《高中英語必修四unit2語法.ppt》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《高中英語必修四unit2語法.ppt（47頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

The–ingformastheSubject,Object，Predictive,AttributiveandObjectComplement,Grammar,Haveyoueverseenthesesigns?,parking,spitting,littering,smoking,-ingforms,1.動詞-ing形式的構(gòu)成:是在動詞末尾加-ing形式構(gòu)成,因此又叫動詞的-ing形式。如:do-doing,be-being,ask-asking,etc.否定形式:not+-ing構(gòu)成2.動詞-ing形式不能單獨作謂語,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但可以有自己的賓語和狀語,還有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。3.動詞-ing形式由動詞加-ing變化而成,它同時具有名詞和動詞的特征,在句中可以作主語、賓語等。,指出-ing形式在下面句中的成分。Findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.Heenjoyslisteningtoviolinmusic.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Themusicisexciting.Weheardhersinginginherroom.Beingill,shewentbackhome.,主語,賓語,定語,表語,賓語補足語,狀語,一、動詞-ing形式作主語表示經(jīng)常的、習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài),謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。如：1）Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.2）WatchingnewsonTVhasbecomearoutineforme.3）GoingtoHangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.4）Askingawoman’sageisimpoliteinourcountry.,2.-ing形式作主語時常后置,此時須用it作形式主語,用形容詞或名詞作表語。常見的名詞或名詞短語有:nouse,nogood,fun,hardwork,ahard/difficultjob,awasteoftime等;形容詞有:dangerous,worthwhile,useless等。,歸納:常用-ing形式作主語的句型有：It+be+awasteoftimedoingItis/wasnogood/usedoingItis/washardly/scarcelyworthdoingItis/wasworth/worthwhiledoingThereisnodoing...無法……;不允許……,3.在therebeno...結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相當(dāng)于“Itisimpossibletodo…”。,Thereisnosenseindoing做……沒有道理Thereis/wasnousedoing做……無意義Thereis/wasnothingworsethandoing沒有比……更糟的Thereis/wasnopointdoing做……無意義,1)Thereisnohidingofevilbutnottodoit．若要人不知,除非己莫為。2)Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatter.這種事開不得玩笑。3)Therewasnoknowingwhenhewouldleave.無法知道他什么時候離開。,,,,Trytotellthemeaningofeachsentence.,注意:Thereisnoneedtodosth沒必要做某事,在此句式中todo不可換為doing.Thereisnoneedtotellher.提示:當(dāng)動名詞用作主語時,其邏輯主語由形容詞性物主代詞和名詞所有格構(gòu)成。1）Mysister’sbeingillmademeworried.2）Yourbeingrightdoesn’tnecessarilymeanmybeingwrong.,動名詞與不定式做主語時的比較：動名詞表示的動作通常是一個習(xí)慣性的長期進(jìn)行的動作,不定式則通常表示動作的一次性或短暫性。e.g.1）TeachingEnglishismyjob.2）Findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.3）Toreachthereontimeismytask.,二、動名詞用作賓語動名詞作賓語有兩種情況。1.只能后接-ing作賓語的動詞,常見的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannothelp,imagine,mind,miss,practise,cannotstand,excuse,fancy,giveup,putoff,risk,insiston,lookforward,feellike等。e.g.1）Ican’tavoidgoing．2）Haveyouconsideredlookingforonespecialfriend?3）Peoplecouldn’thelplaughingfoolishman．,2.既可接-ing和todo作賓語的動詞,常見的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,by,mean,forget，remember,hate等。A.在like,love,hate,prefer等動詞之后，用-ing或不定式意義上沒有什么不同,只是側(cè)重點有些不同,ing表示泛指的動作,todo表示具體的一次性動作。B.在begin/start,continue之后,用動名詞和不定式,意義沒有什么不同,尤其是當(dāng)主語是人的時候。,C.在動詞forget,remember,regret之后,用動名詞與不定式意義不同。-ing表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,-todo表示動作還沒發(fā)生；Irememberpostingtheletter．I’llremembertoposttheletter．Ishallneverforgetseeingthefamouswriter．Don’tforgettowritetoyourmother．Iregretmissingthereport．IregrettosayIcan’ttakeyouradvice．,,,,D.意義各不相同trytodo(設(shè)法)meantodo(打算,有意要做)trydoing(試試)meandoing(意思是,意味著)beusedtodoing習(xí)慣于做某事beusedtodo被用來做某事can’thelpdoing禁不住做某事canthelptodo不能幫助做某事,,,E.goondoing繼續(xù)做一直在做的事;goontodo接著做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事stoptodo停下正在干的事去干另一件事。,,,,,3.在介詞后接動名詞作賓語1)Iinsistontakingproperfoodforthistrip．2)Insteadofsmiling,eachofthemmadeaface．3)Shewasveryinterestedinworkingforourcompany．