本 科 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 外 文 資 料 翻 譯系 別： 工程技術(shù)系 專 業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： 05207417 2011 年 4 月 25 日外文資料翻譯譯文轎車電動(dòng)玻璃升降器的探討與研究前言車門(mén)玻璃升降器作為車門(mén)附件，其作用是保證車門(mén)玻璃平穩(wěn)升降、門(mén)窗能隨時(shí)并順利地開(kāi)啟和關(guān)閉，并能使玻璃停留在任意位置，不隨外力作用或汽車的顛簸而上下跳動(dòng)。因此要求玻璃升降器結(jié)構(gòu)可靠、操縱輕便省力，并需有防止玻璃升降器倒轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)裝置。隨著汽車的不斷改進(jìn)和發(fā)展，玻璃升降器也由簡(jiǎn)單的絲桿式、單臂式逐漸發(fā)展為今天的電動(dòng)式。電動(dòng)玻璃升降器結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單可靠，操縱方便省力，被現(xiàn)代轎車普遍采用。它可以在副儀表板上布置控制開(kāi)關(guān)，也可以在各自的車門(mén)上單獨(dú)設(shè)置開(kāi)關(guān)，分別操作。駕駛員可以在自己的位置上通過(guò)控制開(kāi)關(guān)開(kāi)閉任一車門(mén)玻璃，提高了轎車的舒適性和方便性。結(jié)構(gòu)及原理為了與車身造型協(xié)調(diào)一致，現(xiàn)代轎車車門(mén)玻璃基本上采用大曲率弧面玻璃。當(dāng)玻璃下降到車門(mén)內(nèi)部時(shí)，所需空間較大。然而，為了增加車身內(nèi)部乘坐空間，要求車門(mén)的厚度又要盡可能小。鋼絲繩式升降器由于具有占位小、質(zhì)量輕、易于安裝布置，尤其適用于曲面玻璃，且具有成本低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，被現(xiàn)代轎車廣泛采用。鋼絲繩式電動(dòng)玻璃升降器有雙導(dǎo)軌和單導(dǎo)軌兩種結(jié)構(gòu)型式。雙導(dǎo)軌電動(dòng)玻璃升降器使玻璃運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)、噪聲低，但安裝精度要求高，成本也比較高，適用于大車門(mén)轎車、旅行車以及無(wú)框車門(mén)轎車（如敞蓬車） 。單導(dǎo)軌電動(dòng)玻璃升降器由于車門(mén)玻璃與導(dǎo)軌間只有一個(gè)固定點(diǎn)，玻璃運(yùn)行時(shí)需要靠車門(mén)窗框上的玻璃導(dǎo)槽進(jìn)行導(dǎo)向，因此玻璃升降的平穩(wěn)性靠導(dǎo)槽的精度保證。單導(dǎo)軌電動(dòng)玻璃升降器具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、成本低、安裝方便等特點(diǎn)，被中低檔轎車普遍使用。這兩種電動(dòng)玻璃升降器雖然結(jié)構(gòu)上有些區(qū)別，但工作原理卻是相同的。鋼絲式玻璃升降式通常由減速裝置、電機(jī)、線輪轂、鋼絲繩、滑塊、導(dǎo)軌、止動(dòng)塊等組成。電機(jī)與減速裝置通常做成一體，通稱減速電機(jī)。通電時(shí)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，通過(guò)蝸輪蝸桿減速器進(jìn)行減速并帶動(dòng)線輪轂轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，從而帶動(dòng)鋼絲繩拉著滑塊及玻璃 （玻璃固定在滑塊上）沿導(dǎo)軌運(yùn)動(dòng)。通過(guò)電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn)，使玻璃上下運(yùn)動(dòng)。玻璃上升到頂部時(shí)由門(mén)框上導(dǎo)槽密封條止動(dòng)，玻璃下降到底部時(shí)由升降器止動(dòng)塊止動(dòng)。止動(dòng)時(shí)電機(jī)電流迅速增大，電機(jī)產(chǎn)熱升溫。當(dāng)溫度升到一定值時(shí)，電機(jī)內(nèi)部熱敏保護(hù)裝置膨脹斷開(kāi)，使電機(jī)斷電，保護(hù)電機(jī)不致因溫度過(guò)高而燒損。當(dāng)電機(jī)溫度下降后，熱敏保護(hù)裝置又接通，電機(jī)又可以正常工作。減速電機(jī)減速電機(jī)是電動(dòng)玻璃升降器的核心部分，其性能好壞直接影響總成性能。升降器電機(jī)采用直流永磁電機(jī)，它由機(jī)殼（俗稱磁缸） 、磁瓦、轉(zhuǎn)子、轉(zhuǎn)子軸、換向器以及密封件等組成， 通常轉(zhuǎn)子軸也用作為減速器的蝸桿。為了防止負(fù)載過(guò)大或控制開(kāi)關(guān)失靈而燒毀電機(jī)，因此電機(jī)內(nèi)部設(shè)置有熱敏保護(hù)裝置。當(dāng)電機(jī)換向時(shí)，電機(jī)換向器會(huì)產(chǎn)生火花并產(chǎn)生電磁波。為防止對(duì)汽車其它電器產(chǎn)生干擾，電機(jī)內(nèi)部也設(shè)置有電感電容濾波器。電機(jī)的減速裝置由蝸輪蝸桿組成。蝸輪蝸桿減速器傳動(dòng)比大，工作平穩(wěn)無(wú)噪聲， 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。當(dāng)螺旋角小于摩擦角時(shí)， 自鎖性強(qiáng)，能有效地防止車門(mén)玻璃倒轉(zhuǎn)。但蝸輪蝸桿減速器傳動(dòng)效率低， 因此影響升降器總成的工作效率。由于電機(jī)由專業(yè)廠生產(chǎn)，因此在設(shè)計(jì)電動(dòng)玻璃升降器時(shí)， 只需根據(jù)車門(mén)結(jié)構(gòu)、車門(mén)密封條及玻璃的技術(shù)參數(shù)以及升降器導(dǎo)軌的型式來(lái)選擇電機(jī)。只有在性能匹配良好時(shí)，才能使玻璃運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)。導(dǎo)軌及其它零件導(dǎo)軌在玻璃升降器中也是比較重要的零件，其制造質(zhì)量和精度都將影響玻璃上升的平穩(wěn)性。由于現(xiàn)代轎車側(cè)圍采用大曲率弧面造型，這就給升降器導(dǎo)軌的制造帶來(lái)一定難度。因此在選擇導(dǎo)軌材料時(shí)要考慮較容易成形的材料；又因?qū)к壱惺懿ＡУ馁|(zhì)量以及玻璃運(yùn)行時(shí)的阻力，因此又要求導(dǎo)軌要有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度。此外，因玻璃升降器安裝在車門(mén)內(nèi)，容易受潮氣、水以及灰塵的侵蝕，因此要求導(dǎo)軌具有耐腐蝕性能。升降器鋼絲繩在工作中起傳力作用，因此要求鋼絲繩柔性好并具有足夠的抗拉強(qiáng)度和良好的耐磨、耐腐蝕性。鋼絲繩及夾頭抗拉強(qiáng)度應(yīng)大于 2000N，并經(jīng)過(guò) 25000 次循環(huán)無(wú)損壞?；瑝K在工作中主要是帶動(dòng)玻璃沿導(dǎo)軌上下運(yùn)動(dòng)，因此要求滑塊強(qiáng)度高，耐熱性好，摩擦系數(shù)小。聚甲醛 POM 是滑塊的理想材料。止動(dòng)塊在工作中起減緩滑塊的沖擊并阻止其運(yùn)動(dòng)的作用，因此要求止動(dòng)塊彈性好、抗沖擊性強(qiáng)，并且耐油污性能好。