壓縮包內(nèi)含有CAD圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢Q 197216396 或 11970985
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
題 目 多功能跑步機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班 級(jí)
學(xué) 生
指導(dǎo)教師
壓縮包內(nèi)含有CAD圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢Q 197216396 或 11970985 摘要
摘 要
跑步機(jī)在現(xiàn)在社會(huì)已經(jīng)成為大多數(shù)人在有限的地方進(jìn)行鍛煉的主要方式,而多功能跑步機(jī)更為大部分人青睞。正因?yàn)槠湔嫉匦?、功能齊全、能達(dá)到有效的健身目的,正在被廣大的群眾所需求。
本設(shè)計(jì)主要研究?jī)?nèi)容包括總體功能設(shè)計(jì)、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、外形結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、前后滾筒的設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)研究?jī)?nèi)容各部分可細(xì)分為:總體功能設(shè)計(jì)(已確定實(shí)驗(yàn)的人體結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)動(dòng)特點(diǎn),并且根據(jù)其鍛煉給出相應(yīng)的保健需求)包括基本功能、構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)和功能原理的確定;傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)包括電動(dòng)機(jī)類型、功率選擇及技術(shù)參數(shù)、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及其參數(shù)選擇、多楔帶帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸選擇和帶傳動(dòng)張緊裝置選擇;外形結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)包括機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)和支架的設(shè)計(jì);前后滾筒設(shè)計(jì)包括軸承的計(jì)算、軸的設(shè)計(jì)和強(qiáng)度計(jì)算和滾筒要求。同時(shí)還包括跑步板及跑步帶的設(shè)計(jì)、使用和維護(hù)等。
關(guān)鍵詞:總體結(jié)構(gòu);傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu);減震系統(tǒng);跑步板;跑步機(jī)使用;多功能設(shè)計(jì)
Abstract
The treadmill in the society now has become the majority of the people in the limited places to exercise the main way, and the multifunctional treadmill for most people favor. Because of its small land occupation, complete function, can achieve effective fitness for purpose, being broad masses place needs.
The design of the main research contents include the overall functional design, transmission design, shape design, front and rear drum design. According to the research content of each part can be divided into: the overall functional design ( has been determined experimentally human body structure and movement characteristics, and according to their exercise given the care needs ) including basic function, structure design and functional principle of determination; transmission mechanism design includes motor type, power selection and technical parameters, transmission mechanism design and parameter selection multi wedge belt pulley, the structure and size selection and belt tensioning device selection; shape structural design includes a frame design and stent design; before and after the drum design includes bearing calculation, shaft strength calculation and design requirements and drum. At the same time also includes the running plate and a running belt design, use and maintenance.
Key word: Overall structure;Main transfer machinery;Damping system;Run board;Run , machine use;Muti_function design
目錄
目 錄
緒 論 - 1 -
第1章 總體方案設(shè)計(jì) - 3 -
1.1. 基本功能 - 3 -
1.2. 總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) - 3 -
1.3. 跑步機(jī)的功能 - 4 -
第2章 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) - 7 -
2.1 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) - 7 -
2.1.1 設(shè)計(jì)步驟及參數(shù)選擇 - 7 -
2.1.2多楔帶帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸選擇 - 10 -
2.2 電動(dòng)機(jī)類型與參數(shù)的選擇 - 12 -
2.2.1類型功率選擇 - 12 -
2.2.2技術(shù)參數(shù) - 12 -
第3章 外形結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) - 15 -
3.1基架的設(shè)計(jì) - 15 -
3.2支架的設(shè)計(jì) - 16 -
3.3前后罩 - 17 -
第4章 前后滾筒 - 19 -
4.1軸承的計(jì)算 - 19 -
4.2軸結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) - 19 -
4.3強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 - 21 -
4.4滾筒要求 - 21 -
第5章 跑步板及跑步帶設(shè)計(jì) - 23 -
5.1跑步板 - 23 -
5.1跑步帶 - 23 -
第6章 避震系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) - 25 -
第7章 多功能設(shè)計(jì) - 27 -
7.1扭腰盤設(shè)計(jì) - 27 -
7.1.1連接結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) - 27 -
7.1.2旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) - 28 -
7.2 仰臥起坐架的設(shè)計(jì) - 29 -
致謝 - 31 -
參考文獻(xiàn) - 33 -
壓縮包內(nèi)含有CAD圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢Q 197216396 或 11970985 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
緒 論
跑步是目前國(guó)際流行并被醫(yī)學(xué)界和體育界給予高度評(píng)價(jià)的有氧健身運(yùn)動(dòng),是保持一個(gè)人身心健康最有效、最科學(xué)的健身方式,也越來(lái)越受到大家喜愛。
戶外長(zhǎng)跑曾經(jīng)是大眾最喜聞樂(lè)見的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式,沿著林蔭道呼吸著早晨清新的空氣,聽著枝頭的鳥鳴,既能愉悅身心,又可鍛煉體魄。只是隨著都市的大氣變得污濁,生活節(jié)奏變得緊張,戶外長(zhǎng)跑變得不那么流行了,而跑步機(jī)則成了時(shí)下健身最熱門的健身器械。跑步機(jī)不僅可以讓我們免受汽車尾氣之苦,也使我們可以選擇自己方便的時(shí)間隨時(shí)鍛煉。
電動(dòng)跑步機(jī),又名電動(dòng)跑臺(tái),是多年來(lái)國(guó)際流行的大眾健身器材,通過(guò)電機(jī)帶動(dòng)跑帶使人以不同的速度被動(dòng)地跑步或走動(dòng)。由于電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上的電子輔助裝備功能非常多,鍛煉者可體驗(yàn)不同的跑步環(huán)境,如平地跑、上坡跑、丘陵跑、變速跑等,個(gè)人可以根據(jù)自己的鍛煉目的進(jìn)行鍛煉。跑步機(jī)在健身者運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)能顯示出跑步時(shí)的速度、時(shí)間、心率、熱量、節(jié)拍、距離等指標(biāo),使健身者能夠隨時(shí)根據(jù)自身的身體狀況調(diào)節(jié)訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度。
隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,一方面我們需要良好的體質(zhì)適應(yīng)工作的需要,另一方面由于受到氣候、環(huán)境、場(chǎng)地等一些客觀因素的制約,我們到室外去跑步的機(jī)會(huì)也越來(lái)越少;隨著生活的節(jié)奏變快,時(shí)間也被人們充分的利用,導(dǎo)致辦公室一族沒(méi)有辦法保證身體的健康。
跑步機(jī),其主要系在扶手架適當(dāng)位置處設(shè)一樞桿,復(fù)使該樞桿向機(jī)體前下方延伸,并使其另端樞結(jié)在跑步框架的適當(dāng)位置處,在跑步框架前端底部設(shè)有一貼地滑輪,因此,當(dāng)跑步框架由后方被舉起遂行折收作業(yè)時(shí),該貼地滑輪將有助于使用者的施力,具有折收省力,撐持穩(wěn)固的特點(diǎn)。應(yīng)用跑步機(jī)在室內(nèi)健身,已成為大多數(shù)人在辦公、客觀因素等條件制約下首選健身方式。
