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2019-2020年八年級(jí)英語上冊 Unit 4Reading The history of basketball教案 人教新目標(biāo)版 　 一、教學(xué)內(nèi)容： 本篇文章重點(diǎn)單詞和詞組： invent 發(fā)明 inventor發(fā)明者，發(fā)明家 court球場 factory工廠 challenge向…挑戰(zhàn) indoors在室內(nèi) hard硬的 wooden木質(zhì)的 touch接觸、碰撞 hoop籃圈 basket籃 balcony看座、看臺(tái) divide 分、分開 backboard籃板 replace替代、替換 pete競爭、對(duì)抗 earn掙得 NBA（National Basketball Association ）全美籃球協(xié)會(huì) increase增加，增長 separate 分、分開 non－contact sport互不接觸的運(yùn)動(dòng) divide into 把…分成 in history在歷史上 stop … from …阻止 be replaced by 被…取代 much more 更加，更不用說 課文大意： 請(qǐng)大家看一下練習(xí)題的第二道，從這個(gè)題我們可以了解到文章的大意，即籃球發(fā)展的歷史過程： In 1861 , basketball’s inventor was born. In 1891 , the first game of basketball was played. In 1936 , basketball became an Olympic event. Since 1949 , basketball courts have been seen everywhere in factories , schools , and even houses in China. 二. 重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)： 1. China is a large country with many different and interesting ways of doing things. with在這里表情況 在中國這樣一個(gè)大國里，各種不同的做事方式無奇不有 2. But people who travel around China can always see one thing that is the same everywhere basketball. 在本句中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)定語從句 （1）Who travel around China （2）that is the same everywhere 分別修飾people 和one thing 翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)把定語從句放在所修飾詞的前面 但在中國旅游的人總能看到一樣?xùn)|西各處都是一樣的－－籃球 3. This much - loved sport is enjoyed by men and women , and by young and old. （1）much - loved為合成詞，深受人喜愛的，是個(gè)形容詞 類似的詞有kind-hearted熱心腸的warm-hearted near-sighted近視眼的 three-legged 三條腿的 （2）be enjoyed by為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，應(yīng)譯為“被…喜愛的，深受…喜愛的” （3）young 和old在這里被用作名詞，應(yīng)譯為年輕人和老人 這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)深受男女老幼的喜愛 4. The sport of basketball is a little over a hundred years old. a little over應(yīng)譯為稍多于 5. Since 1949 , basketball courts have been seen everywhere. have been seen 是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài) 它的構(gòu)成為主語＋have / has / been +過去分詞 自從1949年，籃球場已經(jīng)在中國的工廠，學(xué)校甚至家庭中隨處可見。 6. Millions of people play the sport for fun and exercise , but few people know how basketball started. （1）million 當(dāng)我們說一百萬、兩百萬、三百萬…時(shí)，million不變復(fù)數(shù) one / a million ， 2 million 3 million 而說“數(shù)以百萬計(jì)”的，million 應(yīng)變復(fù)數(shù) millions of （2）few 幾乎沒有 few+可數(shù)名詞 上百萬的人出于娛樂和鍛煉的目的打籃球，但很少有人知道籃球的起源 7. Basketball was invented by a Canadian doctor. was invented by 是一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，應(yīng)譯成被發(fā)明 其句式是主語＋was / were ＋過去分詞＋by短語 8. his teacher challenged the class to invent a new game challenge （1）n. 名詞，挑戰(zhàn) It’s really a challenge for me. 這對(duì)我來說確實(shí)是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。 （2）v. 動(dòng)詞＝ask someone to do something different , challenge sb to a game of tennis. 要求某人參加網(wǎng)球比賽 She challenged the newspaper to prove its story. 她要求這家報(bào)紙證實(shí)報(bào)道的真實(shí)性 9. the teacher wanted a game that people could play indoors. （1）indoor形容詞，在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行或放置的，適用于室內(nèi)的 indoor games , activities 室內(nèi)游戲、活動(dòng) （2）indoors 副詞，在室內(nèi)，往室內(nèi) go / stay indoors 進(jìn)/留在屋內(nèi) 10. But he wanted the game to be a non-contact sport because it would be played on hard wooden floors would be played 為過去將來時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài) 其構(gòu)成為would + be + 過去分詞 11. If people touched , they could fall down and get hurt . 