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2019-2020年中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第11章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式.表示主講與謂講之間的關(guān)系。英講有曲種講態(tài):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者。對(duì)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查，多集中在被動(dòng)講態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)及時(shí)態(tài)，以及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的判斷、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的正確拼寫方面。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，.要注意揣摩句子的含義，掌握動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的不規(guī)則變化。 內(nèi)容導(dǎo)視 知識(shí)點(diǎn)1被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 知識(shí)點(diǎn)2被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法 知識(shí)點(diǎn)3主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 知識(shí)點(diǎn)4主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 知識(shí)點(diǎn)5不能使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況 知識(shí)詳單 知識(shí)點(diǎn)1被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型 句型 構(gòu)成 例句 肯定句 主語(yǔ)+be十過(guò)去分詞(十by.. ) English is spoken everywhere.到處有人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。 否定句 主語(yǔ)+be+not+過(guò)去分詞 (+by….) English isnt spoken by people here.這里的人不說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。 一般疑問(wèn)句 Be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞(+by.. .)? -Was Tom asked to e early?湯姆被要求早點(diǎn)來(lái)嗎? -Yes，he was.是的，他被要求了。/No, he wasnt.不，他沒(méi)有。 特殊疑問(wèn)句 特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞(+by...)? Why was this bridge destroyed by the government?政府為什么要拆毀這座橋? 2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式 時(shí)態(tài) 結(jié)構(gòu) 例句 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+ am/is/are十過(guò)去分詞+其他 History is made by the people歷史是人們創(chuàng)造的。 These books are designed for children.這些書是為孩子們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的。 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+was/were+過(guò)去分詞+其他 The letter was written in English這封信是用英語(yǔ)寫的。 The cars were made in Shanghai.這些車是上海生產(chǎn)的。 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+will be+過(guò)去分詞+其他 Your job will be kept open for your return.你的工作將保留到你回來(lái)。 When will the work be finished?這項(xiàng)工作什么時(shí)候完成? 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+am/is/am+being+ 過(guò)去分詞+其他 A new railway is being built.一條新鐵路正在修建。 Because my car is being repaired , I have to go to work by taxi.因?yàn)槲业能囌谛蘩?，所以l我不得不坐出租車去上班。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+was/were+being+ 過(guò)去分詞+其他 The hall was being built last year. Im not sure if it is pleted.這個(gè)個(gè)大廳去年正在修建，我不清楚選擇完成了沒(méi)有。 The road was being widened when I passed by the village.當(dāng)我經(jīng)過(guò)那個(gè)村莊時(shí)，道路正在加寬。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+have/has been+過(guò)去分詞+其他 He has been sent to work in Shanghai.他已經(jīng)被派往上海工作了。 Has the sports meeting been put off until next Friday?運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)已經(jīng)推遲到下周五了嗎? 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+had been+過(guò)去分詞+其他 The room had been broken into before we came.我們來(lái)之前已經(jīng)有人強(qiáng)行進(jìn)過(guò)這間屋。 A new hotel had been built when I got there.我到那兒時(shí)，一座新旅館已經(jīng)建好了。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞+其他 Her temperature should be taken twice a day.她的體溫應(yīng)該一天量?jī)纱?。? If heated，water can be turned into vapour.如果受熱，水會(huì)變成蒸氣。 知識(shí)點(diǎn)2被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法 用法 例句 不知道或者不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 How is this word pronounced?這個(gè)單詞怎么發(fā)音?The book was published in xx.這本書是xx年出版的。 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者 School will be opened in our village.我們村將開(kāi)辦一所新的希望學(xué)校 當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是泛指時(shí) He is suspected of robbing the bank.有人懷疑他搶劫銀行。 表示委婉或禮貌，避免提及動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者 I have been told many times not to make noises有人多次告訴我不要吵鬧。 句法修飾的需要 The lecture will be made by Joe, who is a young musician from Italy.喬要做這個(gè)報(bào)告他是意大利的一位年輕的音樂(lè)家。 有些動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) He was born in this city.他出生在這個(gè)城市。 It is reported that he is a professor from New Zealand. 據(jù)報(bào)道，他是來(lái)自新西蘭的一位教授。 知識(shí)點(diǎn)3主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 說(shuō)明 例句 含有單個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，即“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞十賓語(yǔ)”:把主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主 語(yǔ)，并依據(jù)上表(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式)把謂語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)形式;如果需要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，則需加上“by.+主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)(人稱代詞用賓格)”。 The famous professor gave two lectures in English(那位著名的教授用英語(yǔ)作了兩次報(bào)告。)→Two lectures were given (by the famous professor)in English They often ask some question after class。(他們經(jīng)常在課后問(wèn)一些問(wèn)題。)→Some questions are often asked(by them)after class. 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，即“主語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+ 直接賓語(yǔ)”:當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)是名詞或代詞時(shí)，可把間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)中的任意一個(gè)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，而另一個(gè)保持不動(dòng)。但是，當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前應(yīng)加上介詞to或for。 The doctor gave me some good advice on the pronunciation(老師給我提了一些關(guān)于發(fā)音方面的好建議。)→①1 was given some good advice on the pronunciation.→②Some good advice was given to me on the pronunciation. 