因此,關(guān)于跑步機(jī)的研究與開發(fā)已成為主要發(fā)展方向。一臺(tái)多功能跑步機(jī)是由跑步機(jī)、劃船器、臥式健身車、立式健身車、放松機(jī)、腰旋器等功能器材組合而成,以功能多、占地少而受到一些人的喜愛。它的鍛煉方法同普通跑步機(jī)一樣,從健身器具備的使用舒服、方便,故本設(shè)計(jì)為多功能跑步機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)出的多功能跑步機(jī)根據(jù)自己的情況,適當(dāng)選擇運(yùn)動(dòng)方式進(jìn)行鍛煉對(duì)人的心肺功能以及上下肢肌肉力量的增強(qiáng)有良好的作用。在使用者的時(shí)間,空間得到更多節(jié)省,使得多功能跑步機(jī)具有更好的使用性。
第1章 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)
1.1. 基本功能
根據(jù)每個(gè)人不同的生理特征考慮,每個(gè)人不同的體質(zhì)每天所需的運(yùn)動(dòng)量不同,這里以普通的群眾(35歲、性別男、體重60公斤)為例。跑步機(jī)的基本功能就是構(gòu)建一條運(yùn)動(dòng)的跑道(跑步帶),跑道的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與運(yùn)動(dòng)者的跑動(dòng)方向相反,但速度必須自動(dòng)保持一致,這樣就使得運(yùn)動(dòng)者能夠在原地進(jìn)行跑步鍛煉了。實(shí)現(xiàn)跑步機(jī)的功能,對(duì)跑步帶的驅(qū)動(dòng)與速度控制:通常使用直流電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng),直流電動(dòng)機(jī)通過(guò)半導(dǎo)體功率器件,使用脈沖寬度控制(PWM)方式實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)速。
1.2. 總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
多功能電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)主要由機(jī)架、電動(dòng)機(jī)、可調(diào)電源、跑步皮帶及儀表控制盤組成,其特征在于框架與支架垂直連接,前軸與后軸分別裝在框架的兩端,前滾筒與后滾筒分別用軸承套裝在前后軸上,跑步皮帶張緊繞裝在前后滾筒上,跑步皮帶下裝有支撐跑步板,從動(dòng)皮帶輪緊裝在前滾筒的一端,電動(dòng)機(jī)、可調(diào)電源,安裝在框架的前端,控制傳感器裝在電動(dòng)機(jī)上,速度傳感器安裝在緊靠在從動(dòng)皮帶輪的框架上,皮帶調(diào)節(jié)螺栓一端連接在電動(dòng)機(jī)外殼的孔板上,另一端連接在焊接于框架前端的孔板上,跑步機(jī)扶手架安裝于支架的頂端,儀表控制盤安裝于扶手架上。傳動(dòng)方式采用帶傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),傳動(dòng)級(jí)為一級(jí)。同時(shí)在支架上安有扭腰盤和伏地挺身架使機(jī)器實(shí)現(xiàn)其多功能性。
1.3. 跑步機(jī)的功能
目前市場(chǎng)上比較常見的有傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī)和電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)兩種。傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī),俗稱“被動(dòng)式跑步機(jī)”。 是我國(guó)上世紀(jì)80年代從國(guó)外引進(jìn)健身觀念時(shí)、為適應(yīng)當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)情而開發(fā)的具有“中國(guó)特色”的過(guò)渡產(chǎn)物。它的動(dòng)力來(lái)源是使用者通過(guò)自身臂部、膝部、踝關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng),推動(dòng)跑步機(jī)而產(chǎn)生的運(yùn)動(dòng)。速度由運(yùn)動(dòng)者自己控制。這種運(yùn)動(dòng)方式,表面上看起來(lái)似乎能消耗更多的能量,但其造成的運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害也要比在大自然中跑步高出數(shù)倍。
據(jù)北醫(yī)三院運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)專家林共周博士解釋:在馬路上跑步,每跑1000米,每只腳就得撞擊地面約1000次左右。而在傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī)上跑步,人體除自身重量產(chǎn)生的震蕩外,腳踝、膝部和臀部的肌肉,特別是肌腱,還要額外承擔(dān)向后的扭力來(lái)確保跑帶向后運(yùn)動(dòng)。由于扭力過(guò)度集中在韌帶、關(guān)節(jié)等幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵受力部位,更容易使受力部位肌腱組織產(chǎn)生慢性疲勞,造成損傷。很多傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī)使用者,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己越是認(rèn)真鍛煉,腿部就越跑越粗,關(guān)節(jié)也越練越?jīng)]有力氣。傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī)并不適合患有脊椎軟骨突出、膝關(guān)節(jié)炎、踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷、骨肌腱炎、以及足底筋膜炎的人,因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)期的跑步可能會(huì)加重慢性扭傷的情形或加速膝關(guān)節(jié)的老化。
電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)是健身房及家庭較高檔的器材,這種跑步機(jī)能減輕傳統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)的沖擊,避免運(yùn)動(dòng)受傷,比自然跑步有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。跑步時(shí)后腳跟先著地,順著跑帶方向運(yùn)動(dòng)。手腳模仿跑步的動(dòng)作,前后揮動(dòng),從而使全身肌肉得到均衡的鍛煉。由于跑帶的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與腳步移動(dòng)的方向一致,韌帶部位的扭力就抵消了,跑起來(lái)非常舒適。扭腰盤的功能設(shè)計(jì)可使康復(fù)者、兒童、老年人保持身體平衡,從而集中精力安心鍛煉。如果增加運(yùn)動(dòng)量,可以加快舞動(dòng)手腳的速度。用電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)能消除關(guān)節(jié)的負(fù)載,不但能減肥健身,還有益于受傷后身體的恢復(fù)。根據(jù)腰腹肌肉的鍛煉可由仰臥起坐架來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
它通過(guò)電機(jī)帶動(dòng)跑帶使人以不同的速度被動(dòng)地跑步或走動(dòng)。由于被動(dòng)地形成跑和走,從動(dòng)作外形上看,幾乎與普通在地面上跑或走一樣,但從人體用力上看,在電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上跑、走比普通跑、走省去了一個(gè)蹬伸動(dòng)作。正是這一點(diǎn)使每一個(gè)在電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上走跑的人感到十分輕松自如,可使人比普通跑步多跑1/3左右的路程,能量消耗也比普通走、跑為多。另外,由于電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上的電子輔助裝備功能非常多,可體驗(yàn)不同的跑步環(huán)境。
第2章 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
工作機(jī)構(gòu)類型選擇帶傳動(dòng),屬于定傳動(dòng)比勻速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。帶傳動(dòng)具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,成本低廉 能緩和載荷沖擊,運(yùn)行平穩(wěn),無(wú)噪聲,過(guò)載時(shí)將引起帶在帶輪上打滑,因而可防止其他零件的損壞,具有過(guò)載保護(hù)作用
2.1.1 設(shè)計(jì)步驟及參數(shù)選擇
初始條件:選擇電機(jī)為專門為跑步機(jī)生產(chǎn)的永磁直流電動(dòng)機(jī),傳動(dòng)功率P=1.5KW,主動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速為n1=3400r/min 傳動(dòng)比定為i=2.1 由于多楔帶適于傳遞功率較大而又要求結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的場(chǎng)合,特別能適應(yīng)帶輪直徑小的傳動(dòng),所以擇之。以下計(jì)算過(guò)程所用到的表和圖來(lái)源:
1、確定設(shè)計(jì)功率Pd
Pd=KAP (3-1)
KA——工作情況系數(shù),根據(jù)跑步機(jī)使用的特性,選擇每天工作時(shí)間〈10小時(shí),載荷變動(dòng)小。KA=1.1見表8-9
Pd=1.1*1.5=1.65kw
2、帶型號(hào)的選擇
對(duì)于多楔帶的型號(hào)可根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)功率Pd=1.65KW和小帶輪轉(zhuǎn)速n1=3400r/min由圖8—21選取,選PJ型多楔帶。
3、確定帶輪直徑de1、de2(有效直徑)
小帶輪有效直徑:
demin=20mm,由表8-91選de1=33.5mm
大帶輪有效直徑:
小帶輪節(jié)圓直徑
dp1=de1+2△e=33.5+2*1.2=36mm
△e=1.2
大帶輪節(jié)圓直徑dp2=idp1=2*33.5=67mm
de2=dp2-2△e=67-2*1.2=64.6mm
選de2=63mm
4、計(jì)算帶速v
v=πdp1n1 /(60×1000) m/s (3-2)
注意:v↑ —→離心力、離心應(yīng)力↑—→FQ↓
—→單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù)N↑
v↓ —→P=F×v/100可知,P一定時(shí),F(xiàn)↑—→張緊力↑
一般v在5~25 m/s,最大30 m/s,在8~15 m/s較好
V=∏*36*3400/60*1000=6.4<30m/s,合適
5、初定中心距a0
中心距的大小對(duì)帶傳動(dòng)的影響:
a↑—→結(jié)構(gòu)大—→由于載荷變化引起帶的顫動(dòng)—→掉帶
a↓—→帶的長(zhǎng)度↓—→在一定速度下,單位時(shí)間內(nèi)帶的應(yīng)力變化次數(shù)N愈多,會(huì)加速帶的疲勞損壞;
—→當(dāng)傳動(dòng)比i較大時(shí),包角↓
對(duì)于V帶傳動(dòng),中心距a一般可取
2(de1 +de2 )≥a0≥0.7(de1+de2) (3-3)
67.55〈a0〈193
初定 a0=150mm
6、確定帶的有效長(zhǎng)度Le
Le0=2a0+∏/2(de1+de2)+(de2-de1)2/4a0
=2*150+151.505+1.45
=452.96mm
選Le=450mm
7、計(jì)算實(shí)際中心距a
中心距的變動(dòng)范圍
考慮安裝調(diào)整和補(bǔ)償張緊力的需要(如膠帶伸長(zhǎng)而松弛后的張緊),尚需給中心距留有一定的調(diào)整余量。由表8-54知中心距的調(diào)整量為△min=5,£min=8.