如果人們互相接觸的話，他們就會(huì)摔倒并且受傷。 get hurt 也可以說be hurt , get為系動(dòng)詞，hurt為過去分詞 12. He put them high on the balcony where people sat looking down at the players 他把它們（籃筐）放在比較高的位置，這樣人們（觀眾）就可以坐在看臺(tái)上俯視籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員了。 （1）Where people sat looking down at the players. 這部分為定語從句，修飾前面的balcony. （2）looking down 為現(xiàn)在分詞，表伴隨的動(dòng)作 （3）balcony此處為“看臺(tái)”，此外，它還有“陽臺(tái)”的含義。 13. He divided them into two teams of nine and taught them how to play his new game. 他把他們（18人）分成9人的兩隊(duì)，然后教他們?nèi)绾巫鲞@個(gè)新游戲 divide into 是個(gè)詞組意為“分成” If you divide 6 into 30 / divide 30 by 6 , the answer is 5. 以6除30，答案為5。 The teacher divide the students into 2 parts. 老師把同學(xué)們分成兩部分 14. They played the first basketball game in history . in history是個(gè)詞組，意為“在歷史上” 15. The backboards behind the baskets were added to stop people in the balcony from trying to catch the ball （1）stop sb from doing 阻止某人做某事 Can you stop the child from getting into mischief ? 你不能制止那個(gè)孩子惡作劇嗎？ What can stop us from going if we want to go ? 如果我們要去，什么能阻止我們不能成行呢？ （2）were added 為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，“被加進(jìn)去” 整句應(yīng)譯為：籃筐后面的籃板被加了進(jìn)來，以防止看臺(tái)上的觀眾接住球 16. Later , the baskets were replaced by net. be replaced by 被…代替 后來，籃子被籃網(wǎng)代替了。 17. For many years , Americans were the most famous basketball players , but the sport is much more international. 多年以來，美國人一直以籃球著稱于世，但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)更是一場國際化的運(yùn)動(dòng)。 much more 是個(gè)詞組，意為更加，更不用說 如：It’s difficult to understand his books , much more his lectures. 他的書難懂，它的演講就更難懂了。 18. Many top players from around the world earn big money playing in America’s NBA. 很多頂尖的運(yùn)動(dòng)員通過在美國NBA中打球掙大錢。 （1）top players 頂尖運(yùn)動(dòng)員，我們還可以說top students. （2）playing …為現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表方式 課文結(jié)構(gòu)分析： 本篇文章共6段（6 paragraphs） 1段和2段應(yīng)為一部分The situation in China. 中國的情況 （1）Basketball is enjoyed by men and women , and by young and old. （2）Few people know how basketball started 3段和4段應(yīng)為一部分 How was basketball invented. 籃球是怎樣被發(fā)明的。 5段6段為一部分 The development of basketball . 籃球的發(fā)展。 （1）In 1936 , basketball became an Olympic event. （2）It’s an international sport. （二）主觀判斷題 中考“閱讀理解”題不僅要求考生讀懂一個(gè)個(gè)的句子，而且要求能理解這些句子之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。有的 試題要求根據(jù)中學(xué)生必須具有的一般常識(shí)，對(duì)所讀的短文進(jìn)行一定程度的推斷；有的試題還要求了解其內(nèi)在 的邏輯關(guān)系，從而對(duì)所讀的內(nèi)容形成更深入的理解。一般來說，這類問題都不可能直接從原文中找到答案， 必須根據(jù)原文提供的有關(guān)信息，進(jìn)行合理的推理和判斷才能回答。完成主觀判斷題通常應(yīng)注意以下五點(diǎn)： 1. 運(yùn)用常識(shí)，合理判斷。例如： xx年北京海淀區(qū)中考“閱讀理解”題原文（A）中有這樣的內(nèi)容： One day we invited some friends to dinner . When it was about six o’clock , my wife found that we had little bread . So she asked our five-year-old daughter , Kathy , to buy some . 針 對(duì)這段話，有如下一個(gè)問題： One day Kathy’s parents invited some friends to _______. A. have breakfast B. have lunch C. have supper D. have a party ［解題指導(dǎo)］從短文中不難看出：文中的“we”就是問題中的“Kathy’s parents”。原文中提到“請(qǐng) 客吃飯”（we invited some friends to dinner），但是，在早（breakfast），午（lunch），晚 （supper）三餐中，卻未明確指出到底吃哪一個(gè)。