還可作現(xiàn)代化電控自動作業(yè)線的配套設(shè)備。Jm系列為齒輪減速機(jī)傳動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。主要用于卷揚(yáng)、拉卸、推、拖重物。如各種大中型砼、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)及機(jī)械設(shè)備的安裝和拆卸。適用于建筑安裝公司、礦區(qū)、工廠的土木建筑及安裝工程。由人力或機(jī)械動力驅(qū)動卷筒、卷繞繩索來完成牽引工作的裝置。叫同軸卷揚(yáng)機(jī)：（又叫微型卷揚(yáng)機(jī)）電機(jī)與鋼絲繩在同一傳動軸上，輕便小巧，節(jié)省空間 （其噸位包括（200公斤、250公斤、300公斤、500公斤、750公斤、1000公斤等）卷揚(yáng)機(jī)還分為慢速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)：卷筒上的鋼絲繩額定速度約7~12m/min的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)?？焖倬頁P(yáng)機(jī)：卷筒上的鋼絲繩額定速度約30m/min的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。 電動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)：由電動機(jī)作為動力，通過驅(qū)動裝置使卷筒回轉(zhuǎn)的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。調(diào)速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)：速度控制可以調(diào)節(jié)的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)手搖卷揚(yáng)機(jī)：以人力作為動力，通過驅(qū)動裝置使卷筒回轉(zhuǎn)的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。大噸位非標(biāo)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)：主要用于卷揚(yáng)、拉卸、推、拖重物。如各種大中型砼、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)及機(jī)械設(shè)備的安裝和卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的拆卸。其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是鋼絲繩排列有序、有吊安裝可靠、適用于碼頭、橋梁、港口等路橋工程及大型廠礦安裝設(shè)備.就是一種利用外力（例如電動機(jī)）驅(qū)動他運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，然后通過電磁制動器和抱死制動器控制其在無動力下不自由運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，同時經(jīng)過電動機(jī)的帶動減速后，驅(qū)動一個輪盤運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，輪盤上可以卷鋼索或者其他東西。
通常提升高于30噸的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)為大噸位卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，生產(chǎn)大噸位的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)技術(shù)在中國只有少數(shù)，目前最大噸位是65噸。主要細(xì)分為JK（快速），JM、JMW（慢速），JT（調(diào)速），JKL、2JKL手控快速等系列卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，廣泛應(yīng)用于工礦、冶金、起重、建筑、化工、路橋、水電安裝等起重行業(yè)。
外文原文
Winch ( also called winch ) is produced by human or mechanical power drive reel, winding rope traction device to complete the work. Can be vertical, horizontal or inclined dragging heavy. Winch manual winch electric winch and divided into two. Now mainly to electric hoist. Electric hoist is composed of a motor, coupling, brake, gear box and the reel is mounted on the frame component, common. For lifting height and handling a large amount of work situation frequently, good speed performance, can make the empty hook rapid decline. The installation or sensitive material, with a small speed. Common winch windlass windlass tonnage are: 0.3T 0.5T 1T 1.5T 2T 3T hoist hoist hoist hoist hoist hoist hoist 5T 6T 8T 10T 15T 20T 25T hoist hoist hoist hoist hoist 30T.
Winch can be divided into GB, non-standard windlass windlass. To meet the national standard GB windlass windlass, winch is a non-standard manufacturers define their own standard winch ) usually only with the production of card manufacturers can produce GB winch, the price more expensive non-standard winch. Special types of Winch: frequency conversion winch, double drum hoist, handbrake lever type double brake winch, windlass, with restrictor electric explosion-proof winch, electric parking brake clutch windlass, large binocular double brake winch, large outer gear winch, hydraulic winch, the large external gear belt rope guider winch, a traction wheel winch, hydraulic double cylinder double brake winch, frequency band limiter for hoist rope groove. In 1, JK0.5-JK5 single drum fast hoist 2, JK0.5-JK12.5 single drum winch 3, JKL1.6-JKL5 humping slow type fast hoist 4, JML5, JML6, JML10 rolling type pile hoist 5, 2JK2-2JML10 double drum winch 6, JT800, JT700 explosion-proof electric hoist hoisting machine 7, JK0.3-JK15 8, non-standard winch. Wherein Jk represents fast hoist, JM said slow winch, said JT explosion-proof hoist, single drum represents a spool receiving wire rope, double drum two reels accommodate wire rope.
