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編號(hào) 無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 相關(guān)資料 題目： 機(jī)械手模型設(shè)計(jì)及制作 信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè) 學(xué) 號(hào)： 　　　 0923130　　　　 學(xué)生姓名： 陸　 超 指導(dǎo)教師： 　 許文（職稱：副教授 ） （職稱： ） 2013年5月25日 目 錄 一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告 二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文 三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表” 四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表 無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 開(kāi)題報(bào)告 題目： 機(jī)械手模型設(shè)計(jì)及制作 信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專業(yè) 學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923130 學(xué)生姓名： 陸 超 指導(dǎo)教師： 許文 （職稱：副教授 ） （職稱： ） 2012年11月 12日 課題來(lái)源 題目來(lái)源于產(chǎn)品教學(xué)制作。在工業(yè)上，機(jī)器人是用作運(yùn)輸或操作從前屬于屬于人工作業(yè)的一種設(shè)備，越來(lái)越多的事務(wù)也可以在機(jī)器人的協(xié)助下完成。 科學(xué)依據(jù) 國(guó)外機(jī)器人領(lǐng)域發(fā)展近幾年有如下幾個(gè)趨勢(shì): (1)機(jī)器人性能不斷提高(高速度、高精度、高可靠性、便于操作和維修)，而單機(jī)價(jià)格不斷下降，平均單機(jī)價(jià)格從91年的10.3萬(wàn)美元降至97年的65萬(wàn)美元。 (2)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)向模塊化、可重構(gòu)化發(fā)展。例如關(guān)節(jié)模塊中的伺服電機(jī)、減速機(jī)、檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)三位一體化:由關(guān)節(jié)模塊、連桿模塊用重組方式構(gòu)造機(jī)器人整機(jī);國(guó)外已有模塊化裝配機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品問(wèn)市。 (3)機(jī)器人控制系統(tǒng)向基于PC機(jī)的開(kāi)放型控制器方向發(fā)展，便于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化;器件集成度提高，控制柜日見(jiàn)小巧，且采用模塊化結(jié)構(gòu):大大提高了系統(tǒng)的可靠性、易操作性和可維修性。 (4)機(jī)器人中的傳感器作用日益重要，除采用傳統(tǒng)的位置、速度、加速度等傳感器外，裝配、焊接機(jī)器人還應(yīng)用了視覺(jué)、力覺(jué)等傳感器，而遙控機(jī)器人則采用視覺(jué)、聲覺(jué)、力覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)等多傳感器的融合技術(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行環(huán)境建模及決策控制;多傳感器融合配置技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品化系統(tǒng)中已有成熟應(yīng)用。 (5)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)在機(jī)器人中的作用已從仿真、預(yù)演發(fā)展到用于過(guò)程控制，如使遙控機(jī)器人操作者產(chǎn)生置身于遠(yuǎn)端作業(yè)環(huán)境中的感覺(jué)來(lái)操縱機(jī)器人。 (6)當(dāng)代遙控機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)不是追求全自治系統(tǒng)，而是致力于操作者與機(jī)器人的人機(jī)交互控制，即遙控加局部自主系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成完整的監(jiān)控遙控操作系統(tǒng)，使智能機(jī)器人走出實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)入實(shí)用化階段。美國(guó)發(fā)射到火星上的“索杰納”機(jī)器人就是這種系統(tǒng)成功應(yīng)用的最著名實(shí)例。 研究?jī)?nèi)容 ①收集相關(guān)設(shè)備資料，進(jìn)行一種四自由度機(jī)械手模型的設(shè)計(jì)制作； ②它包括總體結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)械傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和伺服控制系統(tǒng)。該模型具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、控制靈活、調(diào)整方便、性能穩(wěn)定等特點(diǎn)； ③完成機(jī)械手模型設(shè)計(jì)，繪制產(chǎn)品裝配圖，建議用A0標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖幅； ④完成非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件設(shè)計(jì)圖紙。建議用A3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖幅； ⑤設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份； ⑥翻譯8000以上外文印刷字符或譯出4000漢字以上的有關(guān)技術(shù)資料或?qū)I(yè)文獻(xiàn)。 擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析 （1）實(shí)驗(yàn)方案 充分分析作業(yè)對(duì)象(工件)的作業(yè)技術(shù)要求，擬定最合理的作業(yè)工序和工藝，并滿足系統(tǒng)功能要求和環(huán)境條件;明確工件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀和材料特性，定位精度要求，抓取、搬運(yùn)時(shí)的受力特性、尺寸和質(zhì)量參數(shù)等，從而進(jìn)一步確定對(duì)機(jī)械手結(jié)構(gòu)及運(yùn)行控制的要求；盡量選用定型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件，簡(jiǎn)化設(shè)計(jì)制造過(guò)程，兼顧通用性和專用性，并能實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性轉(zhuǎn)換和編程控制。 （2）研究方法 ① 在一定條件下，分析一個(gè)能快速、準(zhǔn)確地拾放和搬運(yùn)物件。 ② 在同等環(huán)境下，對(duì)同一個(gè)物體做同樣的操作，在不同的傳動(dòng)控制下，分析不同傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) 研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果 研究計(jì)劃： 2012年11月7日-2012年11月27日：按照任務(wù)書(shū)要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告書(shū)。 2012年11月27日-2013年3月5日：填寫(xiě)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。 2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告。 2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：學(xué)習(xí)并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的英文材料。 2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：機(jī)械手模型設(shè)計(jì)。 2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：繪制機(jī)械手模型設(shè)計(jì)圖紙。 2013年4月26日-2013年5月25日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)和修改工作。 預(yù)期成果： 科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為我國(guó)工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了廣闊道路，而機(jī)械手作為一種高科技自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，這就對(duì)我們的教育培訓(xùn)部門(mén)提出了新的要求。因此，為了適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展的形勢(shì)，在現(xiàn)有技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)教學(xué)型機(jī)械手有著深遠(yuǎn)的科教意義。 特色或創(chuàng)新之處 ① 選取的氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手成本低廉，性能優(yōu)越，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，便于操作。 ② 采用固定某些參量、改變某些參量來(lái)研究問(wèn)題的方法，思路清晰，簡(jiǎn)潔明了，行之有效。 