a=a0+(Le- Le0)/2
=150-1.48
=148.52mm
選a=149mm
則a1=154mm a2=141mm
8、計(jì)算小帶輪包角
α1 ≈∏-(de2-de1 )/a
=3.14-0.199
=2.94rad
9、帶每楔所傳遞的額定功率及其增量
由帶型,de1=33.5mm,n1=3400r/min按表8-55用插值法計(jì)算的
p0=0.14kw
由i=2, n1=3400r/min,有表8-55用插值法計(jì)算得
△p0=0.02kw
10、計(jì)算帶的楔數(shù)
用插值法計(jì)算Kα=0.97,KL=0.78
Z=1.65/(0.16*0.97*0.78)
=13.63
選取Z=12
11,有效圓周力
FT= Pd/v*103
=0.26*103
=260N
12.作用在軸上的載荷
為設(shè)計(jì)軸和軸承,需確定帶傳動(dòng)作在軸上的力Fr
得Kr=1.57
則 Fr=1.57*260*0.995
=406.16N
根據(jù)計(jì)算
跑步機(jī)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)選擇12PJ450多楔帶
2.1.2多楔帶帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸選擇
技術(shù)要求
質(zhì)量??;結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性好;無(wú)過(guò)大的鑄造內(nèi)應(yīng)力;質(zhì)量分均勻,轉(zhuǎn)速高時(shí)要經(jīng)過(guò)動(dòng)平衡 ;輪槽工作面要精細(xì)加工(表面粗糙度一般為3.2),以減少帶的磨損;各槽的尺寸和角度應(yīng)保持一定的精度,以使載荷分布較為均勻等。
材料選擇
帶輪的材料主要采用鑄鐵,常用材料的牌號(hào)為HT150或HT200;轉(zhuǎn)速較高時(shí)宜采用鑄鋼(或用鋼板沖壓后焊接而成);小功率時(shí)可用鑄鋁或塑料。
結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
帶輪由輪緣,輪輻和輪轂三部分組成
1)實(shí)心式:帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑小于3d(d為軸的直徑)時(shí)
2)腹板式:帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑小于300~350mm時(shí)
3)輪幅式:帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑大于300~350mm時(shí)
帶輪的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)主要是根據(jù)帶輪的基準(zhǔn)直徑選擇結(jié)構(gòu)形式,并根據(jù)帶的型號(hào)及根數(shù)確定輪緣寬度,根據(jù)帶的型號(hào)確定輪槽尺寸
則小帶輪D=33.5選取實(shí)心式,大帶輪D=63選取腹板式
小帶輪隨電機(jī)一起購(gòu)買。規(guī)格:P12PJ33.5
以跑步機(jī)大帶輪P12PJ63為例確定其結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸:
要求帶輪每毫米有效直徑的輪槽軸向圓跳動(dòng)公差值為0.002mm.輪槽表面粗糙度Ra的最大允許值為3.2。槽距e=2.34±0.03 槽角α=40o±0.5o 楔頂圓角半徑rb,最小值為0.2,槽底圓弧半徑rt最大值為0.4,檢驗(yàn)用圓球或圓柱直徑db=1.5±0.01,2X公稱值為0.23,2N最大值1.22,f最小值為1.8,有效線差公稱值£e=1.2徑向跳動(dòng)公差0.25,槽間直徑差值最大0.16。n槽數(shù)為12。。
帶輪寬=11*2.34+1.8*2
=29.34MM
選取30MM
2.2 電動(dòng)機(jī)類型與參數(shù)的選擇
2.2.1類型功率選擇
當(dāng)人在跑步機(jī)上跑步或走路時(shí),跑步機(jī)所承載的重量是人體重的0.8~2.5倍。動(dòng)力就是在這樣的載重量下,還能滿足并維持所選擇的速度,讓人可以在跑步機(jī)上走跑自如的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。通常跑步機(jī)一個(gè)馬力大概可提供50~60公斤的承載重量,但跑步帶面積大小也和跑步機(jī)馬力有相當(dāng)直接的關(guān)系,跑步機(jī)的馬力越大,可以帶動(dòng)的跑步帶面積也越大,所以衡量效率及安全性后,一般建議,家用跑步機(jī)合宜的持續(xù)(continuous)馬力應(yīng)該至少2KW以上,如果家人的體重有超過(guò)80公斤,則應(yīng)選3KW以上的跑步機(jī)。
此跑步機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為100公斤,則電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)用電動(dòng)機(jī)—ZYT42(NEMA)型永磁直流電動(dòng)機(jī)該型電動(dòng)機(jī)系大功率跑步機(jī)中配套的專用驅(qū)動(dòng)元件,經(jīng)一定的電磁、結(jié)構(gòu)派生處理也可適用于相應(yīng)的機(jī)械裝置中作為驅(qū)動(dòng)元件。該電動(dòng)機(jī)顯著的特點(diǎn):具有轉(zhuǎn)速精度高,當(dāng)人在跑步機(jī)上運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),是一個(gè)沖擊負(fù)載,該機(jī)在這種沖擊負(fù)載作用下一般不差,保持同步轉(zhuǎn)速,如同在平地上一樣感覺。表現(xiàn)在調(diào)速方便(可無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速),
調(diào)速范圍寬,低速性能(啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩大),運(yùn)行平穩(wěn),噪音低,效率高。
2.2.2技術(shù)參數(shù)
型號(hào) ZYT42/06 電壓220 VDC
功率 2.0 KW 電流不大于9.8A
轉(zhuǎn)速3400±7% 轉(zhuǎn)向 逆時(shí)針
絕緣等級(jí) F級(jí)
圖2-1 電動(dòng)機(jī)外型圖
L1=28.5 L2=272
第3章 外形結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
3.1基架的設(shè)計(jì)
為了保證整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和減震系統(tǒng)的有效性,基架全部采用焊接結(jié)構(gòu)。基架的設(shè)計(jì)是整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ),也是其他設(shè)計(jì)的基準(zhǔn)。支架,滾筒的選擇,以及前后ABS塑料罩等等,都是依據(jù)基架的尺寸和形狀設(shè)計(jì)的,所以設(shè)計(jì)開始首先考慮基架的設(shè)計(jì),進(jìn)行樣式,結(jié)構(gòu),還有尺寸的確定。主要是通過(guò)調(diào)研,看現(xiàn)有市場(chǎng)上的跑步機(jī)的基架結(jié)構(gòu)的流行設(shè)計(jì),在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行自己產(chǎn)品的開發(fā),在尺寸的確定方面參考了人體運(yùn)動(dòng)工學(xué)推算,45cm寬X130cm跑帶面積,以此保證給人以足夠的運(yùn)動(dòng)面積,為主要數(shù)據(jù)展開對(duì)基架的設(shè)計(jì),再考慮電機(jī)的尺寸,傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)帶傳動(dòng)的中心距離,電機(jī)的安裝,前后滾筒的位置,PWM調(diào)速電源的安裝位置,以及傳感器安裝位置的預(yù)留等等,設(shè)計(jì)了上圖的基架,在設(shè)計(jì)中特意將兩邊框設(shè)計(jì)了足夠的寬度,以此為鍛煉過(guò)程中短暫的休息提供兩腳踩放的位置,另外也為萬(wàn)一跑步機(jī)失靈發(fā)生意外,人可快速兩腳分開脫離旋轉(zhuǎn)的跑帶,提供足夠的安全踩放位置。
圖3-1 基架
3.2支架的設(shè)計(jì)
支架設(shè)計(jì)分為上下兩部分通過(guò)插拔的形式安裝和拆卸,目的是包裝時(shí)節(jié)省空間,材料采用空心鋼管,連接為焊接,保證穩(wěn)定性。支架包括扶手,儀表安裝
輔助支架,扭腰盤連接處等,仰臥起坐架直接焊接于輔助連桿上。與基架的連接采用螺栓連接,方便位置的調(diào)整和拆裝。底部安有橡膠墊和尾套,保證平衡,最重要的是實(shí)現(xiàn)減震的二級(jí)緩沖。
圖 4-2支架
3.3前后罩
旋轉(zhuǎn)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)必須與執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)隔離,保證安全性,同時(shí)為了技術(shù)保護(hù)和美觀,前后罩使用ABS塑料,美觀,有質(zhì)感,能起到有效的防護(hù)作用。設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)為基架,通過(guò)螺釘與基架連接,方便安裝和維護(hù)維修。
第4章 前后滾筒
4.1軸承的計(jì)算
軸承類型:深溝球軸承,軸承代號(hào):6301
軸承參數(shù):軸承內(nèi)徑:12,軸承外徑:37,軸承寬度:12,額定動(dòng)載荷:7480,額定靜載荷:4650,極限轉(zhuǎn)速:22000, 潤(rùn)滑方式:脂潤(rùn)滑。
工作參數(shù):徑向載荷:406.16,軸向載荷:0,使用壽命:30000,工作轉(zhuǎn)速:1819.8,載荷系數(shù):1.5。
計(jì)算結(jié)果:
當(dāng)量動(dòng)載荷:609.24
當(dāng)量靜載荷:609.24
計(jì)算壽命:16950
4.2軸結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)
滾筒軸屬于固定心軸——只承受彎矩M≠0;不承受扭矩T=0;軸的毛坯一般用圓鋼或鍛件。
結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足的基本要求
1、 軸與軸上零件應(yīng)具有準(zhǔn)確的工作位置——定位要求
2、 軸上零件應(yīng)易于裝拆和調(diào)整——安裝調(diào)整要求
3、 軸上零件的固定應(yīng)牢固可靠——緊固要求
4、 軸應(yīng)具有良好的制造工藝性——工藝要求
5、 應(yīng)盡量減少應(yīng)力集中——提高疲勞強(qiáng)度的要求
軸的各部分結(jié)構(gòu)名稱制造安裝要求
——為便于軸上零件的裝拆,常將軸做成階梯軸。
——為使軸上零件易于安裝,軸端和各軸段的端部應(yīng)有導(dǎo)角
——軸的形狀和尺寸力求簡(jiǎn)單,以便于加工
——軸上磨削的軸段有砂輪越程槽;需車制螺紋的軸段,應(yīng)有推刀槽;
軸的材料
軸常在交變應(yīng)力的作用下工作,其材料的要求是:強(qiáng)度高、剛度好、應(yīng)力集中的敏感度小,抗疲勞,加工性能好,有的軸表面要求也較高。
軸的材料主要采用中碳鋼35或45鋼和合金鋼20Cr或40Cr等。
最常用的是45#鋼(含碳量0.45%),它具有較高的綜合機(jī)械性能。
此設(shè)計(jì)采用45#鋼。
軸的設(shè)計(jì)包括兩個(gè)方面:
