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一、 什么是減速器 減速器是一種動力傳達機構，利用齒輪的速度轉換器，將馬達的回轉數(shù)減速到所要的回轉數(shù)，并得到較大轉矩的機構。 1、減速器的作用 1）降速同時提高輸出扭矩，扭矩輸出比例按電機輸出乘減速比，但要注意不能超出減速器額定扭矩。 2） 減速同時降低了負載的慣量，慣量的減少為減速比的平方。大家可以看一下一般電機都有一個慣量數(shù)值。 2、減速器的種類 一般的減速器有斜齒輪減速器(包括平行軸斜齒輪減速器、蝸輪減速器、錐齒輪減速器等等)、行星齒輪減速器、擺線針輪減速器、蝸輪蝸桿減速器、行星摩擦式機械無級變速機等等。 3、常見減速器 1） 蝸輪蝸桿減速器的主要特點是具有反向自鎖功能，可以有較大的減速比，輸入軸和輸出軸不在同一軸線上，也不在同一平面上。但是一般體積較大，傳動效率不高，精度不高。 2） 諧波減速器的諧波傳動是利用柔性元件可控的彈性變形來傳遞運動和動力的，體積不大、精度很高，但缺點是柔輪壽命有限、不耐沖擊，剛性與金屬件相比較差。輸入轉速不能太高。 3） 行星減速器其優(yōu)點是結構比較緊湊，回程間隙小、精度較高，使用壽命很長，額定輸出扭矩可以做的很大。但價格略貴一、對裝配前零件的要求 ： 1.滾動軸承用汽油清洗，其他零件用煤油清洗。所有零件和箱體內不許有任何雜質存在　。箱體內壁和齒輪（蝸輪）等未加工表面先后涂兩次不被機油侵蝕的耐油漆，箱體外表　面先后涂底漆和顏色油漆（按主機要求配色）。 2.零件配合面洗凈后涂以潤滑油 二、安裝和調整的要求　 1.滾動軸承的安裝　　滾動軸承安裝時軸承內圈應緊貼軸肩，要求縫隙不得通過0.05mm 厚的塞尺。 2.軸承軸向游隙　　對游隙不可調整的軸承（如深溝球軸承），其軸向游隙為0.25~0.4mm；對游隙可調整　　的軸承軸向游隙數(shù)值見表。點擊查看圓錐滾子軸承軸向游隙；角接觸球軸承軸向游隙　 3.齒輪（蝸輪）嚙合的齒側間隙　　可用塞尺或壓鉛法。即將鉛絲放在齒槽上，然后轉動齒輪而壓扁鉛絲，測量兩齒側被　　壓扁鉛絲厚度之和即為齒側的大小?！? 4.齒面接觸斑點圓柱齒輪齒面接觸斑點2-10-4；圓錐齒輪齒面接觸斑點2-11-4；蝸桿傳動接觸斑點2-12-4 三、密封要求　 1.箱體剖分面之間不允許填任何墊片，但可以涂密封膠或水玻璃以保證密封；　 2.裝配時，在擰緊箱體螺栓前，應使用0.05mm的塞尺檢查箱蓋和箱座結合面之間的密封性；　 3.軸伸密封處應涂以潤滑脂。各密封裝置應嚴格按要求安裝 四、潤滑要求　 1.合理確定潤滑油和潤滑脂類型和牌號　 2.軸承脂潤滑時，潤滑脂的填充量一般為可加脂空間的1/2~2/3?！? 3.潤滑油應定期更換，新減速器第一次使用時，運轉7~14天后換油，以后可以根據(jù)情況每隔3~6個月?lián)Q一次油。 五、試驗要求　 1.空載運轉：在額定轉速下正、反運轉1~2小時；　 2.負荷試驗：在額定轉速、額定負荷下運轉，至油溫平衡為止?！　X輪減速器，要求油池溫升不超過35oC,軸承溫升不超過40oC；　　對蝸桿減速器，要求油池溫升不超過60oC,軸承溫升不超過50oC；　 3.全部試驗過程中，要求運轉平穩(wěn)，噪聲小，聯(lián)接固定處不松動，各密封、結合處不 六、包裝和運輸要求　 1.外伸軸及其附件應涂油包裝；　 2.搬運、起吊時不得使用吊環(huán)螺釘及吊耳以上技術要求不一定全部列出，有時還需另增項目，主要由設計的具體要求而定。 七、技術要求　 1.裝配前，所有零件用煤油清洗，滾動軸承用汽油清洗，不許有任何　　雜物存在。內壁涂上不被機油腐蝕的涂料兩次；　 2.嚙合側隙用鉛絲檢驗不小于0.16mm，鉛絲不得大于最小側隙的4倍；　 3.用涂色法檢驗斑點。按齒高接觸點不小于40%；按齒長接觸斑點不　　小于50%。必要時可用研磨或刮后研磨以便改善接觸情況；　 4.應調整軸承軸向間隙：φ40為0.05--0.1mm,φ55為0.08--0.15mm;　 5.檢驗減速器剖分面、各接觸面及密封處，均不許漏油。剖分面允許　　涂以密封油漆或水玻璃，不允許使用任何填料；　 6.機座內裝N100潤滑油至規(guī)定高度。 八、下面我介紹我國減速器的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 （一）、國內的減速器多以齒輪傳動、蝸桿傳動為主，但普遍存在著功率與重量比小，或者傳動比大而機械效率過低的問題。另外，材料品質和工藝水平上還有許多弱點，特別是大型的減速器問題更突出，使用壽命不長。國內使用的大型減速器（500kw以上），多從國外（如丹麥、德國等）進口。60年代開始生產的少齒差傳動、擺線針輪傳動、諧波傳動等減速器具有傳動比大，體積小、機械效率高等優(yōu)點?。但受其傳動的理論的限制，不能傳遞過大的功率，功率一般都要小于40kw。由于在傳動的理論上、工藝水平和材料品質方面沒有突破，因此，沒能從根本上解決傳遞功率大、傳動比大、體積小、重量輕、機械效率高等這些基本要求。90年代初期，國內出現(xiàn)的三環(huán)（齒輪）減速器，是一種外平動齒輪傳動的減速器，它可實現(xiàn)較大的傳動比，傳遞載荷的能力也大。它的體積和重量都比定軸齒輪減速器輕，結構簡單，效率亦高。由于該減速器的三軸平行結構，故使功率/體積（或重量）比值仍小。且其輸入軸與輸出軸不在同一軸線上，這在使用上有許多不便。北京理工大學研制成功的"內平動齒輪減速器"不僅具有三環(huán)減速器的優(yōu)點外，還有著大的功率/重量（或體積）比值，以及輸入軸和輸出軸在同一軸線上的優(yōu)點，處于國內領先地位。國內有少數(shù)高等學校和廠礦企業(yè)對平動齒輪傳動中的某些原理做些研究工作，發(fā)表過一些研究論文，在利用擺線齒輪作平動減速器開展了一些工作。 （二）、平動齒輪減速器工作原理簡介,平動齒輪減速器是指一對齒輪傳動中，一個齒輪在平動發(fā)生器的驅動下作平面平行運動，通過齒廓間的嚙合，驅動另一個齒輪作定軸減速轉動，實現(xiàn)減速傳動的作用。平動發(fā)生器可采用平行四邊形機構，或正弦機構或十字滑塊機構。本成果采用平行四邊形機構作為平動發(fā)生器。平動發(fā)生器可以是虛擬的采用平行四邊形機構，也可以是實體的采用平行四邊形機構。有實用價值的平動齒輪機構為內嚙合齒輪機構，因此又可以分為內齒輪作平動運動和外齒輪作平動運動兩種情況。外平動齒輪減速器構，其內齒輪作平動運動，驅動外齒輪并作減速轉動輸出。該機構亦稱三環(huán)（齒輪）減速器。由于內齒輪作平動，兩曲柄中心設置在內齒輪的齒圈外部，故其尺寸不緊湊，不能解決體積較大的問題。內平動齒輪減速，其外齒輪作平動運動，驅動內齒輪作減速轉動輸出。由于外齒輪作平動，兩曲柄中心能設置在外齒輪的齒圈內部，大大減少了機構整體尺寸。由于內平動齒輪機構傳動效率高、體積小、輸入輸出同軸線，故由廣泛的應用前景。 （三）、本項目的技術特點與關鍵技術 1.本項目的技術特點,本新型的"內平動齒輪減速器"與國內外已有的齒輪減速器相比較，有如下特點：（1）傳動比范圍大，自I=10起，最大可達幾千。若制作成大傳動比的減速器，則更顯示出本減速器的優(yōu)點。（2）傳遞功率范圍大：并可與電動機聯(lián)成一體制造。（3）結構簡單、體積小、重量輕。比現(xiàn)有的齒輪減速器減少1/3左右。（4）機械效率高。嚙合效率大于95%，整機效率在85%以上，且減速器的效率將不隨傳動比的增大而降低，這是別的許多減速器所不及的。 （5）本減速器的輸入軸和輸出軸是在同一軸線上。本減速器與其它減速器的性能比較見表1。