選擇聚氨酯或氯丁橡膠作止動(dòng)塊材料比較合理。防夾電動(dòng)玻璃升降器隨著汽車工業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展和電子技術(shù)在汽車上的廣泛應(yīng)用，最近國(guó)外已開(kāi)發(fā)了防夾電動(dòng)玻璃升降器。它是在原電動(dòng)玻璃升降器基礎(chǔ)上增加 ECU （又稱電子模塊） 及傳感器等，利用微電子技術(shù)對(duì)升降器工作進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控、數(shù)據(jù)采集、計(jì)算處理、診斷及輸出控制等。當(dāng)玻璃上升到一定距離時(shí)，便進(jìn)入防夾區(qū)。 在防夾區(qū)內(nèi)，如果玻璃遇到一定的外來(lái)阻力， 則玻璃停止上升并立即下降;如果玻璃沒(méi)有遇到外來(lái)阻力，則玻璃繼續(xù)上升。為了確保玻璃上升時(shí)能夠關(guān)嚴(yán)，防夾電動(dòng)玻璃升降器還具有數(shù)據(jù)自動(dòng)修正功能。它對(duì)玻璃運(yùn)行的數(shù)據(jù)作記錄，并且每運(yùn)行 20 次就會(huì)自動(dòng)修正一次，即每運(yùn)行 20 次升降器就會(huì)使玻璃上升到頂部一次，電子模塊記錄新的運(yùn)行參數(shù)并調(diào)整電機(jī)工況。避免了因車門(mén)變形或車門(mén)附件磨損而造成玻璃無(wú)法關(guān)閉到位的情況發(fā)生。未來(lái)智能型電動(dòng)玻璃升降器汽車電子技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展和納米技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，加速了汽車智能化的進(jìn)程。未來(lái)幾年將是汽車智能化發(fā)展的快速時(shí)期，玻璃升降器也將變得越來(lái)越自動(dòng)化、智能化。當(dāng)人們打開(kāi)車門(mén)時(shí)，如果該車門(mén)玻璃處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)，電子控制系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)到信號(hào)后，指令電動(dòng)玻璃升降器將車門(mén)玻璃自動(dòng)下降一定距離；關(guān)上車門(mén)后， 玻璃又自動(dòng)上升關(guān)閉。由此避免了在關(guān)門(mén)時(shí)車內(nèi)氣壓過(guò)高而影響車內(nèi)乘員的舒適性。 對(duì)于無(wú)框車門(mén)，還可以避免在關(guān)門(mén)時(shí)玻璃對(duì)車門(mén)密封條的摩擦。下雨時(shí)，當(dāng)智能自動(dòng)雨刮系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)工作時(shí)，電動(dòng)玻璃升降器電子控制系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)到雨刮工作電流，并指令所有車門(mén)升降器自動(dòng)關(guān)閉車窗玻璃。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火后，在駕駛員側(cè)車門(mén)關(guān)閉并鎖止 30s 內(nèi)，所有車門(mén)玻璃升降器電子監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)將對(duì)車門(mén)玻璃狀態(tài)進(jìn)行智能掃描，如發(fā)現(xiàn)玻璃沒(méi)有關(guān)閉，則自動(dòng)關(guān)閉車門(mén)玻璃，以防止駕駛員離開(kāi)車時(shí)，因疏忽忘了關(guān)閉車門(mén)玻璃而發(fā)生失竊的后果。外文原文Electric window regulator research and discussionPrefaceDoor window regulator for door accessories, door glass, whose role is to ensure a smooth landing, doors and windows ready and open and close smoothly, and allows the glass to stay in any position, not with external force or the car bumps up and down beat. Therefore requested glass lifter reliable structure, manipulation of light and effort, and the need to prevent lifter reverse braking device. With the continuous improvement and development of automotive, glass lifter also by a simple Screw-type, single-arm gradually developed into today's electric. Electric window regulator simple, reliable, easy to manipulate effort, commonly used by modern cars. It can be arranged in the dashboard control switch, vice, can also be set separately on each door switch operation, respectively. The driver position in their own control switch through any door opening and closing of glass and improve the car's comfort and convenience.Structure and PrincipleCoordinated with the body shape to the modern car door glass is basically glass with large curvature arc. When the inside of the glass door down to the required larger space. However, in order to increase passenger space inside the body, requiring the thickness of the door again as small as possible. Wire rope hoist with a footprint as small, light weight, easy to install and layout, especially for curved glass, and has a low cost, widely used by modern cars. Electric wire rope hoist with double glass, single-track rail and two structural types. Dual-rail electric window glass allows smooth operation, low noise, high precision but the