結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):使軸具有合理的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀,良好的加工工藝性。
強(qiáng)度計(jì)算:保證軸在載荷作用下不致斷裂或產(chǎn)生過(guò)大的變形。
軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
軸的端部應(yīng)有45度倒角,以便安裝時(shí)對(duì)中,防止銳邊劃手。
軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)主要根據(jù)以下幾個(gè)方面: 軸上零件的配置;軸上零件的固定;軸上零件的裝拆;軸的加工工藝性。
軸上零件的固定可分為兩個(gè)方向:
周向固定:傳遞扭矩和運(yùn)動(dòng)。采用過(guò)盈配合(軸承內(nèi)圈)、
軸向固定:防止零件在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)產(chǎn)生軸向移動(dòng)。采用圓螺母
圖4-1 滾筒結(jié)構(gòu)
4.3強(qiáng)度計(jì)算
由于心軸工作時(shí)只承受彎矩而不承受扭矩,所以在應(yīng)用上式時(shí),應(yīng)取T=0。由于是固定心軸,考慮啟動(dòng),停止等影響,彎矩在軸截面上所引起的應(yīng)力可視為脈動(dòng)循環(huán)變應(yīng)力。所以
固定心軸的許用應(yīng)力應(yīng)為1.7[σ-1] 。
最大彎矩M=0.54/2*300=81N.M
抗彎截面系數(shù)W=∏*d4/64 =[3.14*(0.012)4/64]=2*10-8
強(qiáng)度=M/W=81/(∏*d4/64)=81/2*10-8=40MPa
材料采用45號(hào)調(diào)質(zhì)鋼許用彎應(yīng)力為102MP 40〈102
則通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)能承受足夠的工作強(qiáng)度。
4.4滾筒要求
主動(dòng)滾筒的外圓全跳動(dòng)小于0.33mm,從動(dòng)滾筒的外圓全跳動(dòng)小于0.25mm。滾筒均采用2.1mm壁厚的優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼管,光潔度達(dá)到0.8以下。滾筒均有防靜電處理。滾筒外部經(jīng)防銹處理。
圖4-2滾筒
第5章 跑步板及跑步帶設(shè)計(jì)
5.1跑步板
電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的跑步板,它由基板以及覆蓋在基板上或上下兩個(gè)表面的導(dǎo)電耐磨層構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)電耐磨層既可長(zhǎng)期承受跑步帶的摩擦,使用壽命高;又可隨時(shí)將摩擦產(chǎn)生的靜電荷通過(guò)底座導(dǎo)出,避免靜電對(duì)人體的不舒感和對(duì)跑步機(jī)造成的損害?;逵筛呙芏然蛑忻芏壤w維板制作,也可由其它材料制作。使用高密度或中密度纖維板時(shí),強(qiáng)度較高、重量較輕,成本較低,效果較好,本身也提供一部份的吸震功能,導(dǎo)電耐磨層可以在基板上噴涂導(dǎo)電耐磨涂料固化制成,也可以在基板上復(fù)合耐磨金屬板制成。導(dǎo)電耐磨涂料層工藝較簡(jiǎn)單,成本也較低。復(fù)合耐磨金屬板則更牢固。復(fù)合耐磨金屬板為復(fù)合銅板時(shí)效果更好,更耐磨。
5.1跑步帶
跑帶要求雙層粘合跑帶,具有高傳導(dǎo)性,跑步帶國(guó)際防滑型,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)安全可靠
跑步機(jī),其實(shí)就是提供一個(gè)跑步的面積,所以絕對(duì)要在乎跑步帶面積的大小,左右寬度及前后長(zhǎng)度都要夠,否則無(wú)法自然邁開步伐,跑起來(lái)彎扭不順暢,更容易跌倒。根據(jù)人體運(yùn)動(dòng)工學(xué)推算,45cm寬X130cm長(zhǎng),應(yīng)是一個(gè)合宜的參考面積,然后再依個(gè)人的實(shí)際條件做增減。有不少?gòu)S商生產(chǎn)"加碼"跑步機(jī),跑臺(tái)加寬,左右踏條增大,以營(yíng)造物超所值得虛胖假象,但最重要的跑步帶面積并沒(méi)增加;所以焦點(diǎn)要放在跑步帶面積上。理論上來(lái)說(shuō),在相同的功率條件下,如果跑步機(jī)所能提供的跑步帶面積越大,且整臺(tái)實(shí)際的占地面積越小,應(yīng)是較佳的設(shè)計(jì)。
第6章 避震系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
跑步的“頭等大事”就是要保護(hù)好膝蓋———跑步鞋具有緩沖減震的效果就是這個(gè)道理。使用跑步機(jī)比起在戶外路跑最大的好處是:跑步機(jī)它提供了避震效果,大量消除每一步伐的反作用沖擊力,保護(hù)了膝蓋關(guān)節(jié)。跑步機(jī)的避震方式采用具彈性的橡膠墊將跑臺(tái)和底座框架墊隔開,使跑臺(tái)成懸吊狀態(tài),進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生吸收震動(dòng)的功能而達(dá)到避震的效果。因此避震效果是否可以有效的展現(xiàn)發(fā)揮,完全得看跑步機(jī)的基座結(jié)構(gòu)是否牢靠穩(wěn)固。所以采用了足夠牢固的鋼材規(guī)格,結(jié)構(gòu)撐架以焊熔連接,沒(méi)有采用螺栓,在基座結(jié)構(gòu)上再加上橡膠墊和橡膠尾套,使整個(gè)基架又對(duì)力產(chǎn)生一個(gè)緩沖,實(shí)現(xiàn)二級(jí)緩沖!本設(shè)計(jì)中跑步板采用高密度纖維板,本身也提供一部份的吸震功能,但厚度至少需有2.5公分以上,以確保在吸震同時(shí),不因沖擊而龜裂,另外在使用時(shí)可在跑步機(jī)的支撐點(diǎn)下,加鋪具有彈性的鋪墊,以增加避震效果。
圖6-1支架減震
圖6-2 底座減震
第7章 多功能設(shè)計(jì)
7.1扭腰盤設(shè)計(jì)
特點(diǎn):
1.采用 ABS塑料+磁鐵制成,抗沖擊強(qiáng)度高,密度小,便于運(yùn)輸,完全可以替代鑄件,表面光潔度好,不用噴涂,可節(jié)省費(fèi)用3-5元,重量?jī)H是鑄件的1/7,從運(yùn)費(fèi)上可節(jié)省6/7,采用此產(chǎn)品綜合成本效益可降低40%
盤面突起直指病理反射區(qū)穴位,在扭腰同時(shí)進(jìn)行腳底按摩。
2.附有磁鐵,有足療作用。
3.身體隨著轉(zhuǎn)盤扭動(dòng),使腰部、跨部得到充分鍛煉,瘦腰美腿、保持身材。
4.通過(guò)磁療,把磁波傳列到人體,在細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)生旋渦狀的二次電流,排除多余脂肪及毒素。
5.增強(qiáng)血液循環(huán),健美強(qiáng)身兩不誤。
7.1.1連接結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
設(shè)計(jì)直徑為250mm,通過(guò)長(zhǎng)桿與支架相連 ,用時(shí)把鐵銷把出,旋轉(zhuǎn)放在皮帶上方,即可使用,鍛煉完畢旋轉(zhuǎn)折疊,插上鐵銷,則扭腰盤依附與支架上,可以進(jìn)行別的項(xiàng)目的鍛煉。
圖7-2 扭腰盤支架
7.1.2旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
此扭腰盤選用單向推力軸承和深溝球軸承配合完成對(duì)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的的支撐。
單向推力軸承計(jì)算:
軸承類型: 單向推力球軸承(50000),軸承代號(hào): 51104
軸承參數(shù):軸承內(nèi)徑:20,軸承外徑:35,軸承寬度:10,額定動(dòng)載荷:11000,額定靜載荷:19800, 極限轉(zhuǎn)速:6700,潤(rùn)滑方式:脂潤(rùn)滑
工作參數(shù):徑向載荷:0,軸向載荷:1000,使用壽命:3000,工作轉(zhuǎn)速:20,載荷系數(shù):1.1
計(jì)算結(jié)果:當(dāng)量動(dòng)載荷:1100.00,當(dāng)量靜載荷:1100.00,計(jì)算壽命:833350
深溝球軸承只是簡(jiǎn)單起個(gè)軸向固定和保持軸位置的固定的作用。
圖7-3 扭腰盤旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)
7.2 仰臥起坐架的設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)美國(guó)醫(yī)療協(xié)會(huì)報(bào)導(dǎo),做仰臥起坐對(duì)人體新陳代謝 有絕對(duì)的幫助,其可增進(jìn)肺部運(yùn)動(dòng)量因而提升免疫力。此設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,與支架焊接在一起,平穩(wěn)堅(jiān)固、使用簡(jiǎn)單,屬于很大眾化的設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)強(qiáng)化胸部、腰部大小肌肉,消除腹部贅肉最有效,在鍛煉中與跑步配合,使跑步機(jī)不再成為乏味的單一運(yùn)動(dòng)器械,而且結(jié)構(gòu)位置絲毫不影響跑步帶鍛煉。
圖7-4 仰臥起坐架
致謝
歷時(shí)將近兩個(gè)月的時(shí)間終于將這篇論文寫完,在論文的寫作過(guò)程中遇到了無(wú)數(shù)的困難和障礙,都在同學(xué)和老師的幫助下度過(guò)了。尤其要強(qiáng)烈感謝我的論文指導(dǎo)老師—崔老師,她對(duì)我進(jìn)行了無(wú)私的指導(dǎo)和幫助,不厭其煩的幫助進(jìn)行論文的修改和改進(jìn)。另外,在校圖書館查找資料的時(shí)候,圖書館的老師也給我提供了很多方面的支持與幫助。在此向幫助和指導(dǎo)過(guò)我的各位老師表示最中心的感謝!
感謝這篇論文所涉及到的各位學(xué)者。本文引用了數(shù)位學(xué)者的研究文獻(xiàn),如果沒(méi)有各位學(xué)者的研究成果的幫助和啟發(fā),我將很難完成本篇論文的寫作。
感謝我的同學(xué)和朋友,在我寫論文的過(guò)程中給予我了很多你問(wèn)素材,還在論文的撰寫和排版燈過(guò)程中提供熱情的幫助。
由于我的學(xué)術(shù)水平有限,所寫論文難免有不足之處,懇請(qǐng)各位老師和學(xué)友批評(píng)和指正!
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[4] 張偉社主編.機(jī)械原理.西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2001
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[6] 趙松年主編.現(xiàn)代機(jī)械創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品分析與設(shè)計(jì),2000
[7] 楊家軍主編.機(jī)械系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì).華中理工大學(xué)出版社,2000
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[10] 卜炎主編.機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(上冊(cè)),機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社。1999