Hoist the matters needing attention in using:
In 1, the reel of wire rope should be arranged regularly, such as found in overlapping and helical winding, should be down to rearrange. Is strictly prohibited in the rotation of the hand, foot pull on the rope. Wire rope not fully released, at least should be reserved for three laps. In 2, steel wire rope to tie, twisted, in a pitch period more than 10% should be replaced when broken. In 3, during the operation, no person shall span wire rope, objects (objects ) after upgrading, operating personnel shall not be allowed to leave the windlass. When resting, objects or cage should be lowered to the ground. In 4, during the operation, the driver, the signalman to lift objects with good visibility, the driver and the signaller should cooperate closely, obey the unified command signal. In 5, operation in case of power failure, the power should be cut off, will enhance the material falls to the ground. In 6, to obey the command staff of the signal, the signal is unknown or is likely to cause accidents should be suspended operation, to clarify the situation before it can continue to work. In 7, working in a sudden power failure, should immediately open the knife, will carry object down. In 8, the operation is completed, should be the tray landing, closing lock box. The 9 wire rope in use process and mechanical wear. Spontaneous corrosion localized damage is unavoidable, should the interval time of coating protective oil. 10 never overload. That is more than the maximum bearing capacity. 11 the use of the process should pay attention to not be knotted. Compressed. Arc wounded chemical medium erosion. 12 may not be directly hoisting high temperature object, for there are edges and corners of objects to be protective plate. The 13 use of the process should always check the use of wire rope, achieve discard as useless standard should be immediately discarded.
Hoist steel wire rope scrapping standard:
The 1 diameter is reduced in diameter to wear more than forty percent should be scrapped, not exceeding forty percent should reduce coefficient using. The 2 surface corrosion; when the wire rope surface corrosion to the naked eye obviously, wire rope can not use. 3 structural damage of steel wire rope broken; whole shares should be scrapped, broken wire rope should reduce coefficient using. The 4 overload overload; the use of wire rope should not be used.
National infrastructure of transportation of city construction, more and more large scale, used in the construction of hoist scale, power will be more and more, the traction speed more and more quickly, corresponding ground winch key transmission drum open gear pair structure dimensions does bigger more, large power, high speed operating condition of windlass noise is also more and more high, however this is not allowed by national standards. Building hoist the national standard GB1955 2002 provides qualified winch noise limits for machine shall be not more than 85dB ( A ), the operator shall not be greater than 88dB ( A ) ear. When the winch less traction, the low speed of the noise are far lower than the standard limit, control is easy; but when the traction speed is higher, the traction force is greater when the noise does not exceed the standard to ensure that, from the design, process, materials, quality and other aspects to take effective measures.
Winch noise sources in a variety of ways, but is essentially the result of impact and vibration, is generally the result of gear meshing quality is poor, unstable movement in the movement produced a transient acceleration caused by. My company a 80kN fast running hydraulic control hoist, steel wire rope traction speed is 30m / min, 55kW motor, machine noise is generally within the standard range, but occasionally exceed the standard noise phenomenon, a machine cannot pass the inspection. In the removal of noise are not start, because of the machine manufacturing is based on the same pattern, process, since the vast majority of products qualified, should eliminate unreasonable factors in design and technology. Noise source analysis and control is mainly we think chassis design and manufacturing resulting from the presence of noise may be: 1 chassis with box structure, not all welds are continuous welding, the weld length, height of the chassis, chassis rigidity large individual differences, some resonance effect, the machine such as a vibration noise amplification; 2 chassis by a plate welding, do not have the shock-absorbing silencing function, if its natural frequency and gear meshing frequency proximity may be caused by individual machines for gear weak vibration caused larger total shock, caused by noise value to rise. We are aiming at the possibility of tested separately, but by three experiments found that noise level and the chassis structure, stiffness, frequency and other factors were weakly correlated, the size of the noise and movement of pieces of strong correlation, so the chassis design structure, manufacturing quality and noise not exceed the standard of reason.
