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機器人 首先我介紹一下機器人產(chǎn)生的背景，機器人技術的發(fā)展，它應該說是一個科學技術發(fā)展共同的一個綜合性的結果，同時，為社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一個重大影響的一門科學技術，它的發(fā)展歸功于在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中各國加強了經(jīng)濟的投入，就加強了本國的經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。另一方面它也是生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的需求的必然結果，也是人類自身發(fā)展的必然結果，那么隨著人類的發(fā)展，人們在不斷探討自然過程中，在認識和改造自然過程中，需要能夠解放人的一種奴隸。那么這種奴隸就是代替人們?nèi)ツ軌驈氖聫碗s和繁重的體力勞動，實現(xiàn)人們對不可達世界的認識和改造，這也是人們在科技發(fā)展過程中的一個客觀需要。 機器人有三個發(fā)展階段，那么也就是說，我們習慣于把機器人分成三類，一種是第一代機器人，那么也叫示教再現(xiàn)型機器人，它是通過一個計算機，來控制一個多自由度的一個機械，通過示教存儲程序和信息，工作時把信息讀取出來，然后發(fā)出指令，這樣的話機器人可以重復的根據(jù)人當時示教的結果，再現(xiàn)出這種動作，比方說汽車的點焊機器人，它只要把這個點焊的過程示教完以后，它總是重復這樣一種工作，它對于外界的環(huán)境沒有感知，這個力操作力的大小，這個工件存在不存在，焊的好與壞，它并不知道，那么實際上這種從第一代機器人，也就存在它這種缺陷，因此，在20世紀70年代后期，人們開始研究第二代機器人，叫帶感覺的機器人，這種帶感覺的機器人是類似人在某種功能的感覺，比如說力覺、觸覺、滑覺、視覺、聽覺和人進行相類比，有了各種各樣的感覺，比方說在機器人抓一個物體的時候，它實際上力的大小能感覺出來，它能夠通過視覺，能夠去感受和識別它的形狀、大小、顏色。抓一個雞蛋，它能通過一個觸覺，知道它的力的大小和滑動的情況。第三代機器人，也是我們機器人學中一個理想的所追求的最高級的階段，叫智能機器人，那么只要告訴它做什么，不用告訴它怎么去做，它就能完成運動，感知思維和人機通訊的這種功能和機能，那么這個目前的發(fā)展還是相對的只是在局部有這種智能的概念和含義，但真正完整意義的這種智能機器人實際上并沒有存在，而只是隨著我們不斷的科學技術的發(fā)展，智能的概念越來越豐富，它內(nèi)涵越來越寬。 下面我簡單介紹一下我國機器人發(fā)展的基本概況。由于我們國家存在很多其他的各種因素、問題。我們國家在機器人方面的研究是在20世紀70年代后期，當時我們在國家北京舉辦一個日本的工業(yè)自動化產(chǎn)品展覽會，在這個會上有兩個產(chǎn)品，一個是數(shù)控機床，一個是工業(yè)機器人，這個時候，我們國家的許多學者，看到了這樣一個方向，開始進行了機器人的研究，但是這時候研究，基本上還局限于理論的探討階段，那么真正進行機器人研究的時候，是在七五、八五、九五、十五將近這二十年的發(fā)展，發(fā)展最迅速的時候，是在1986年我們國家成立了863計劃是高技術發(fā)展計劃，就將機器人技術作為一個重要的發(fā)展的主題，國家投入將近幾個億的資金開始進行了機器人研究，使得我們國家在機器人這一領域得到很快地、迅速地發(fā)展。 目前主要單位像中科院沈陽自動化所，原機械部的北京自動化所，像哈爾濱工業(yè)大學，北京航空航天大學，清華大學，還包括中科院北京自動化所等等的一些單位都做了非常重要的研究工作，也取得了很多的成果，而且目前這幾年來看，我們國家在高校里邊，有很多單位從事機器人研究，很多研究生和博士生都在從事機器人方面的研究，目前我們國家比較有代表性的研究，有工業(yè)機器人，水下機器人，空間機器人，核工業(yè)的機器人，都在國際上應該處于領先水平，總體上我們國家與發(fā)達國家相比，還存在很大的差距，主要表現(xiàn)在，我們國家在機器人的產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面，目前還沒有固定的成熟的產(chǎn)品，但是在上述這些水下、空間、核工業(yè)，一些特殊機器人方面，我們?nèi)〉昧撕芏嘤刑厣难芯砍删汀? 下邊我簡單介紹一下工業(yè)機器人的一些情況。到目前為止，工業(yè)機器人是最成熟，應用最廣泛的一類機器人，世界總量目前已經(jīng)銷售110萬臺，這是1999年的統(tǒng)計，但這110萬臺在已經(jīng)進行裝備使用的是75萬臺，這個量也是不小的?？傮w情況看，日本在工業(yè)機器人這一塊，是首位的，成為機器人的王國，美國發(fā)展也很迅速，目前在新安裝的臺數(shù)方面，已經(jīng)超過了日本，中國剛開始進入產(chǎn)業(yè)化的階段，已經(jīng)研制出多種工業(yè)機器人樣機，已有小批量在生產(chǎn)中使用。 點焊機器人主要是針對汽車生產(chǎn)線，提高生產(chǎn)效率，提高汽車焊接的質量，降低工人的勞動強度的一種機器人。它的特點是通過機器人對兩個鋼板進行點焊的時候，需要承載一個很大的焊鉗，一般在幾十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒鐘一米五到兩米這樣的高速運動，所以它一般來說有五到六個自由度，負載三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空間很大，大概有兩米，這樣一個球形的工作空間，運動速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是說，是相對獨立運動的部件的個數(shù)，就相當于我們?nèi)梭w，腰是一個回轉的自由度，我們大臂可以抬起來，小臂可以彎曲，那么這就三個自由度，同時腕部還有一個調(diào)整姿態(tài)來使用的三個自由度，所以一般的機器人有六個自由度，就能把空間的三個位置，三個姿態(tài)，機器人完全實現(xiàn)，當然也有小于六個自由度的，也有多于六個自由度的機器人，只是在不同的需要場合來配置。 