含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，即“主語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓 語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”:把主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)保持不動(dòng)(成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，簡(jiǎn)稱主補(bǔ))。 We call him Li Hua.(我們叫他李華。)→He is called Li Hua. They painted the room white.(他們把房間粉刷成白色。)→The room was Painted white. 【易錯(cuò)警示】感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形作賓補(bǔ)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，需要在動(dòng)詞原形前加上省略的不定式符號(hào)to，即“be seen/heard/found/observed/noticed/made to do sth?！薄＠? They saw her enter the meeting room just now.(剛才他們看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)入了會(huì)議室。)→She was seen to enter the meeting room just now 含有動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(作謂語(yǔ))的主動(dòng)句:謂語(yǔ)為及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句方可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 They take good care of these children.(他們把這些孩子照顧得非常好。)→These children are taken good care of. We should make full use of the good chance.(我們應(yīng)該充分利用這次好機(jī)會(huì)。)→The good chance should be made full use of. 【易錯(cuò)警示】 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，把它們看作一個(gè)整體變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，其后的介詞和副詞不可丟掉。 知識(shí)點(diǎn)4主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 情況 例句 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征的動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)形式 表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，如:lock，open，read，sell， teach，wash，write等.:;. The cloth washes well. 這種布料很容易洗. A freshly baked cake doesn’t cut easilv.剛烤好的蛋糕不容易切。 表示感官的連系動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng) 意義，如:smell，feel，taste，look，sound等 This piece of music sounds good.這段音樂(lè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。 Mooncakes taste delicious.月餅嘗起來(lái)很美味。 某些動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng) 意義，如:need，want，require，worth等 The bike needs repairing. 這輛自行車需要修理。 Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。 【知識(shí)拓展】常見(jiàn)的被動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義的詞組:be seated坐著，就座; be hidden躲藏;be lost迷路;be drunk喝醉;be dressed穿著 知識(shí)點(diǎn)5不能使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況 情況 例句 不及物動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) A fire broke out last night.昨晚發(fā)生了火災(zāi)。 某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)也不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) This coat doesn’t fit me.這件外套不適合我。 The hall can contain two hundred people。這個(gè)大廳可以容納200人。 反身代詞或相互代詞作賓語(yǔ)的句子不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) We have helped each other for over two years..我們相互幫助有兩年多了。 賓語(yǔ)是不定式或動(dòng)名詞的句子不可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Most people want to have their own house，.許多人想要有自己的房子。 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成一個(gè)不可分割的整體時(shí)，即固定短語(yǔ)，句子不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) It took him a long time to make up his mind..他用了很久才下定決心。 Who’s going to take his place after he leaves?他走了誰(shuí)來(lái)頂替他? 【知識(shí)拓展】 這樣的短語(yǔ)常用的有:do one’s best盡力，盡最大努力; make a face做鬼臉; lose heart失去信心，喪失勇氣 ‘-. 考點(diǎn)突破 考點(diǎn)1考查及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1..(北京中考)A new hospital _______ in my town next year. A .builds B. built C. is built D. will be built 【解析】選D。主語(yǔ)hospital與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞build之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，next year說(shuō)明要用一般將來(lái) 時(shí)。故選D。 2.(矜南中考)The Spring Festival________ in January or February. A .celebrate B. was celebrated C. celebrated D. celebrated 【解析】選D。主語(yǔ)The Spring Festival與celebrate之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，春節(jié)在一月或二月過(guò) 是常態(tài)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 3.(安順中考)一Wow! You have a ticket to the Expo! 一It_______ by my uncleHe 15 working in Shanghai A. has bought B. had bought Cis bought Dwas bought 【解析】it與buy之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，票已經(jīng)買過(guò)了應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故選D。 4.(巴中中考)English_____ widely all over the world. A. speaks B. is spoken C. are spoken 【解析】選B。English是單數(shù)形式，且句子為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用is spoken。 考點(diǎn)2 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 5.(滬州中考)The dictionary may _______ for three weeks.. A.keep B. be kept C. borrow D. be borrowed 【解析】選B for three weeks 表示一段時(shí)間，要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，排除C、D；dictionary與keep之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，may 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，系動(dòng)詞要用be。故選擇B 6、(咸寧中考)-Food safety is very important. ---So some rules _______ to stop people from polluting food. A. must make B. must be made C. must made D. be made 【解析】選B、rules和make.之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu).排除A、C；D項(xiàng)be動(dòng)詞原形有誤，應(yīng)該為are，排除D； must是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.后面的系動(dòng)詞耍用be，B項(xiàng)正確。 7(衡陽(yáng)中考)Teenagers ________ allowed to drive. A. Shouldn’t be B. should be not C. not should be 【解析】選A。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定形式為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。故選A。 考點(diǎn)3 考查及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 8..(鄂州中考)—The meeting ______ because of the smog in Northern China last week. A. put out B. was put out C. put off D. was put off 【解析】選D。由句意可知，會(huì)議被推遲了，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。排除A、C; Put out意為“撲滅，熄滅’，與句意不符，故選D。 9.(哈爾濱中考)On June 11th，xx，Shenzhou-10 carrying three astronauts _______ into space from the space center in Jiuquan. All the Chinese people are proud of its successful launch. Asent up B. are sent up C. was sent up 【解析】選c。由on June llth，xx可知該句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，排除B項(xiàng);主語(yǔ)Shenzhou-10與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故選C。