因缺少數(shù)據(jù)，表中所列的各減速器的功率/重量比是最優(yōu)越的。各類減速器比較 型號 功率（kw） 減速比 質量（kg） QI-450 93 31.5 1820 ZSY-250 95 31.5 540 NGW-92 88.1 31.5 577 SEW(德國) 90 28.61 1300 NP-100? 100 30 400 注：NP-100為內平動齒輪減速器，SEW減速器的質量含電機。2.本項目的關鍵技術。由圖2可知，"內平動齒輪減速器"是由內齒輪Z2、外齒輪Z1和平行四邊形機構組合而成的。它的傳動原理是：電機輸入旋轉運動，外齒輪作平行移動，其圓心的運動軌跡是一個圓，與之嚙合的內齒輪則作定軸轉動。因為外齒輪作平行移動，所以稱謂平動齒輪機構。齒輪的平行移動需要有輔助機構幫助實現(xiàn)的，可采用（6~12副）銷軸、滾子作為虛擬輔助平動機構，也可以采用偏心軸作為實體輔助平動機構。內平動齒輪減速器的關鍵技術和關鍵工藝是組成平行四邊形構件的尺寸計算及其要求的加工精度、輪齒主要參數(shù)的選擇。這些因數(shù)都將影響傳動的能力和傳動的質量?？偟恼f，組成本減速器的各零部件都要求有較高的精度，它們將決定著減速器的整體傳動質量。3.本項目的概況本項目已獲得中國實用新型專利，專利號：ZL95227767.0。本項目自1995年試制出第一臺樣機（功率2.5kW，傳動比I=32）后，陸續(xù)與一些廠礦合作，設計了下面幾種不同功率、不同傳動比的減速器。（1）電動推拉門用減速器，功率550W，傳動比I=26，與電機連成一體。（2）攪拌機用減速器，功率370W，傳動比I=17。（3）某軍品用的兩種減速器，一種功率370W，傳動比I=23.5；另一種功率370W，傳動比I=103的二級傳動減速器。（4）鋼廠大包回轉臺減速器，功率7.5kw，傳動比I=64。（5）鋼廠輥道減速器，功率7.5kw，傳動I=11。在本專利的基礎上，已研制出一種新型超大型減速器，功率可達1000kw，目前正在研制超小型（外型尺寸為毫米級）的微型減速器。 Mineral product monorail reduction gear synopsis First:what is reducer Reducer is a dynamic communication agencies, the use of gear speed converters, motor rotational speed reducer to the Rotary to be few, and have greater torque institutions. The reducer role 1) velocity at the same time increase the output torque, torque output ratio by motor output by slowdown, but the attention should be paid to exceed the rated torque reducer. 2) the speed at the same time reduce the inertia load, the inertia of deceleration than reduced to the square. We can look at the General Motors has a value of inertia. ?????????? The type of reducer General helical gear reducer has reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, a worm reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, Cycloid reducer, a worm reducer, a planetary friction CVT mechanical machines. ???????? Common reducer 1) worm reducer is the main characteristics of a reverse self-locking function, can be larger than a slowdown, input shaft and output shaft axis is not the same, nor in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high. 2) Harmonic Harmonic Drive reducer is controllable using flexible components to transfer elastic deformation and dynamic movement, not volume, high precision, but the disadvantage is that flexible wheel limited life, impatient shocks, rigidity and pieces of metal relatively poor. Not too high speed input. 3) planetary reducer its comparative advantage is compact structure, the return gap small, high precision, and have a long life span rated output torque can be done great. However, a price slightly expensive, the requirements of parts before assembly 1. Rolling cleaning with gasoline, kerosene other parts cleaning. All parts and Xiangbenna not allowed to have any impurities exist. Gear box and the inner wall (Worm), unprocessed surface has not been coated twice erosion-resistant oil paint, box has the outer surface coated primer and paint color (color requested by host). 