英語中“dinner”的詞義是main meal of the day . whether eaten at midday or in the evening 。一般譯為“正餐”，即：一日間的主餐，而且，中午或晚 上吃均可。下文談到：When it was about six o’clock , my wife found that we had little bread. 顯然，快六點(diǎn)（about six o’clock）了，主人還未準(zhǔn)備就緒。這里的“six o’clock”，合理的解釋無疑 是下午六點(diǎn)。因此，根據(jù)一般人“一日三餐”的基本常識(shí)，他們請(qǐng)客吃飯的只能是晚飯，故正確答案為：C. have supper。 2. 根據(jù)情景，進(jìn)行猜測。例如： xx年福州中考“閱讀理解”題中有這樣一段話： People are often killed while crossing the road . Most of them are old people and children . Old people are often killed because they usually can’t see or hear very well . Children are often killed because they are careless. 句子中的“careless”是生詞，因此，針對(duì)這一生詞，設(shè)計(jì)了如下一道題，涉及詞義猜測：The word “careless”means ______. A. careful B. not careful C. take care D. more careful 中考“閱讀理解”題中的“詞義猜測”，并不要求考生根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去分析單詞的詞義，而是要求考生根 據(jù)有關(guān)信息對(duì)生詞的詞義進(jìn)行推斷性的猜測。上文指出：老年人過街死于車禍?zhǔn)且驗(yàn)椤岸宦?，目不明? （Old people are often killed because they usually can’t see or hear very well. ），那么，小 孩子過街死于車禍的原因是什么呢？當(dāng)然，不可能是“小心謹(jǐn)慎”（careful , take care），也不會(huì)是 “更小心謹(jǐn)慎”（more careful），只可能是careful的反義詞“not careful”。因此，careless的詞義是 not careful（粗心大意）便顯而易見。可見，這種詞義猜測也是建立在對(duì)上下文的正確理解之上的。 3. 利用信息，舉一反三。例如： xx四川省中考“閱讀理解”題短文（A）中有這樣兩段話： Most English people have three names : a first name , a middle name and the family name . For example , my full name is Jim Allan Green . Green is my family name . My parents gave me both of my other names. People don’t often use their middle names very much . So “John Henry Brown”is usually called “John Brown”. 該短文談到英國和美國人的姓氏規(guī)律。短文最后有如下一個(gè)問題： If your American friend’s name is Lucy Smith , _______. A. Lucy is her family name B. Smith is her family name C. Smith is her given name ［解題指導(dǎo)］ 由于國情不同，英美人的姓名與我們中國人的姓氏規(guī)律是不同的。我們中國人的姓名是姓在前，“名” 在后。短文中對(duì)英國人的姓氏規(guī)律提供了如下信息：Jim Allan Green 如果是全名（full name）的話， Green是“姓”（Green is my family name. ）, Jim Allan 則相當(dāng)于中國人的“名”（My parents gave me both of my other names. ）。同時(shí)，英國人不常用中間那個(gè)名字（People don’t often use their middle names very much. ）因此，一般叫作“John Brown”。當(dāng)然，其中的“Brown”仍為“姓” （family name）。 此題中的美國朋友被稱為Lucy Smith ，根據(jù)“John Henry Brown”可以化簡為“John Brown”， “Brown”仍為“姓”（family name）這個(gè)信息，舉一反三，不難看出“Lucy Smith”中的“Smith”是這 位美國朋友的“姓”（family name）。故此題的答案為：B. Smith is her family name。 4. 縱觀全文，概括大意。例如： xx年廣州中考“閱讀理解”短文（A）談到大海中的鯊魚，文后有這樣一道題： This passage is about ______. A. what a shark is B. the best place to swim in C. how to swim safely D. how to ride on sharks 解答這類題的關(guān)鍵在于找出主題句。一般來說，一篇文章中暗示主題的句子通常在文章的第一段或最后 一段。但要注意，對(duì)這類題目的解答不能停留在對(duì)原文中某個(gè)詞語或句子理解的水平上，而必須對(duì)文章的有 關(guān)信息或全部信息進(jìn)行必要的加工、處理，進(jìn)而達(dá)到語篇水平上的理解才能正確選擇，切忌以點(diǎn)代面，以偏 概全。 首先，不妨觀察此文第一段： A shark is a large , fierce fish . What will you do if you meet a shark while you are swimming ? One man who knows all about sharks has given some rules to help you swim safely. 盡管此文談到鯊魚許多方面的生活習(xí)性，但是，其出發(fā)點(diǎn)是通過了解鯊魚的生活習(xí)性，告誡人們游泳時(shí) 如何保護(hù)自己。比較該文前幾段的第一句： Don’t swim in waters where there are sharks. If you see a shark , swim slowly for the shore. If Mr. Shark es too close , put your head under water. But what to do if he still keeps ing after you ? ［解題指導(dǎo)］顯然，縱觀全文，不難看出，答案：C. how to swim safely. 比其它選擇項(xiàng)更能概括全 文的大意。