installation cost is high, the door for large sedans, station wagons and frameless doors cars (such as convertible). Single-rail power window regulator and the slide between the glass door is only one fixed point, the glass run to rely on the glass door frame on the guide groove for guidance, so the smoothness of the glass by lifting guides to ensure accuracy. Single-rail power window regulator with a simple structure, low cost, convenient installation, is commonly used in middle and low cars. Both the structure of electric glass lifter Although there are some differences, but the principle is the same. Wire glass lift is usually slow, motor, wire wheels, wire rope, slide, rails, stop block and so on. Motor and reduction gear is usually made of one, known as the gear motor. Turn the motor is powered through the worm gear reducer and drive line wheels turning, so as to drive wire rope pulling the slider and glass (glass fixed to the slider) along the rail movement. By reversing the motor, the glass up and down. Rise to the top of the glass from the door seal on the stopper guide slot, the Ministry of the glass down in the end stop by the hoist block stop. Stop when the motor current increases rapidly, the motor heat to heat up. When the temperature is raised to a certain value, the expansion of the motor thermal protection device off, the motor power to protect the motor will not burn due to high temperature. When the motor temperature drops, the thermal protection device and connected to the motor and can work properly. Geared MotorElectric gear motor is the heart of the glass elevator, the performance of a direct impact on assembly performance. Hoist motor DC permanent magnet motor, which consists of casing (known as magnetic cylinder), magnetic tile, rotor, rotor shaft, commutator, and seals and other components, often also used as a rotor shaft worm reducer. In order to prevent overload or failure of burning motor control switch, so the motor has thermal protection device within the set. When the motor commutation, the motor commutator will produce sparks and produce electromagnetic waves. To prevent electrical interference of other cars, the motor is also set with inductor-capacitor filter. Motor speed control device composed by the worm. Worm gear transmission ratio, smooth no noise, compact structure. When the helix angle is less than the friction angle, the self-locking is strong, can effectively prevent the door glass upside down. However, low efficiency of worm gear reducer drive, thus affecting the efficiency of the lifting assembly. As the motor by professional plant production, so the design of electric window regulator, just under the door structure, door seals and glass technical parameters and type of rail movements to select the motor. Only when well-matched in performance, to make the glass smooth operation.Rails and other partsRail in the window regulator is a rather important part in its manufacturing quality and accuracy will increase the stability of the glass. Around the side of modern cars with large curvature arc shape, which gives the manufacture of elevator guide rail to bring some difficulties. Therefore, material selection guide easier to consider when forming the material; because of the quality of rails to bear the glass and glass run the resistance, it is also required to have adequate rail strength and rigidity. In addition, because the glass lift installed in the door, the easy to damp air, water and dust