2. Parts coated with a face wash after lubricants Second, the requirements of installation and adjustment 1. Rolling installation Rolling bearing inner ring should be installed at the shaft shoulder close to gap must not pass 0.05 mm thick Cypriot feet. 2. Bearing axial clearance of the clearance can not be adjusted bearings (such as deep groove ball bearings), axial clearance of 0.25 to 0.4 mm; the clearance adjustable bearing axial clearance numerical table. Click Tapered Roller Bearings axial clearance; angular contact ball bearing axial clearance 3. Gear (Worm) meshing tooth space available Cypriot side foot of lead or pressure. Will be lead wire on the alveolar, and then turning gear and squash lead wire, measuring two teeth side was crushed lead wire thickness and the size of which is adjacent teeth. 4. Tooth contact dot cylinder gear tooth contact Dot 2-10-4; bevel gear tooth contact Dot 2-11-4; Gearing contact Dot 2-12-4 Third, seal requirements 1. Box partition between the surface does not allow any pads filled, but can be coated or water glass sealant to ensure that the seal; 2. Assembly, the bolt tightening box, before using 0.05 mm Cypriot-foot inspection Covers Block with me and between the sealing surface; 3. Shaft seal should stretch to smear grease. The seal should be installed in strict accordance with the requirements Forth, lubrication requirements 1. Rationally determine the types of lubricants and greases and grades 2. Bearing lubrication fat, grease filled in the general Fatliquor space can be 1 / 2 to 2 / 3. 3. Lubricants should be regularly replaced, the new reducer used for the first time, the operation of oil-7 ~ 14 days, according to the situation can be after every 3 to 6 months for first oil. Fifth, the test requirements 1. Empty operation: at rated speed is, anti-running 1 to 2 hours; 2. Load test: at rated speed, rated load operation, the oil temperature balance to date. On the gear reducer, requested the pool temperature is not more than 35 oC, bearing temperature rise no more than 40 oC; the worm reducer, requested the pool temperature not more than 60 oC, bearing temperature of not more than 50 oC; 3. Entire testing process for the smooth operation, noise, not loosening the fixed link, sealed, not with the Sixth, packaging and transportation requirements 1. Protruding shaft and its annex should Oiler packaging; 2. Handling, lifting may not use screw rings and lug all of the above technical requirements are not necessarily listed, and sometimes also by other projects, mainly by the specific design requirements. Seventh. Technical requirements 1. Assembly, all parts cleaning with kerosene, gasoline Rolling cleansing, while the existence of any debris. Oil is not painted wall corrosion coatings twice; 2. Backlash with lead wire mesh test of not less than 0.16 mm, lead wire Backlash may not exceed the smallest of the four times; 3. Used Tu-color dot test. Tooth high point of contact by not less than 40% of contact spots on teeth not less than 50 per cent. Can be used when necessary, grinding or scraping after grinding to improve contacts; 4. Bearing axial clearance should be adjusted: φ40 0.05 - 0.1 mm, φ55 0.08 - 0.15 mm; 5. Test reducer subdivision surface, the contact surface and seal, oil spills are not allowed. Split-Tu allowed to paint or water glass seal and allow the use of any filler; 6. Engine lubricants to the contents N100 provisions height; Below I introduce our country reduction gear the development present situation First, the domestic reduction gear many by the gear drive, the worm