Bearing clearance has argued that, since the noise is accompanied by a drum assembly and transmission parts, it may be due to the reel sliding bearing caused by. We on the reel parts clearance selection, ensure the bearing hole and spindle clearance in conformity with the requirements of drawings, assembly test. Test of using frequency control of motor speed speed, observation to the effect of noise. Experimental results show that speed?, to the influence of noise is the first reel speed, higher noise value is increasingly big, machine vibration and more intense; gap in the second, main shaft and sleeve gap bigger noise is greater; and the chassis of the lowest noise. If the machine was very low noise level, then the velocity, spindle gap size changes will not have too much noise, so that the noise is also not exceed the standard bearing clearance caused by large.
The classification and different characteristics of hoist winch includes a construction winch windlass, coaxial main products are: JM control slow large tonnage winch, electric winch, JK JM slow controlled high-speed hoister, JKL hand controlled fast sliding hoist, 2JKL manual double soon winch, electric control manual control rolling winch winch speed, JT, KDJ miniature hoist, only in the land use, can be modified for ships. It takes the motor as power, the elastic coupling, three closed type gear box, a tooth embedded coupling drive. Winch drum, using electromagnetic brake. The product of high versatility, compact structure, small volume, light weight, great, use convenient transfer, is widely used in construction, water conservancy engineering, forestry, mining, terminals and other material lifting or flat mop, also can make the modern automatic production line equipment. Jm series for the gear reducer drive hoist. Mainly used for lifting, pushing, pulling unloading, hauling loads. Such as a variety of large and medium-sized concrete, steel structure and mechanical equipment installation and removal. Applicable to the installation of the company building, mining, civil construction and installation engineering factory. By human or mechanical power drive reel, winding rope traction device to complete the work. Name: ( also called the miniature coaxial windlass windlass ) motor and the steel wire rope on the same drive shaft, lightweight and compact, space saving ( the tonnage includes ( 200 kg, 250 kg, 300 kg, 500 kg, 750 kg, 1000 kg. ) is divided into slow winch winch drum: the rated speed of steel wire rope about 7 ~ 12m / min winch. Fast hoist reel: the steel wire rope on the rated speed of about 30m / min winch. Electric hoist : by the motor as the driving force, through the driving device of the drum rotary hoist. Winch speed: speed control can modulate the winch hand winch: taking human as the driving force, through the driving device that the drum rotary hoist. Large tonnage non-standard Winch: mainly used for lifting, pushing, pulling unloading, hauling loads. Such as a variety of large and medium-sized concrete, steel and machinery and equipment installation and disassembly of the windlass. The structure is characterized in the wire ropes are arranged orderly, crane installation and reliable, docks, bridges, ports and other projects in Luqiao and large factories and equipment installation. Is a kind of use of force ( such as a motor ) drive him running, and then through the electromagnetic brake and brake hugging control in no power is free running, at the same time after motor drive reducer, driving a wheel running, the wheel can roll cable or other thing.
Usually the ascent beyond 30 tons winch for large-tonnage hoist, production of large tonnage winch technology in China only a few, are currently the largest tonnage is 65 tons. Mainly subdivided into JK ( rapid ), JM, JMW (slow ), JT (speed ), JKL, 2JKL manual fast winch series, widely used in mining, metallurgy, lifting, construction, chemical industry, Luqiao, water and electricity installation lifting industry.
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