如果抓住短文中的只言片語，就把它確定為一篇文章的主題，則難免偏離主題，犯“以偏概全” 的錯(cuò)誤。 5. 深入理解，符合邏輯。例如： xx年四川“閱讀理解”短文題（I）的故事性很強(qiáng)。該短文講述某地地震期間，為保證安全，父母決 定把孩子Johnny送到伯父Peter家。伯父同意了，但是強(qiáng)調(diào)“but I’m not used to children . I live a very quiet and peaceful life. ”兩天后，Peter發(fā)來電報(bào)：電文是：“Am returning child . Please send earthquake. ”不妨譯為：小孩送回，寧愿地震。顯然這份電報(bào)確實(shí)令人費(fèi)解。 短文后有如下一個(gè)問題： Which of the following is true ? A. Peter felt very happy when Johnny lived with him. B. Peter didn’t like to live with a child like Johnny. C. Johnny was a bad boy. ［解題指導(dǎo)］短文提到了地震的危害（Many houses were broken. ），而且，也估計(jì)到下一次地震的 危害更大（The second earthquake would be worse than the first. ）。既然如此，Peter還要“Please send earthquake”（寧愿地震），說明小孩Johnny 在家的表現(xiàn)比發(fā)生地震還可怕。也從另一個(gè)角度說明 Peter強(qiáng)調(diào)的“I’m not used to children. ”（我不習(xí)慣帶小孩）也非同尋常?？梢姡x擇B. Peter didn’t like to live with a child like Johnny （不喜歡和這樣的孩子一起生活）是恰如其分的。 設(shè)計(jì)這類需要邏輯推理的試題時(shí)，一般來說，作者在短文中總是會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角，有目的地使用某些詞語來 暗示自己的觀點(diǎn)。上文提到的“Am returning child . Please send earthquake. ”便是一例。在做這類 題時(shí)，同學(xué)們必須依據(jù)文章提供的這些信息，進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷，從而得出答案。但是推理一定要符合 邏輯，做到言之有據(jù)，言之有理。 【模擬試題】 一. 根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容判斷正誤（True or False） 1. Basketball was invented in 1861. （ ） 2. Basketball is a non-contact sport. （ ） 3. Naismith added backboards behind the baskets to help the players put the ball in the baskets. （ ） 4. A basketball team from China peted in the Berlin Olympic in 1936. （ ） 5. Chinese basketball players began to play in NBA. （ ） 6. Each team has 6 players at the beginning（ ） 二. 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空： Basketball is an international sport . It 1 （play）by more than 100 million people in 208 countries . It 2 （enjoy）by men and women , and by young and old . But few people know the history of basketball . It 3 （invent）by Naismith , a Canadian doctor He 4 two fruit baskets as basket hoops , and 5 （put）them high on the balcony. Later , the baskets 6 （replace）by nets and backboards 7 （add）to stop people in the balcony from trying to catch the ball. In 1891 , the first basketball game 8 （play）in history . In 1936 , basketball 9 （bee）an Olympic event. 三. 閱讀理解： Basketball is still a young game . It’s over a hundred years old . In the winter of 1891 , a certain college was having some trouble with its boy students . The weather was bad and the students had to stay indoors . As they couldn’t play outdoors , they were unhappy , and some even got into fights from time to time. Some of the teachers , at the college asked Dr. Naismith to invent a game so that the students might have something to play with . It was not easy to invent such a game because it had to be played indoors , and the court was not very large. Dr. Naismith thought for a few days and invented a kind of ball game . It was a fast , wonderful game with much moving and passing of the ball . It was played between two teams . To make a score , the ball had to be thrown into the basket ten feet above the floor on the wall . At each end of the court there was such a basket . At first , Dr. Naismith wanted to throw the ball into a box . As he could not find boxes of the right size , he had to use fruit baskets instead . That is how the game got its name. 