第二類是服務機器人，隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，尤其近十年以來，機器人的發(fā)展的應用領域在不斷拓寬，目前一個很重要的特征，大家都知道，機器人已經(jīng)從制造業(yè)逐漸轉向了非制造業(yè)和服務行業(yè)，剛才談的汽車制造屬于是制造業(yè)，但服務行業(yè)包括清潔、加油、救護、搶險、救災這些等等，都屬于非制造行業(yè)和服務行業(yè)，那么這里邊跟工業(yè)機器人相比，它有一個很重要的不同，它主要是一個移動平臺，它能夠移動、去運動，上面有一些手臂進行操作，同時還裝有一些像力覺傳感器和視覺傳感器、超聲測距傳感器等等。它對周邊的環(huán)境進行識別，來判斷它的運動，完成某種工作，這是服務機器人的基本的一個特點。 例如，家務機器人主要體現(xiàn)在像一些對地毯和地板定期的它能夠進行清掃和吸塵，它這個機器人很有意思，它有傳感器，它能夠把家具和人能識別出來，它自動的按照一種規(guī)律，能根據(jù)路徑把地面全部的清掃干凈，這也是家務中一些機器人的表現(xiàn)。 那么醫(yī)療機器人，是近五年來發(fā)展比較迅速的一個新的應用領域。如果人手術的時候，醫(yī)生來手術，一個是疲勞，另一個人手操作的精度還是有限的。在德國一些大學里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰間盤突出這種病，進行識別以后，能夠自動地用機器人來輔助進行定位，進行操作和手術。像美國已經(jīng)有一千多例機器人對人眼球進行手術，這樣的機器人，還包括通過遙控操作的辦法，實現(xiàn)對人的胃腸這種手術，大家在電視里邊看到，一個機械手，大概有手指這樣粗細的一個機械手，通過插入腹臟以后，人在屏幕上操作這個機器手，同時對它用激光的方法對病灶進行激光的治療，這樣的話，人就不用很大幅度地破壞人的身體，這實際對人的一種解放，是非常好一種機器人，醫(yī)療機器人它也很復雜，一方面它完全自動去完成各種工作，是有困難的，一般來說都是人來參與，這是美國開發(fā)的一個林白手術這樣一個例子，人通過在屏幕上，通過一個遙控操作手來控制另一個機械手，實現(xiàn)通過對人的腹腔進行手術，前幾年我們國家展覽會上，美國已經(jīng)成功的實現(xiàn)了對人的心臟瓣膜的手術和搭橋手術，這已經(jīng)在機器人領域中，引起了很大的轟動，還包括，AESOP的這種外科手術機器人，它實際上通過一些儀器能夠對人的一些病變進行檢查，通過一個機械手就能夠實現(xiàn)對人的某些部位進行手術，還包括遙操作機械手，以及多個醫(yī)生可以在機器人共同參與下進行手術，包括機器人給大夫醫(yī)生拿鉗子、鑷子或刀子來代替護士的工作，同時把照明能夠自動的給醫(yī)生的動作聯(lián)系起來，醫(yī)生的手到哪兒，照明就去哪兒，這樣非常好的，一個醫(yī)生的助手。 我們國家的這個方面也不甘落后，應該說繼美國、俄國和法國之后，我們國家這個方面，也是走向了國際的前列，這是中科院沈陽自動化所開發(fā)和研制成功，水下六千米無纜自治水下機器人，那么這個機器人到水下六千米，能夠無纜進行作業(yè)，這是剛被獲得2000年我們國家十大科技成果之一，這個標志著我們國家在水下機器人這塊，已經(jīng)達到了國際先進水平，目前我們在863計劃，在開發(fā)水下七千米的有載人潛器來對海洋進一步的開發(fā)和作業(yè)，這也是投了很大的財力和物力。 我們在空間機器人研究這塊也有很大的發(fā)展。包括像歐洲十六國在聯(lián)合空間計劃，面向未來太空的這種太空艙這樣一個整個計劃，其中有一點就是空間機器人，它的主要意義在于開發(fā)宇宙，造福人類，創(chuàng)造人類新的家園，它主要的功能是在于科學考察，像空間生產(chǎn)和科學實驗，衛(wèi)星和航天器的維修和修理，以及空間建筑的裝配，這幾個應用，確實是必要的，比方說科學考察，如果對像地面的模擬一些物理和化學實驗，不一定非得人在太空艙里邊，因為人在太空艙里生存一天的費用，將近是一百萬美金，而且也很危險，那么其實有些動作是很簡單的，人通過在地面上，通過衛(wèi)星進行控制機器人，再定期的完成某種預定的動作，實際是很簡單的，還有包括像太空艙進行控制一些實驗，一些開關、按鈕、法蘭簡單的維修維護，都可以用機器人來完成，因為機器人有太陽能電池的話，那么機器人就能夠生存，就能工作，通過上次我們剛才介紹機器人發(fā)展的應用，在不同領域的應用，也確實看到了機器人在工業(yè)、醫(yī)療、水下、空間、采掘、建筑、服務、娛樂、軍事方面的應用，也的的確確看到，是由于應用帶動了關鍵技術的發(fā)展，沒有需求，機器人就不能發(fā)展，正是因為人們在認識自然改造自然過程中，需要各種各樣的機器人，所以才促進了這項關鍵技術的發(fā)展，促進了機器人本身問題的發(fā)展，從另一個方面，由于關鍵技術的解決，以及應用的需求，就促進了機器人學本身的一個主題的發(fā)展，智能化，由原來的示教再現(xiàn)，發(fā)展成目前局部感知功能的第二代機器人，最終的目標，是不斷地隨著其它學科和先進技術的發(fā)展，使機器人內(nèi)涵不斷豐富，最終實現(xiàn)智能機器人這樣一個主流。 機器人是人類的得力助手，能友好相處的可靠朋友，將來我們會看到人和機器人會存在一個空間里邊，成為一個互相的助手和朋友。機器人會不會產(chǎn)生飯碗的問題。我們相信不會出現(xiàn)“機器人上崗，工人下崗”的局面，因為人們隨著社會的發(fā)展，實際上把人們從繁重的體力和危險的環(huán)境中解放出來，使人們有更好的崗位去工作，去創(chuàng)造更好的精神財富和文化財富。 Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations. Now I have a brief account of China's robot development of the basic profiles. As our country there are many other factors that problem. Our country in robotics research of the 20th century the late 1970s. At that time, we organized at the national, a Japanese industrial automation products exhibition. In this meeting, there are two products, is a CNC machine tools, an industrial robot, this time, our country's many scholars see such a direction, has begun to make a robot research But this time, are basically confined to the theory of phase .Then the real robot research, in 7500 August 5, 1995, 15 nearly 20 years of development, The most rapid development, in 1986 we established a national plan of 863 high-technology development plan, As robot technology will be an important theme of the development of The state has invested nearly Jiganyi funds begun to make a robot, We made the robot in the field quickly and rapid development. At present, units like the CAS ShenYng Institute of Automation, the original machinery, automation of the Ministry, as of Harbin Industrial University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Qinghua University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, also includes automation of some units, and so on have done a very important study, also made a lot of achievements Meanwhile, in recent years, we end up in college, a lot of flats in robot research, Many graduate students and doctoral candidates are engaged in robotics research, we are more representative national study Industrial robots, underwater robots, space robots, robots in the nuclear industry are on the international level should be taking the lead .On the whole of our country Compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, primarily manifested in the We in the robot industry, at present there is no fixed maturity product, but in these underwater, space, the nuclear industry, a number of special robots, we have made a lot of achievements characteristics. Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production. Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure. The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics. For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance. The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body. In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant. We regard this country excel, it should be said that the United States, Russia and France, in our nation, also to the international forefront, which is the CAS ShenYang Institute of Automation of developing successful, 6,000 meters underwater without cable autonomous underwater robot, the robot to 6,000 meters underwater, can be conducted without cable operations. His is 2000, has been obtained in our country one of the top ten scientific