注：下列短語中的to都是介詞,所以動詞要接-ing形式:devoteto,objectto,payattentionto,getdownto,leadto,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto等。,三、-ing形式作定語1.單個動詞的-ing形式作定語位于被修飾名詞的前面,既可以表示被修飾者的作用或功能,也可以表示被修飾者的動作或狀態(tài)。e.g.buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料,drinkingwater=waterfordrinkingawalkingstick=astickforwalkingareadingroom=aroomforreadingawritingdesk=adeskforwritingtiringmusic=musicthatistiringasurprisingresult=aresultthatissurprising,,,,,,,2.–ing形式短語作定語時,放在所修飾的名詞之后,并且在意思上相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。1）Theylivedinaroomfacingthestreet.=Theylivedinaroomthatfacesthestreet.2）ThemanstandingthereisPeter’sfather.=ThemanwhoisstandingthereisPeter’sfather.3）Anybodyswimminginthisriverwillbefined.=Anybodywhoisswimminginthisriverwillbefined.,,,,,3.-ing形式短語也可以用作非限制定語,相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句,這時,它與句子其他部分用逗號分開。1)Hisbrother,workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whoisworkingasateacher,livesinBeijing.2)Theappletree,swayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.=Theappletree,whichwasswayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.,,,四、-ing形式作賓語補足語1)動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語常放在賓語后面,表示一個正在進(jìn)行的主動性的動作,強調(diào)一個過程或一種狀態(tài)。如：(1)Whenwereturnedtotheschool,wefoundastrangerstandingattheentrance.(2)Wefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggs.,2)當(dāng)主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,原來作賓語補足語的動詞-ing形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補足語。如：Theyfoundtheresultverysatisfying.=Theresultisfoundverysatisfying.Theyheardhimsinginginthenextroom.=Hewasheardsinginginthenextroom.,2.能用-ing形式作賓語補足語的幾類動詞:表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞,常見的有see,hear,feel,smell,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento等。a.Wesawalightburninginthewindow.b.Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.c.Canyousmellanythingburning?d.Ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.e.Ididn’tnoticehimwaiting.,2)表示指使意義的動詞,常見的有have,set,keep,get,catch,leave等。如：Iwon’thaveyoudoingthat.Thissetmethinking.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Ican’tgettheclockgoingagain.Youwon’tcatchmedoingthatagain.,3.see,hear,feel,watch等動詞之后用-ing形式和動詞不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別：①前者表示動作正在進(jìn)行,而后者表示(或強調(diào))動作從開始到結(jié)束的全過程。如:Wepassedbytheclassmatesandsawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.我們走過教室,看見老師在做實驗。(只在走過教室的剎那間,看見老師正在做實驗),五、-ing形式作表語-ing形式作表語時放在系動詞之后,用來泛指某種動作或行為,以說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)或情況。1)Herhobbyispainting.2)Myjobislookingafterthechildren.3)Hisconcernforhismotherismosttouching.4)Shewasverypleasinginherappearance.,六.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,分詞的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語,分詞必須和句中的主語含有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,否則不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。但要注意它的各種形式變化:,主動形式被動形式V-ingbeingV-edhavingV-edhavingbeenV-ed,,一般式,完成式,e.g.1)Hearingthebell,thestudentsbegantoentertheclassroom.(聽見和進(jìn)入兩個動作同時發(fā)生)2)Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowisournewlibrary.(beingbuilt為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式,表示動作正在進(jìn)行之中)3)Havingdonethework,hewenthome.,主動形式被動形式V-ingbeingV-edhavingV-edhavingbeenV-ed,一般式,完成式,現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語,修飾謂語動詞或整個句子,表示動作發(fā)生的原因、時間、方式、結(jié)果、條件、伴隨等?，F(xiàn)在分詞一般不用作表目的地狀語(通常用不定式表目的地狀語)。,1）Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.,1表時間狀語,2表原因狀語1）Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Ashewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.,2）Beingastudent,youshouldstudyhard.