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
外文資料翻譯
題 目 多功能跑步機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
專 業(yè)
班 級(jí)
學(xué) 生
指導(dǎo)教師
電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)行業(yè)呼喚中國(guó)名牌
國(guó)產(chǎn)電跑第一家
1996年之前,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)都是國(guó)外產(chǎn)品,進(jìn)入家庭的大都是由自行車廠改制的生產(chǎn)廠制造的機(jī)械跑步機(jī),國(guó)人對(duì)價(jià)格幾萬(wàn)乃至十幾萬(wàn)元的進(jìn)口電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)望而生畏。
1993年以后,隨著國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,韓國(guó)企業(yè)向我國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移,首先是山東祥和集團(tuán)公司利用該地區(qū)電機(jī)、控制電源生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢(shì),于1994年組建了專廠,通過(guò)充實(shí)機(jī)加工能力,結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外信息,祥和集團(tuán)于1995年生產(chǎn)出了全部為自制部件的家用電動(dòng)跑步機(jī),并于次年的南昌體博會(huì)上參展。被譽(yù)為第一個(gè)民族品牌的匯祥電動(dòng)跑步機(jī),當(dāng)年產(chǎn)量達(dá)到七千臺(tái),銷量達(dá)到五千臺(tái),開了生產(chǎn)國(guó)產(chǎn)電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的先河。通過(guò)不停的技術(shù)改造,到2004年達(dá)到了年產(chǎn)十萬(wàn)臺(tái)的生產(chǎn)能力,同年銷售跑步機(jī)4.8萬(wàn)臺(tái),產(chǎn)值9360萬(wàn)元,銷售收入7200萬(wàn)元,同時(shí)完成了ISO9001及歐盟CE認(rèn)證,并被評(píng)為山東名牌產(chǎn)品。
匯祥電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)為擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模,合理利用生產(chǎn)資源,先后為一些國(guó)產(chǎn)企業(yè)貼牌生產(chǎn),極大地提高了電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的國(guó)產(chǎn)占有率,也為眾多企業(yè)提供了發(fā)展樣品,帶動(dòng)了整個(gè)行業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展。
電跑:小康生活的時(shí)尚健身產(chǎn)品
目前,生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的企業(yè)集中在長(zhǎng)江三角洲、山東半島及粵、閩沿海地區(qū),總數(shù)約為50余家,其中具備規(guī)模的約為15家,而合資、獨(dú)資企業(yè)約占50%。
電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)系機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,采用匯編語(yǔ)言編程,用計(jì)算機(jī)控制,系國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)的發(fā)展行業(yè)。該產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展帶動(dòng)了鋼管制造、塑料制品、電子工業(yè),電機(jī)工業(yè)等系列發(fā)展,使人們身體鍛煉不受場(chǎng)地、環(huán)境、氣候的制約,寓體育鍛煉于休閑娛樂(lè)之中,全面提高國(guó)民身體素質(zhì)。該產(chǎn)品制作過(guò)程中,無(wú)污染物及有害物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生,外采購(gòu)鋼鐵、塑料配件,電子元器件組裝,是綠色制造產(chǎn)業(yè)。
以胡錦濤為總書記的黨中央大力倡導(dǎo)建設(shè)和諧有序的發(fā)展環(huán)境,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的發(fā)展就緊貼這一主題,為帶動(dòng)行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整發(fā)揮著重要作用。通過(guò)進(jìn)入小康社會(huì)的國(guó)民收入提高,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)近年來(lái)也開始進(jìn)入家庭,例如匯祥牌電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)在中、小城市的銷售量逐年增量超過(guò)50%,許多富裕起來(lái)的城鄉(xiāng)居民紛紛選擇這一優(yōu)越的健身方式,一大批人性化設(shè)計(jì)的跑步機(jī)正在問(wèn)世,通過(guò)電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、制造設(shè)備工裝的改造革新,其發(fā)展空間很大,是一種有可持續(xù)發(fā)展前途的產(chǎn)品。
促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)健康增長(zhǎng)的三大要素為消費(fèi)、投資、凈出口。而電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的發(fā)展,在其中占有很大比重。隨著國(guó)內(nèi)恩格爾系數(shù)的不斷降低,人們由衣食住行向提高生活質(zhì)量發(fā)展,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)將是國(guó)人健身的優(yōu)選器材,因?yàn)?,從?guó)外的經(jīng)驗(yàn)看,在電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上進(jìn)行平衡鍛煉已經(jīng)成為時(shí)尚。從國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)分類看,體育消費(fèi)屬第三產(chǎn)業(yè),近年增速連續(xù)超過(guò)10%,而且速度逐年加快。體育健身的消費(fèi)拉動(dòng)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的份額必然會(huì)繼續(xù)增加。這種健身消費(fèi)涵蓋較廣,既有居民消費(fèi)又有公共消費(fèi)(如健身俱樂(lè)部等),它的消費(fèi)增速超過(guò)20%,其中,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)超過(guò)40%,具有較強(qiáng)的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭。
知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)與貿(mào)易摩擦
知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)之所以成為我國(guó)體育用品業(yè)的“軟肋”,是因?yàn)槲覀儗?duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)以及與體育產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的生產(chǎn)、發(fā)明、貿(mào)易、等知識(shí)的擁有、歸屬、轉(zhuǎn)讓的游戲規(guī)則以及相關(guān)法律、法規(guī)和信息知之甚少。一件體育器材或設(shè)備竟在不知道是哪國(guó)發(fā)明的,人家是否已經(jīng)注冊(cè),注冊(cè)了哪些內(nèi)容的情況下,我們卻生產(chǎn)和賣了多年。有的產(chǎn)品不僅款式、結(jié)構(gòu)一樣,連外觀、顏色都十分相近,更可悲的是,由于對(duì)上述情況的漠視,我們還拿著自己生產(chǎn)的(實(shí)際上是仿造人家的專利產(chǎn)品)到該產(chǎn)品的誕生地去參展、銷售,我們說(shuō),一件發(fā)明技術(shù)或?qū)@a(chǎn)品都必須經(jīng)歷漫長(zhǎng)而艱難的探索和研究,它凝聚了體育科研人員的智慧和心血,原發(fā)明者為此付出了超常的艱辛,理應(yīng)受到社會(huì)的尊重和法律的保護(hù)。在我國(guó)市場(chǎng)一件已經(jīng)獲專利批準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品被我們的廠家抄來(lái)抄去,毫無(wú)創(chuàng)新,這不僅嚴(yán)重的侵犯了人家的發(fā)明專利,也使我國(guó)體育用品業(yè)一度盛行的“拿來(lái)主義”走入了誤區(qū)。這樣做,在較為封閉的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下,可能少有人發(fā)現(xiàn)或追究,但在國(guó)門進(jìn)一步打開的今天,我們必須為此而付出代價(jià)。2001年,我們一家參加美國(guó)超級(jí)展,樣品剛一展出,就被人家以侵權(quán)為由,扣留了全部的產(chǎn)品,幾經(jīng)交涉和書面檢討,最終交了昂貴的罰款;今年,在德國(guó)體博會(huì)上,我們的另一家企業(yè)的展品又被認(rèn)定侵權(quán),對(duì)方得理不饒人,我們的企業(yè)認(rèn)錯(cuò)、認(rèn)罰都不放過(guò),并當(dāng)眾對(duì)該企業(yè)百般羞辱,最后還是通過(guò)外交途徑,使館出面交涉,處理了此事。此類案件在我國(guó)市場(chǎng)、在我們企業(yè)的身上時(shí)有發(fā)生,不僅擾亂了市場(chǎng)的正常秩序,侵犯了權(quán)益人的利益,降低了 “中國(guó)制造”的國(guó)際聲譽(yù),也損害了我國(guó)改革開放的公眾形象。
我國(guó)入世后,躊躇滿志的中國(guó)品牌正力圖抓住機(jī)遇,走出國(guó)門之際,西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)此及時(shí)做出了戰(zhàn)略性防御,對(duì)我國(guó)體育用品設(shè)置了包括技術(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、綠色環(huán)保、動(dòng)植物保護(hù)、反傾銷、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)以及社會(huì)責(zé)任等道道壁壘,用極其刻薄的條款封殺、阻擋同類產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)入。與此同時(shí),他們還使出了三道“殺手锏”,一是加大了對(duì)產(chǎn)品專利技術(shù)的注冊(cè)力度。2002年,在我國(guó)授權(quán)發(fā)明專利中,國(guó)內(nèi)占5.2%,而國(guó)外占76.1%;在技術(shù)含量較高的職務(wù)發(fā)明中,國(guó)內(nèi)占3.6%,而國(guó)外占96.2%。