and technological achievements. This indicates that our country in this underwater robot, have reached the advanced international level, 863 in the current plan, the development of 7,000 meters underwater in a manned submersible to the ocean further development and operation, This is a great vote of financial and material resources. In this space robotics research has also been a lot of development. In Europe, including 16 in the United States space program, and the future of this space capsule such a scheme, One thing is for space robots, its main significance lies in the development of the universe and the benefit of mankind and the creation of new human homes, Its main function is to scientific investigation, as production and space scientific experiments, satellites and space vehicles maintenance and repair, and the construction of the space assembly. These applications, indeed necessary, for example, scientific investigation, as if to mock the ground some physical and chemical experiments do not necessarily have people sitting in the edge of space, because the space crew survival in the day the cost is nearly one million dollars. But also very dangerous, in fact, some action is very simple, through the ground, via satellite control robot, and some regularly scheduled completion of the action is actually very simple. Include the capsule as control experiments, some switches, buttons, simple flange repair maintenance, Robot can be used to be performed by robots because of a solar battery, then the robot will be able to survive, we will be able to work, We have just passed the last robot development on the application of the different areas of application, and have seen the robots in industry, medical, underwater, space, mining, construction, service, entertainment and military aspects of the application .Also really see that the application is driven by the development of key technologies, a lack of demand, the robot can not, It is because people in understanding the natural transformation of the natural process, the needs of a wide range of robots, So this will promote the development of key technologies, the robot itself for the development of From another aspect, as key technology solutions, as well as the needs of the application, on the promotion of the robot itself a theme for the development of intelligent, and from teaching reappearance development of the current local perception of the second-generation robot, the ultimate goal, continuously with other disciplines and the development of advanced technology, the robot has become rich, eventually achieve such an intelligent robot mainstream. Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.