根據(jù)短文選擇最佳答案。 1. How long is it since basketball was invented ? A. 1000 years B. Less than 100 years C. 1100 years D. More than 100 years 2. The students felt unhappy because _______. A. they couldn’t play outdoors B. they often got into fights C. they had much homework to do D. they had little time to study 3. Who asked Dr. Naismith to invent a game ? A. Some students B. Some teachers C. Some students’ parents D. Some of his friends 4. When a student ______- , he makes a score. A. receives the ball. B. throws the ball to another student C. runs quickly with the ball in his hand D. throws the ball into the basket 四. 讀與寫： The Birth of American Football A hundred years ago , the game we now call football did not exist . American football started during a game between two colleges . The teams had gotten together to play what they called “football”, but each team played by different rules . One team played what we now call soccer （英式足球）. The other played what we now call rugby （橄欖球） Both games had been invented a thousand years before . In the first kind of football game ever played , all the men from one village tried to kick a ball into another village . The men of the second village tried to kick the ball into the first . Hundreds of people joined in running everywhere , ruining （毀壞）crops and knocking down fences . In time , people agreed on some rules to keep order , but many rules were left open to change . Different rules developed in different places . When the two colleges met to play football , each followed its own rules . They mixed the games together and invented a new game . A hundred years later we call that game American football. In what ways do you suppose the games we know now will have changed in another hundred years ? 1. Finish the following sentences with the given words . 用所給詞完成下列句子。 ago , before , later , during , between （1）My grandfather died five years __________ （2）My grandmother had already died three years _______ （that） （3）What’s the difference _________ soccer and rugby ? （4）They lived abroad _______ the war. （5）You go first , and I’ll e five minutes _______. 2. （1）Do you like sports ? Write down the reason. _______________________________ （2）What’s your favourite kind of sport ? Why do you like it ? _________________________________ 3. 運(yùn)用你的想象力，再過100年之后，英式足球會(huì)變成什么樣。 （使用一般將來時(shí)） Use your imagination , what will soccer be like in 100 years ? _________________________________________________________________ 【試題答案】 一. 1. （F） 2. （T） 3. （F） 4. （T） 5. （T） 6. （F） 二. 1. is played 2. is enjoyed 3. was invented 4. used 5. put 6. were replaced by 7. were added 8. was played 9. became 三. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 四. 1. （1）ago（2）before that（3）between（4）during（5）later 2. （1）Yes , I do. I play it for fun and exercise. （2）My favorite kind of sport is basketball , I like it because it is very exciting and basketball players are energetic and cool. 3. I think soccer will change a lot in the future . There will be more players on the court and the time will be longer . And the judge will be replaced by a puter or a robot . Maybe the ball won’t be round . People will be more interested in soccer . And the tickets will be more expensive.