=Sinceyouareastudent,youshouldstudyhard.,3表方式、伴隨情況的狀語:作伴隨狀語的分詞表示的動作,必須是主語的一個動作,或是與謂語所表示地動作(或狀態(tài))同時發(fā)生,或是對謂語表示的動詞(或狀態(tài))作進(jìn)一步地補充說明。,1)Hesatonthesofa,watchingTV.=Hesatonthesofa,andwatchedTV.,2)他們笑著談著走進(jìn)了教室。,_____________________,theywentintotheclassroom.,Laughingandtalking,4表結(jié)果e.g.1)Hermotherdiedin1990,leavingherwithheryoungerbrother.=Hermotherdiedin1990,andleftherwithheryoungerbrother.,2)Thesongissungalloverthecountry,________________________________.,makingitthemostpopularsong,5表條件,1)Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.,______________,youwillseeawhitehouse.,2)Walkingahead,6與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格:1)Iwaitingforthebus,abirdfellonmyheard．2)Alltheticketshavingbeensoldout,theywentawaydisappointedly.3)Timepermitting,welldoanothertwoexercises.,**有時也可用with(without)+名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式。Withthelightsburning,hefellasleep.7作獨立成分:1)Judgingfrom(by)hisappearance,hemustbeanactor.,Thankyou!,The___boywaslastseen___nearthebankofthelake.A.missing;playingB.missing;playC.missed;playedD.missed;toplay解析:missing是形容詞,作boy的定語,意思是“失蹤的”。waslastseenplaying表示被看見時正在玩。,真題解析,A,精析:根據(jù)句意“itmaynowbetoolateto…”和“already”可知“河流已經(jīng)被嚴(yán)重污染”,應(yīng)用完成時。答案A。,高考鏈接,____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(2004全國)A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.ThatD.Suffered,A,2.____thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(全國2002)A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven,解析:本題考查過去分詞作狀語的用法。分析題干,前一部分相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句,即Ifheisgiven…,因為主句是it,從句應(yīng)含被動意義,這恰是過去分詞作狀語的基本含義即含被動意義。答案A。,A,3.Thepicture____onthewallispaintedbymyniece.(2001上海)A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung解析:分析題目可知,謂語是ispainted,那么選項部分應(yīng)是充當(dāng)定語的。A項是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式,其一般不作定語,只作時間或原因狀語;C項動詞“第三人稱單數(shù)”顯然也不能作定語,只作謂語;分析thepicture與動作hang之間的關(guān)系,其不含被動意義,D項排除;B項是現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式,相當(dāng)于定語從句whichishanging。答案B。,B,4.—Let’shavearest．—Notnow.Idon’twanttostop__________yet．(MET1985)A.studyB.tostudyC.forstudyingD.studying,解析:stopstudying意為“停止學(xué)習(xí)”。,D,5.—Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists．—Don’tyouremember________methestoryyesterday?(1999上海高考)A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tohavetold,解析:remembertellingme意為“記得曾經(jīng)告訴過我”。,B,1.—Whatmadeyousoupset?—_____twoticketstothepopmusicconcert.A.LosingB.BecauseoflosingC.ToloseD.BecauseIhadlost2.Ican’timagine_______thatwiththem.A.doB.todoC.beingdoneD.doing,A,考考你,D,3.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk____thegoodopportunity.A.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglost4.___isforbiddeninsidethepark.A.TocycleB.WecycleC.AnyonecyclesD.Cycling,B,D,5.Ican’tstand___withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses___talkingwhilesheworks.A.working;stoppingB.towork;stoppingC.working;tostopD.towork;tostop6.Theoldladyneeds____.A.lookafterB.tolookafterC.lookingafterD.beinglookedafter,C,C,1.Ifyoucankeep________(read)Englishnewspapers,yourEnglishwillbeimproved.2.Hehaspromised__________(come)tomybirthdayparty.3.Ihate_________________(tell)lies!4.Iwillneverforget__________(go)toBeijingwithhimlastsummer.Iforgot________(tell)herthenews;sosheknewnothingaboutit.,Completethesesentences:,reading,tocome,telling/totell,going,totell,出國旅行是很激動人心的。Travellingabroadisveryexciting.2.在這兒等是沒用的,我們走吧。It’snousewaitinghere.Let’sgo.3.我記得在哪里見過他。Irememberseeinghersomewhere.,Translation,4.我后悔沒聽你的勸告。Iregretnotfollowingyouradvice.5.幫助別人就是幫助你自己。Helpingothersmeanshelpingyourself.,Formoreexercises,clickhere.,