??? 二是加強(qiáng)對(duì)我國(guó)市場(chǎng)的監(jiān)視。為維護(hù)其自身的形象和利益,打擊競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,境外品牌派專職或雇傭人員,但大多數(shù)還是利用全國(guó)開設(shè)的銷售網(wǎng)點(diǎn),對(duì)我國(guó)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行全方位的監(jiān)視。他們以調(diào)研市場(chǎng)為名,對(duì)商品類別、銷售結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品價(jià)格以及消費(fèi)者需求進(jìn)行調(diào)查。最主要的是調(diào)查同類產(chǎn)品中各類的侵權(quán)行為,包括產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、外觀、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、企業(yè)標(biāo)識(shí)及各種數(shù)據(jù)等,然后將圖片、實(shí)物及文字資料及時(shí)匯聚于公司決策層。目前在我國(guó)不盡規(guī)范的市場(chǎng)上,各類假冒、侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重存在,他們一旦時(shí)機(jī)成熟,便會(huì)重拳出擊,決不手軟,對(duì)此我們必須高度警惕。
三是加大對(duì)海關(guān)保護(hù)備案申請(qǐng)工作。境外品牌力圖通過(guò)這種途徑來(lái)解決從境外流入和從境內(nèi)出口到國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品,2003年有國(guó)內(nèi)外1300多份備案申請(qǐng)涉及品牌數(shù)千種,通過(guò)了全國(guó)所有關(guān)口的聯(lián)手保護(hù),成效顯著。
由于我國(guó)體育用品在價(jià)格上的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì),使國(guó)際貿(mào)易中摩擦不斷,主要體現(xiàn)在反傾銷。以運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋為例,我國(guó)是世界上運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋制造大國(guó),由于國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)容量有限,絕大部分靠出口,2003年,出口約32億雙。耐克鞋全球銷售60%為中國(guó)生產(chǎn),美津濃鞋全球銷售90%為中國(guó)制造,世界制鞋大國(guó)西班牙有14個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋廠,中國(guó)制造的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋每年進(jìn)口7000多萬(wàn)雙,該國(guó)市場(chǎng)上每雙普通運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋價(jià)格在20多歐元。而中國(guó)制造的同等質(zhì)量的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋售價(jià)3~2歐元。在OEM業(yè)務(wù)中,我國(guó)加工一雙較好的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋利潤(rùn)約在3美元左右,加工一支羽毛球拍1~2美元,制造一支有70多個(gè)零件組成的氣槍利潤(rùn)在10美元左右,加工一套高檔的運(yùn)動(dòng)服在7~8美元左右。然而這些中國(guó)制造的產(chǎn)品一旦貼上世界名牌的標(biāo)識(shí),就會(huì)身價(jià)十至幾十倍。中國(guó)同時(shí)還是世界上紡織大國(guó),保護(hù)期結(jié)束后,全球紡織品服裝配額取消,我國(guó)的運(yùn)動(dòng)服裝將在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)贏得更大的發(fā)展空間。大量的物美價(jià)廉的“中國(guó)制造”進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng),給各國(guó)商人帶來(lái)了豐厚的利潤(rùn),也極大的刺激了本國(guó)的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng),同時(shí)也引起了進(jìn)口國(guó)的恐慌和不安,他們視“中國(guó)制造”為洪水猛獸,認(rèn)為搶占了他們的市場(chǎng),于是索賠案、侵權(quán)案、反傾銷調(diào)查、燒鞋事件等帶有嚴(yán)重歧視色彩的限制事件頻頻發(fā)生,預(yù)計(jì)保護(hù)期結(jié)束后,此類事件還將繼續(xù)發(fā)生。
沒(méi)有名牌就沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力
發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的體育產(chǎn)業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中所占位次排名十幾位,是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要行業(yè)和主要?jiǎng)恿?,由于我?guó)該行業(yè)不統(tǒng)一和不集中、缺乏到位的調(diào)控與統(tǒng)計(jì)體系,因此,指導(dǎo)和鼓勵(lì)該產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的勢(shì)頭也相應(yīng)滯后。但隨著全民健身活動(dòng)的深入發(fā)展和奧運(yùn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的帶動(dòng),以名牌戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施為契機(jī),不斷整合產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),這個(gè)行業(yè)必將越發(fā)顯示出其在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位。
國(guó)外電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)制造業(yè)從上個(gè)世紀(jì)七十年代后期起步,與我國(guó)同類產(chǎn)品相比,除款式多樣化及附加功能開發(fā)上比較占先外,其他差距較小。例如鋼材,我國(guó)寶鋼、鞍鋼等生產(chǎn)的帶鋼均達(dá)到或超過(guò)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其配套的鋼管制作也達(dá)到國(guó)外標(biāo)準(zhǔn),電機(jī)等電跑配件通過(guò)消化吸收,我們從材料到新款開發(fā)均在國(guó)際先進(jìn)行列。因此,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)不同于飛機(jī)、汽車行業(yè),與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平幾乎沒(méi)有多大差距。由此,國(guó)際著名電跑生產(chǎn)企業(yè)日益關(guān)注,已經(jīng)開始讓我國(guó)企業(yè)為其進(jìn)行貼牌產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)。
雖然發(fā)展勢(shì)頭不錯(cuò),但是國(guó)產(chǎn)電跑在國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)上的境遇還是有差別。而國(guó)產(chǎn)電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不強(qiáng)的主要原因,則是缺乏名牌產(chǎn)品效應(yīng)。而與國(guó)外企業(yè)相比起步較晚、一些小企業(yè)假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)對(duì)市場(chǎng)的沖擊等原因,也削弱了國(guó)產(chǎn)電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
目前,國(guó)際著名品牌愛康、力健、必確、太空、賽百斯等紛紛涉足中國(guó)市場(chǎng),有的斥巨資投資建廠,并以較高的品牌知名度向國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)施壓,在此情況下,盡快促進(jìn)電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)名牌產(chǎn)品的崛起,不失為政府對(duì)電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)民族工業(yè)的一個(gè)有力推動(dòng),也是推動(dòng)民族品牌和國(guó)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品提高國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的一大捷徑。在電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)白熱化的情況下,國(guó)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品能否取勝,與名牌戰(zhàn)略能否及時(shí)有效推進(jìn)關(guān)系密切。
全民健身計(jì)劃的有力推進(jìn),奧運(yùn)經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)體育消費(fèi)的拉動(dòng),有效地帶動(dòng)了體育產(chǎn)業(yè)的長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展,對(duì)提升中國(guó)體育用品公眾認(rèn)知度具有深遠(yuǎn)意義,對(duì)包括電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)在內(nèi)的體育用品業(yè)的發(fā)展,對(duì)促進(jìn)體育用品業(yè)行業(yè)的整體提升,構(gòu)筑規(guī)模效益,進(jìn)入全球市場(chǎng),都將提供一個(gè)大舞臺(tái),體育健身事業(yè)和奧運(yùn)經(jīng)濟(jì)都在呼喚中國(guó)名牌,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)也在呼喚中國(guó)名牌。
英文資料
The electronic race apparatus trade calls China's famous brand