erosion, thus requiring corrosion resistant rails. Hoist wire rope in the work force from the transmission, it requires a good and flexible steel wire rope has sufficient tensile strength and good wear and corrosion resistance. Tensile strength of wire rope and chuck should be greater than 2000N, and after 25,000 cycles without damage. Slider in the work is mainly driven up and down movement of glass along the rail, thus requiring the slider, high strength, heat resistance, low coefficient of friction. POM POM is an ideal material for the slider. Stop slow down the block from the slider in the work and prevent the impact of the role of its movement, thus requiring the stopper block flexibility, impact resistance and oil resistance and good performance. Select polyurethane or neoprene material for the stopper block is reasonable.Anti-pinch electric window regulatorWith the continuous development of the automobile industry and electronic technology in a wide range of automotive applications, has recently been developed abroad, anti-trap electric window regulator. It is in the original electric glass lifter adds ECU (also known as electronic modules) and the sensors, the use of microelectronics technology on the work of the hoist system monitoring, data acquisition, computing, control, diagnosis and output. When the glass up to a certain distance, then enter the anti-trap area. In the anti-trap area, if some alien encounter resistance of glass, the glass stop the rise and fall immediately; if the glass did not encounter resistance outside, the glass continues to rise. In order to ensure that the glass rises to locked, anti-trap electric window regulator also has automatic data correction. It records data for the glass run and run 20 times each will automatically correct, or one every 20 runs would make the glass elevator up to the top of the time, the new electronic module records the operating parameters and adjusting the motor operating conditions. To avoid deformation due to the door or door glass attachment caused by wear and tear can not be closed in place to happen.Future intelligent electric window regulatorThe rapid development of automotive electronic technology and the application of nanotechnology to speed up the process of automotive intelligence. The next few years will be the rapid development of intelligent vehicles during the glass elevator will also become more automated and intelligent. When people open the door if the door glass is turned off, electronic control system to detect the signal, the instruction will be electric window lifter automatic glass doors down a certain distance; closed the rear door, the glass and automatically rise to close. Thus avoiding excessive pressure in the closing when the car affect the comfort of the passengers. For the frameless doors, and also avoid the glass in the door seal on the door of friction. When it rains, when the intelligent automatic wiper system starts working, electrical window lifter wiper electronic control system to detect currents of work, and ordering all the doors automatically close the car windows down. Turn off the engine after the driver's side door closed and locking 30s, all door glass elevator door glass, electronic monitoring system will intelligently scan state, such as that glass is not closed, then automatically close the door glass to prevent the driver to leave the car, negligently forgot to close the door glass and the consequences of the theft occurred.