drive primarily, but has the power and the load ratio generally is small, or velocity ratio great and mechanical efficiency excessively low question.Moreover, in the material quality and the technological level also has many weakness, the large-scale reduction gear question is specially more prominent, the service life is not long.The domestic use large-scale reduction gear (above 500kw), many from overseas (for example Denmark, Germany and so on) imports The 60's start few tooth reduction gears and so on difference transmission, cycloid pin gear transmission, overtone transmission which produces has the velocity ratio to be big, volume small, mechanical efficiency higher merit? .But its transmission theory limit, cannot transmit the oversized power, the power all must be smaller than generally 40kw. Because in the transmission theoretically, the technological level and the material quality aspect has not broken through, therefore, has not been able fundamentally to solve the transmission power in a big way, the velocity ratio big, the volume small, the weight light, mechanical efficiency higher these requests basically.The 90's initial period, the home appears three links (gear) the reduction gear, is one kind of outside stable motion gear drive reduction gear, it may realize the great velocity ratio, transmission load ability is also big. Its volume and the weight are all lighter than the dead axle speed reducer gear, the structure is simple, the efficiency is also high.Because this reduction gear three axle parallel structure, therefore caused the power/volume (or weight) the ratio is still small.Also its input axis and the output shaft on the identical spool thread, this do not have in the use many inconveniently. Not only Beijing Institute of Technology develops in successful " stable motion speed reducer gear " to have outside three link reduction gear merit, but also has the big power/weight (or volume) the ratio, as well as the input axis and the output shaft on identical spool thread merit, is at the domestic leading position.The home has the minority college and the factory and mining enterprise does the research work to in stable motion gear drive certain principles, has published some research paper, in has done some work using the cycloidal tooth crop rotation stable motion reduction gear. Second, the stable motion speed reducer gear principle of work synopsis, the stable motion speed reducer gear is refers to in a counter gear transmission, a gear in the stable motion generator actuation mean plane parallel motion, meshing through tooth profile between, actuates another tooth crop rotation dead axle to decelerate the rotation, the realization reduction gear function.The stable motion generator may use the parallelogram organization, either sine organization or cross slide organization.This achievement uses the parallelogram organization to take the stable motion generator. The stable motion generator may be the hypothesized use parallelogram organization, also may be the entity use parallelogram organization.Has the practical value stable motion gear mechanism for in counter gear organization, therefore may divide into the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement and the external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement two kind of situations.Outside the stable motion gear reduction organization, its internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuates the external gear and makes the deceleration rotation output.This organization also calls three links (gear) the reduction gear. As a result of the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers establish outside the annular gear tooth ring, therefore its size is not compact, cannot solve the volume major problem.? In stable motion gear reduction, its external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuation internal tooth crop rotation deceleration rotation output.As a result of the external tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers can establish in the external gear tooth ring, reduced the organization overall size greatly. Because in stable motion gear mechanism transmission efficiency high, volume small, input output coaxial line, therefore by widespread application prospect. Third, this project technical characteristic and key technologies? 1. this project technical characteristics, in this new " stable motion speed reducer gear " and domestic and foreign had the speed reducer gear compares, has the following characteristic: (1) velocity ratio scope is big, gets up from I=10, may reach most greatly several thousand.If manufactures the great velocity ratio the reduction gear, then demonstrates this reduction gear the merit.(2) transmission power scope is big: And may connect a body manufacture with the electric motor. (3) structure simple, the volume small, the weight is light.Reduces about 1/3 compared to the existing speed reducer gear.(4) mechanical efficiency is high.95 (5) this reduction gear input axis and the output shaft are on the identical spool thread.This reduction gear see Table 1 with other reduction gear performance comparison. Because lacks the data, various reduction gears power/load ratio which in the table arranges in order is most superior.? Table 1? Each kind of reduction gear comparison model power (kw) reduction gear ratio quality (kg) QI-450? 93 31.5 1820 ZSY-250? 95 31.5 540 NGW-92 88.1 31.5 577 SEW (Germany)? 90 28.61 1300 NP-100? 100 30 400 Note: NP-100 is in the stable motion speed reducer gear, the SEW reduction gear quality contains the electrical machinery.2. this project key technologies? May know by Figure 2, in “stable motion speed reducer gear " is by annular gear Z2, external gear Z1 and the parallelogram organization combination becomes.Its transmission principle is: The electrical machinery input rotary motion, the external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, its center of circle path is a circle, makes the dead axle rotation with it meshing annular gear. Because external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, therefore name stable motion gear mechanism.The gear parallel migration needs to have the auxiliary body help realization, may use (6~12) to sell the axis, the roller takes the hypothesized auxiliary stable motion organization, also may use the eccentric shaft to take the entity auxiliary stable motion organization.In the stable motion speed reducer