The domestic electricity wins the race in the family
Before 1996, electronic race apparatuses were all foreign products, the ones that entered the family were mostly mechanical race apparatuses that factories reformed system of by the bicycle factory made, compatriots inspire awe even from distance to the imported electronic race apparatus of the price of several ten thousand and even more than ten ten thousand yuan
After 1993, with the adjustment of the international industrial structure, S.Korean enterprises shifted to our country, it is the happy and auspicious group company of Shandong that utilizes the electrical machinery of this area, controls the advantage that the power produces at first, set up the special factory in 1994, through the working ability of the substantiating machine, combined domestic and international information, the happy and auspicious group all produced the electronic race apparatus of family expenses in order to make the part by oneself in 1995, and exhibit at the rich meeting of body of Nanchang of next year. Praised as gathering together the auspicious electronic race apparatus of the brand of the first nationality, the output reached 7,000 in that year, the sales volume reaches 5,000, has held the beginning of producing the domestic electronic race apparatus. Up to the production capacity of producing 100,000 per year by 2004 through the technological transformation not stopping , sell race apparatus 4 in the same year. 80,000, output value is 93,600,000 yuan, income from sales is 72 million yuan, finished ISO9001 and European Union CE authentication at the same time , and is chosen as leading brand products in Shandong.
Gather together the auspicious electronic race apparatus in order to expand the production scale , the resources of production of rational utilization, successively for some domestic enterprise's sticking brand production , improved the domestic occupation rate of the electronic race apparatus greatly, have offer for numerous enterprises and develop samples too, has driven the flourishing development of the whole trade.
The electricity runs: Fashionable body-building products of the fairly comfortable life
At present, enterprises which produce the electronic race apparatus centre in the coastal area of the Changjiang Delta , Shandong Peninsula , Guangdong , Fujian, the total amount is about more than 50, it is about 15 that possess scale among them, and the joint-venture , proprietorship account for 50%.
The electronic race apparatus is the integrated products of electromechanics, adopt assembler language programming, control with the computer, it is the development trade that the country encourages . The development of this product has driven making, plastic products , electronics industry of steel tube , electrical machinery industry ,etc. series develop , make people health is it limit by place , environment , climate to do exercises, contain physical training in recreation amusement, improve the national physique in an all-round way. In this production course, there are not pollutant and harmful substance that are produced , purchase the steel , plastic fittings outside, the electronic devices and components are assembled, is the green manufacture industry
The Central Party Committee which regards Hu Jintao as the General Secretary advocates building harmonious and orderly development environment in a more cost-effective manner, the development of the electronic race apparatus sticks to this theme closely, is playing an important role in driving the trade structural adjustment. Raise through the national income entering the well-off society, the electronic race apparatus begins to enter the family too in recent years, it for example can't gather together the auspicious brand race apparatus not electronic in in, sales volumes of small city chase there aren't annual increment, a lot of urban and rural residents growing rich choose this superior way of building up body one after another , the race apparatus designed in large quantities of humanization is coming out, improve through electronic technology , the technology of the computer , transformation of making the equipment frock , its development space is very big, is a kind of products with sustainable development prospect
Three major key elements of promoting national economy to increase healthily are consumption , investment , net export. The development of and the electronic race apparatus, occupy very great proportion among them. One that is with domestic Engel coefficient constant to reduce, by clothing,food,lodging and transportion to raise life quality develop people, the electronic race apparatus will be the optimum seeking apparatus of compatriot's fitness , because by the look of experience of foreign countries, go on balance temper and become the fashion at electronic race apparatus. Classifying looking from national economy, it belongs to the tertiary industry that sports is consumed, it exceeds 10% in succession to accelerate in recent years, and the speed is accelerated year by year. The share of spuring grwoth of the national economic of consumption of sports and keeping fit will inevitablely continue increasing . This kind of fitness is consumed and contained relatively widely, have both consumption of resident and public consumption (such as health club ), its consumption acceleration rate exceeds 20%, among them, the electronic race apparatus exceeds 40%, have stronger growth momentum.