已具備的條件和尚需解決的問(wèn)題 ① 設(shè)計(jì)方案思路已經(jīng)非常明確，已經(jīng)具備獨(dú)自完成設(shè)計(jì) ② 使用制圖軟件的能力尚需加強(qiáng) 指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn) 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日 教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見(jiàn) 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 系意見(jiàn) 主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名： 年 月 日 英文原文 Robot hand model design and production Scientific concept of development of engineering technology has opened up a broad road, while the robot as a high-tech automated production equipment, has been widely used in various fields of national economy, which the education and training sector of our proposed new requirements. Therefore, in order to adapt to the situation of social development, based on existing technology to design a teaching type robot science has far-reaching significance. The subject of design for teaching handling robots, mainly consists of robot's overall design, robot mechanical structure design, as well as drive, control system design, implementation of the manipulator hands of four degrees of freedom: the arm movements, stretching and wrist, arm, rotary. The design of the teaching function of mechanical hand requirements and practical significance, achieved by pneumatic cylinders push the arm movements and stretching,rotary pneumatic cylinders used to achieve arm and wrist rotation.Manipulator design simple, easy to operate, under the control of the MCU to complete the desired action, giving the students a visual impression, to achieve the purpose of teaching demonstration. Keywords Manipulator Teaching type Four Degrees of Freedom SCM 1. An overview of industrial manipulator Machine hand is a kind of positioning control which can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive industries that Europe and the Unites States multinational companies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production. But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East China’s coastal areas, local plastic processing plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly interested in, because they have to face a high turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenges. With the rapid development of China’s industrial production, especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the work piece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and more attracted our attention. Machine hand is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices. In real life, you will find this a problem. In the machine shop, the processing of parts loading time is not annoying, and labor productivity is not high, the cost of production major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injures. Think about what could replace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturated human right? The answer is yes, but the machine hand can come to replace it. Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring product quality, to achieve safe production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a machine hand to be used in actual production. Why would a machine hand designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic machine hand refers to the compressed air as power source-driven machine hand. With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. (Concept of environmental protection) 2. Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pressure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg/per square centimeter), and therefore moving the material components and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With the hydraulic transmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of the advantages pneumatic outstanding. 5. The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it flies in the ointment: 1. As the compressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily controlled. 2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power cannot be too large; in order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic system size increased. 2. The composition, mechanical hand Machine hand in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complicated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the, usually by the implementing agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed. 1. Implementing agencies Manipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arm, pillars. Hands are crawling institutions, is used to clamp and release the work piece, and similar to human fingers, to complete the staffing of similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand cannot wrist. Pillars used to support the arm can also be made mobile as needed. 2. Transmission The actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system commonly used manipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms. 3. Control System Manipulator control system’s main role is to control the machine hand according to certain procedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, using only trip switches, relays, control valves and circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agencies according to the requirements of action. Action will have to use complex programmable machine hand controller, the micro-computer control.. 3. Mechanical hand classification and characteristics Machine hands are generally divided into three categories: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions. It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence ternary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. It originated in the atom, military industry, first through the operation of machines to complete a particular job, and later developed to operate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines such as the Moon. Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third category is dedicated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve the machine up and down the work piece material and delivery. This mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the “Mechanical Hand”, which is the host of services, from the host-driven; exception of a few outside the working procedures are generally fixed, and therefore special. Main features First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower material machine hand, assembly machine hand, handling machine hand, stacking machine hand, help machine hand, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer,etc.) Second, cantilever cranes (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, etc.) Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, double-beam crane) Four, industrial machinery, application of hand Manipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of machine hand development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of machine hand, allowing machine hand to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation. Although the machine hand is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weight characteristics when compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has been applied widely, for example: a) Machining the work piece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, combination machine tool use is more common. b) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industry. It can be used to assemble parts and components. c) The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor. d) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous goods and hazardous material removal and so on. e) Universe and ocean development. f) Military engineering and biomedical research and testing. Help mechanical hand: all know as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving technology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer applications needs, creating customized cases. Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic machinery, it can be a fixed program draws, handling objections or perform household tools to accomplish certain specific actions. Application of machine hand can replace the people engaged in monotonous, repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and automation of production, instead of people in hazardous environments manual operation, improving working conditions and ensure personal safely. The late 20th century,40, the United Stated atomic energy experiment, the first use of radioactive material handling machine hand, human machine hand in a safe room to manipulator and gradually extended to industrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unloading to take place the work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools, machine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the completion of the upper and lower material. Machine hand body mainly by the hand and sport institutions. Agencies with the use of hands and operation of objects of different occasions, often there are clamping, support and adsorption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pneumatic, electrical device drivers. Manipulator can be achieved indecently retractable, rotation and lifting movements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Machine hands are widely used in metallurgical industry, machinery manufacture, light industry and atomic energy sectors. It can replace human labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization and automation that can operate in hazardous environment to protect the personal safety, which is widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclear power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additional devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling and transmission of the work piece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers ,etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direct manipulation by humans such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous material used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical hand. Manipulator mainly by hand and sport institutions. Task of hand is holding the work piece (or tool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, material and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mobile or compound movements to achieve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and posture. Machine hand is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device. In recently years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of machine hand development and product of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of machine hand, allowing machine hand to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation. Machine hand can replace humans completed the risk of duplications of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used. At present, the machine hand has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable. When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to market competition. At present, China’s industrial machine hand technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of machine hand research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary. Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is meaningful. 中文譯文 機(jī)械手模型設(shè)計(jì)及制作 科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為我國(guó)工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了廣闊道路，而機(jī)械手作為一種高科技自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，這就對(duì)我們的教育培訓(xùn)部門(mén)提出了新的要求。因此，為了適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展的形勢(shì)，在現(xiàn)有技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)教學(xué)型機(jī)械手有著深遠(yuǎn)的科教意義。 本課題設(shè)計(jì)的教學(xué)型搬運(yùn)機(jī)械手，主要包括機(jī)械手的總體方案設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)械手的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)以及驅(qū)動(dòng)、控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)等，實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械手手部的四自由度運(yùn)動(dòng)：手臂的升降、伸縮和手腕、手臂的回轉(zhuǎn)。設(shè)計(jì)中分析了教學(xué)型機(jī)械手的功能要求和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義，通過(guò)氣壓缸來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)手臂的升降和伸縮，采用回轉(zhuǎn)氣壓缸來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)手腕和手臂的回轉(zhuǎn)。設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械手結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、便于操作，在單片機(jī)的控制下完成預(yù)期的動(dòng)作，能給學(xué)生以直觀的印象，達(dá)到教學(xué)演示的目的。 1工業(yè)機(jī)械手的概述 機(jī)械手是一種能自動(dòng)化定位控制并可重新編程序以變動(dòng)的多功能機(jī)器，它有多個(gè)自由度，可用來(lái)搬運(yùn)物體以完成在各個(gè)不同環(huán)境中工作。在工資水平較低的中國(guó)，塑料制品行業(yè)盡管仍屬于勞動(dòng)力密集型，機(jī)械手的使用已經(jīng)越來(lái)越普及。那些電子和汽車業(yè)的歐美跨國(guó)公司很早就在它們?cè)O(shè)在中國(guó)的工廠中引進(jìn)了自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)。但現(xiàn)在的變化是那些分布在工業(yè)密集的華南/華東沿海地區(qū)的中國(guó)本土塑料加工廠也開(kāi)始對(duì)機(jī)械手表現(xiàn)出越來(lái)越濃厚的興趣,因?yàn)樗麄円鎸?duì)工人流失率高,以及工人交工傷費(fèi)帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)。 隨著我國(guó)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的飛躍發(fā)展，特別是改革開(kāi)放以后，自動(dòng)化程度的迅速提高，實(shí)現(xiàn)工件的裝卸、轉(zhuǎn)向、輸送或操作釬焊、噴槍、扳手等工具進(jìn)行加工、裝配等作業(yè)自動(dòng)化，已越來(lái)越引起我們的重視。 機(jī)械手是模仿著人手的部分動(dòng)作，按給定的程序、軌跡和要求實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)抓取、搬運(yùn)或操作的自動(dòng)機(jī)械裝置。 在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，你是否會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：在機(jī)械工廠里，加工零件裝料的時(shí)候是不是很麻煩的，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率不高，生產(chǎn)成本大，有時(shí)候還會(huì)發(fā)生一些人為事故，導(dǎo)致加工者受傷。想想看用什么可以代替呢，加工的時(shí)候只要有幾個(gè)人巡視一下，且可以24小時(shí)飽和運(yùn)作，人行嗎？回答是肯定的，但是機(jī)械式可以來(lái)代替它。 生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用機(jī)械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化水平和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率；可以減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、實(shí)現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn)；尤其是在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中能夠代替人進(jìn)行正常工作。想到這我就很想設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)機(jī)械手用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際當(dāng)中。 為什么選擇設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械手用氣動(dòng)來(lái)提供動(dòng)力：氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手是指以壓縮空氣為動(dòng)力源驅(qū)動(dòng)的機(jī)械手。用氣壓驅(qū)動(dòng)與其他能源驅(qū)動(dòng)比較有以下有點(diǎn)： 1.空氣取之不竭，用之果后排入大氣，不育要回收和處理，不污染環(huán)境。（環(huán)保的概念） 2.空氣的沾性很小，管路中壓力損失也?。ㄒ话銡饴纷枇p失不到油路的千分之一），便于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。 3.壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低（一般為4-8公斤/每平方厘米），因此對(duì)動(dòng)元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。 4.與液壓傳動(dòng)相比，它的動(dòng)作和反應(yīng)都快，這是氣動(dòng)突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一。 5.空氣介質(zhì)清潔，亦不會(huì)變質(zhì)，管路不易堵塞。 但是也有它美中不足的地方： 1.由于空氣的可壓縮性，只是氣動(dòng)工作的穩(wěn)定性差，因而造成執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和定位精度不易控制。 2.由于使用氣壓較低，輸出力不可能太大，為了增加輸出力，必然使整個(gè)氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸加大。 2機(jī)械手的組成 機(jī)械手的形式是多種多樣的，有的較為簡(jiǎn)單，有的較為復(fù)雜，但基本的組成形式是相同的，一般由執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和輔助裝置組成。 1.執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu) 機(jī)械手的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，由手、手腕、手臂、支柱組成。手是抓取機(jī)構(gòu)，用來(lái)加緊和松開(kāi)工件，與人的手指相仿，能夠完成人手的類似動(dòng)作。手腕是連接手指與手臂的元件，可以進(jìn)行上下、左右和回轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)作。簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械手可以沒(méi)有手腕。支柱用來(lái)支撐手臂，也可以根據(jù)與要做成移動(dòng)。 2.傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)作要由傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。常用機(jī)械手傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)分為機(jī)械傳動(dòng)、液壓傳動(dòng)、氣壓傳動(dòng)和電力傳動(dòng)等幾種形式。 3.控制系統(tǒng) 機(jī)械手控制系統(tǒng)的主要作用是控制機(jī)械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度進(jìn)行動(dòng)作，簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械手一般不設(shè)置專用的控制系統(tǒng)，只采用行程開(kāi)關(guān)、繼電器、控制閥及電路便可以實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的控制，使執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)按要求進(jìn)行動(dòng)作。動(dòng)作復(fù)雜的機(jī)械手則要求采用可編程控制器、微型計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行控制。 3機(jī)械手的分類和特點(diǎn) 機(jī)械手一般分為三類：第一類是不需要人工操作的通用機(jī)械手。它是一種獨(dú)立的不附屬于某一主機(jī)的裝置。它可以根據(jù)任務(wù)的需要編制程序，以完成各項(xiàng)規(guī)定的操作。它的特點(diǎn)是具備普通機(jī)械的性能之外，還具備通用機(jī)械、記憶智能的三元機(jī)械。