gear key technologies and the essential craft are the composition parallelogram component size computation and the request processing precision, the gear teeth main parameter choice. These factors will all affect the transmission ability and the transmission quality.Overall speaking, the group cost reduction gear various spare parts all request to have the high precision, they will be deciding the reduction gear overall transmis3. this project survey this project has obtained the Chinese practical new patent, the patent number: ZL95227767.0? .? This project trial produced the first prototype from 1995 (power 2.5kW, after velocity ratio I=32), with some factory and mine cooperation, has one after another designed following several kind of different powers, the different velocity ratio reduction gear.(1) electrically operated on rollers gate uses the reduction gear, power 550W, velocity ratio I=26, is united as one body with the electrical machinery.sion quality. (2) mixer uses the reduction gear, power 370W, velocity ratio I=17.(3) some military goods use two kind of reduction gears, one kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=23.5; Another kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=103 two level of transmission reduction gear.(4) steel mill large package rotary abutment reduction gear, power 7.5kw, velocity ratio I=64.(5) steel mill table reduction gear, power 7.5kw, transmission I=11. In this patent foundation, has developed one kind of new ultra-large reduction gear, the power may reach 1000kw, at present is developing subminiature (outlook size for a millimeter level) miniature reduction gear. Graduation design task First, a design Monorail Driver Design reducer Second, the design of the original data 1 Monorail drive reducer Power Rating: 7.5 KW; 2 Monorail reducer drive the total transmission ratio: 15 around; 3 Monorail reducer drive car driven by the side of the output shaft from the race distance of not more than 200 mm; 4 Monorail reducer drive the total length of less than 420 mm, the width is not more than 450 mm and the total height of not more than 690 mm; Third, the equipment and the working environment This can be used to mine underground, open-air, dust, humidity, air quality, bad comparison bad work environment, and the operational requirements of a safe space. Fourth, the design requirements To meet the application requirements under the premise that the minimum cost of manufacturing. From the following aspects considered; (L) to streamline the shape of each parts, machinery simple structure; ??? (2) merge the functions of spare parts, reducing the types or quantities of spare parts; ??? (3) Application of the new structure, new technology, new materials, product reliability; ??? (4) decomposition components, its assembly, the assembly of the most simple structure; ??? (5) similar to parts of the division; ??? (6) standards for similar products by product serial number sequence analysis; ??? (7) The realization of the common parts of the product and standardization. ??? (8) assembly equipment design a map (0), the Six Parts (3), the design specification of a (not less than 30,000 words), and the design of technical and economic analysis.