Intellectual property right and trade friction
The intellectual property right becomes " soft rib " of the sports goods industry of our country, it is the production that because we are correlated with to market economy and with the sports products, it invent, trade,,etc. the knowledge one possession, belong to, know little about game the rules and laws and regulations and the information not relevant not transfer. One sports apparatus or equipment know which country invent , others had already registered unexpectedly, under the situation which contents are registered, but we have produced and sold for many years. Not merely the style , structure are the same for some products, even appearance , color are very close , the more sad one is, because to to ignore above-mentioned situation, we hold oneself is it reach product this birthplace go for exhibiting , sale to produce also, we say , an invention technology or the patented product must go through long and difficult exploration and study , It has condensed the intelligence and energies of the scientific research personnel of sports, the original inventor has paid hardships of going beyond the normal condition for this, ought to receive the protection of the respect and law of the society . One of market obtain products that patent sanction is it copy to copy producer of us already in our country, there is not innovation , this not merely serious others' patent for invention of infringement at all, Make the " bringing the doctrine " and entering into the mistaken idea in vogue for a time of sports goods industry of our country too. Do it in this way, in comparatively close planned economic system, may little someone find or investigate , but today, the gateway of a country is opened further, we must pay a price for this . In 2001, our family participated in U.S.A.'s super exhibition, the sample was just a exhibition, have been detained all products, carry on negotiations several times and make a self-criticism in writing on the grounds of infringing by others, have paid the expensive fine finally; This year, at the rich meeting of German body, the exhibit of another enterprise of ours is asserted and infringed, the other side must speak to and does not forgive people , our enterprises admit a fault , ready to pay the penalty and does not miss , and humiliate this enterprise by every means in public , pass the diplomatic channel finally, the embassy negotiates, has dealt with this . Happen when this kind of case is on our country's market , on the body of our enterprise, the normal order that has not merely disrupted the market, has infringed the interests of rights and interests people, have reduce the international reputation of " made in China ", has damaged the public image of reform and opening-up of our country too.
After our country enters the WTO , the self-satisfied Chinese brand is trying hard to seize the opportunity, while going abroad, the western developed country has made the strategic defence in time with this, set up to of our country sports goods including technology , standard , getting green environmental protection , move plant protection , anti-dumping , intellectual property right , community responsibility dishes of dishes of barrier, close down , stop the entry of the like product with the extremely unkind clause . Meanwhile, they also used three " unique skills ", first, strengthened the registered dynamics to the patented technology of the products. In 2002, accounted for 5 at home in our country authorized the patent for invention. 2%, and accounts for 76 abroad. 1%; Accounts for 3 at home in the post with high technical advantage is invented. 6%, and accounts for 96 abroad. 2%.
Second, the one that strengthened to the market of our country was monitored . In order to safeguard its one's own image and interests, attack the rival, the external brand is sent full-time or hire personnel, but the great majority are still the commercial networks utilizing the whole country to open, carry on omni-directional monitoring to the market of our country. They carry on the investigation to classification of the goods , selling structure , product cost and consumer demand in the name of surveying and studying the market. A main one to investigate tort of all kinds of of the like product, including product design , appearance , inside structure , enterprise identification and various kinds of datum ,etc., then assemble the picture , material object and written historical materials in the policy-making level of the company in time. On the market not normal of our country at present, all kinds of imitate , infringe the phenomenon and exist seriously, they once opportunity ripe, can hit out severely, never soft, as to this we must highly watch out for .
Third, strengthen and is protected and put to the customs on record and applied working. The external brand tries hard to solve from flowing into outside the border and from exporting to the fake and forged products of the overseas market within the border through this kind of way , have domestic and international 1300 more than share is it is it involve thousands of of brand to apply to put on record 2003, through to protect jointly the whole country all pass, have notable effect.
Because of the absolute predominance in price of sports goods of our country , make international trade rub constantly, embody in the anti-dumping mainly. Taking sports shoes as an example, our country is the manufacture big country of sports shoes in the world, because the domestic market is limited in capacity, the majority depended on exporting, 2003, exported about 3,200 million pairs. Nike shoes the whole world sell 60% China production, beautiful Tianjin strong shoes the whole world sell 90% make for China, world shoes-making big country Spain have 14 sports shoes factory, sports shoes that China makes import more than 70 million pairs every year, price of each pair of ordinary sports shoes is more than 20 euro on this country's market. And the sports shoes price of 3-2 euro of equal quality which China make.In OEM business, our country processes about about 3 dollars for a pair of better sports shoes profit, processing one racket 1-2 U.S. dollar, make one have 70 more than air gun profit that part make up in 10 dollars about, processing is about in 7-8 dollars a top-grade sportswear. But once products that China make these stick identification , world of famous brand, know personal value ten to dozens of times. China span and weave the big country in the world at the same time , after protection period, clothing quota cancels the global fabrics, the sportswears of our country will gain larger development space on the international market. A large amount of good and inexpensive " made in China " enters the international market, has brought the generous profit to businessmen of various countries, great too amazing and national consumer market, The ones that caused the importer are panic and uneasy at the same time, they regard " made in China " as dreadful monsters, is it seize market of them to think, then claim case , case of encroachment of right , anti-dumping probe , cook shoes incident ,etc. to is it discriminate against restriction incident of color happen again and again seriously to have, it is estimated after protection period, this kind of incident will still continue happenning.
No famous brand , no competitiveness
The precedence accounted for in national economy of sports industry of the developed country ranks more than ten location , main trade and main power of grwoth of the national economic, because our country trade this does not unify and not centralized lacking regulation and control that putting in place and counting systemming, so, guide and encourage the momentum of this industry development to lag behind correspondingly . But with the deepening development and drive of the Olympic Games economy of the national fitness campaign, regard famous-brand strategy implementation as opportunity, combine industrial structure constantly, the trade will demonstrate important status of national economy their more and more.
The manufacturing industry of the foreign electronic race apparatus started since last century later stage of the seventies, compared with like product in our country, except that have and relatively take the lead in style diversification and surtax functional development, other disparity are relatively small. Such as steel, the belted steel that my national treasure steel , Anshan Iron and Steel Plant ,etc. produce reaches or exceeds the international standard , related steel tube its is it reach foreign standard too to make, electrical machinery wait for electricity run fittings is it digest and assimilate to adopt, we develop in the international advanced ranks from material to new style. So, the electronic race apparatus is different from the plane , automobile trade , nearly have little disparity with advanced level in foreign countries. Therefore, the internationally famous electricity runs in the manufacturing enterprise and pays close attention to day by day, has already begun to let enterprises of our country produce sticking to brand products for it.
Though growth momentum fine, domestic electricity run circumstances at domestic and international markets or have difference. Main reason not strong of the competitiveness in the international market of the domestic electronic race apparatus, lack the effect of leading brand products. And compared with overseas enterprise start than such reasons as the impact to the market for late , some fake and forged production of small enterprise ,etc., have weakened the market competitiveness of the domestic electronic race apparatus too
At present,love brand not internationally famous health , strength strong in, must true, space, having a match there aren't one hundred, some furnish a huge amount of money for making the investment and founding the factory, and exert pressure to domestic enterprises with higher brand awareness, under this situation , promote the emergence of leading brand products of electronic race apparatus as soon as possible, can yet be regarded as the government and promote one of the national industry of the electronic race apparatus effectively, promote nation