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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯
編制機(jī)械制造工藝規(guī)程中幾種先進(jìn)技術(shù)的綜合應(yīng)用
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題目 Comprehensive Application of Several Advanced Techniques in Formulation Engineering Procedure of Mechanical Manufacturing
Abstract：This paper introduced the basic methods of using GT and CAPP in formulation engineering procedure of mechanical manufacturing，put forward Viewpoints: take PDM system’s integrated framework ，combine Auto CAD with CAPP，making the developing platform of CAPP develop towards uniform.
Key words：Group technology GT； CAPP software； PDM technology
近年來(lái)，隨著計(jì)算機(jī)及網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用軟件的開發(fā)推廣，越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)已經(jīng)使用各種應(yīng)用軟件系統(tǒng)提高產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)水平和工作效率。
In recent years, with the improvement of computer and network technology and application software’s development and promotion, more and more company used a variety of application software systems to improve producing design and production level and work efficiency. 但是怎樣進(jìn)一步完善(或有機(jī)地集成) 所使用的應(yīng)用軟件，如何解決使用單個(gè)應(yīng)用軟件時(shí)出現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)功能的不兼容問題，便成為許多使用方關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。 How to further improve (or an organic integration) used by the applications, and how to solve using a single application of the system functions when incompatibility issues, these will become the focus of attention of many to use side.本文以編制機(jī)制工藝規(guī)程為例，簡(jiǎn)要介紹和分析目前應(yīng)用的幾種先進(jìn)技術(shù)的基本方法及其綜合應(yīng)用，并討論使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)與CAPP軟件的開發(fā)平臺(tái)趨向統(tǒng)一的發(fā)展方向。 In this paper, take the preparation of mechanisms for process planning for example, briefly describing and analyzing the current application of several advanced technologies’ basic method and its integrated applications, and discussing how to achieve computer-aided process design and software development platform for CAPP to a unified development.
一、成組工藝GT1111 1. Group Technology(GT)
成組工藝GT(Group Technology)是把品種繁多的各種單件小批量生產(chǎn)的零件，根據(jù)其外形結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)要求、加工方法的相似性，把零件分成若干組，在每一組零件中選出一個(gè)代表性零件(可以是實(shí)際存在的，也可是假想的，但須包括組內(nèi)所有零件的加工要素)，根據(jù)這個(gè)代表零件制定出典型的工藝規(guī)程，選定和設(shè)計(jì)一組機(jī)床及工藝設(shè)備，并把它們組成一個(gè)專門的工段或車間。 Group technology (GT) is to wide a variety of various single-piece and small batch production of spare parts, and according to its shape structure, technical requirements, processing methods of the similarity of the parts is divided into several groups. Then choose a representative part (which can actually exist, and also some of the hypothetical, but must include all parts of the processing group elements)in the selected parts of each group. According to the representative part of this process to develop a typical order and we select and design a set of machine tools and process equipment. And we unite them with a special construction section or workshop.當(dāng)加工對(duì)象由一種零件轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥M內(nèi)另一種零件時(shí)，由于技術(shù)要求、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝的相似，可以不改變加工方法和加工設(shè)備，甚至連控制用的凸輪、擋鐵及工夾具都不用更換，或者只需略做調(diào)整，便可加工生產(chǎn)[1，2]。 When the processing of an object become from one part into another part within the same group, due to the similar of technical requirements, structure, process, you do not change the processing method and processing equipment, and even controlling the cam, block railways and industrial fixtures are do not change. It is simply to make adjustments, will be processing [1,2].
按成組方式組織零件生產(chǎn)時(shí)，按零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、工藝特征與加工設(shè)備特征，將各零件進(jìn)行分組、歸類與編碼，然后建立每類零件的典型圖庫(kù)和成組加工工藝庫(kù)。According to production organize components into groups, we accord the parts of the structural characteristics, process characteristics and processing equipment characteristics to group, classification and code for each of the components, and then establish the typical components of each type of library and the processing technology of group library. 制定零件成組加工工藝的方法有兩種: 1) 虛擬零件法。 Processing technology to develop parts in groups of two ways: 1) The virtual part method. 在一個(gè)零件組中，先設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)能夠包含這組零件全部幾何特征的虛擬零件，要求其擁有這個(gè)加工族中全部零件需要加工的表面，然后按這個(gè)虛擬零件進(jìn)行工藝設(shè)計(jì)，即為該組零件的成組工藝。 In a parts group, the first we design a part of this group which can contain all the geometrical features of the virtual part, and require the tribe owns the processing of all the parts needed for processing the surface. Then we press the virtual part to technological design. That is the group technology of group parts. 2) The composite process route method. Firstly在零件族內(nèi)先找出一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜、工藝路線最長(zhǎng)的零件作為代表，然后將族內(nèi)其他零件中有代表性而沒有工序的也加入進(jìn)去，從而獲得一條滿足全族零件加工要求的復(fù)合工藝路線。 , we find a the most complicated structure, the longest part of process lines represented in the part family, and then join in the other parts which is representative and not processes in the family. Obtain a whole family to meet the processing requirements of complex parts process route.
二、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)CAPP[3] 2. Computer aided process planning CAPP [3]
1 CAPP技術(shù)的發(fā)展概況與在先進(jìn)制造模式中的作用 1 CAPP technology overview and the role of advanced manufacturing mode
機(jī)械制造中的工藝設(shè)計(jì)是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中最活躍的因素，它與企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)類型、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝裝備、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)及企業(yè)內(nèi)部的技術(shù)管理水平等因素有著密不可分的聯(lián)系。 Machinery manufacturing process design is the most active factor of the production activities. It with production and business types, product mix, process equipment, production technology and technical management of the level of internal factors has inextricably linked. 工藝設(shè)計(jì)是一門經(jīng)驗(yàn)性強(qiáng)、技術(shù)要求高、涉及面廣的綜合性學(xué)科。 Process design is a strong empirical, technically demanding, a wide involving range of integrated disciplines. 它是從設(shè)計(jì)到產(chǎn)品的橋梁，在機(jī)械制造工作中占有重要地位。 It is the bridge from design to product and an important position in the machinery manufacturing work occupies. 它因時(shí)間、場(chǎng)合、條件等多方面因素的改變而改變。 It is changed by the time, places, conditions and other factors changed. 長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，工作手法都采用傳統(tǒng)的手工編制方式。 For a long time, the working practices were prepared using the traditional manual method. 隨著市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇和社會(huì)需求的多樣化、個(gè)性化，使得機(jī)電行業(yè)越來(lái)越向多品種，少批量的方向發(fā)展，電機(jī)制造也是如此。 As market competition intensifies and social needs diverse and individualized, making mechanical and electrical industry increasingly to multi-species, small quantities of direction. So does electrical equipment.工藝設(shè)計(jì)的手工作業(yè)方式已不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)品種多變的要求，也不能與先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)手段、管理體制相匹配。 Process design manual mode of operation neither meets the changing requirements of modern production breeds, nor matches with advanced means of production and management system. 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的普及和提高以及成組技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，成為現(xiàn)代工藝設(shè)計(jì)和工藝管理的強(qiáng)有力工具。 With the improvement and popularization of computer applications and the development of group technology, computer-aided process design techniques have emerged to become a modern process design and process management a powerful tool.
CAPP的開發(fā)、研制是從上個(gè)世紀(jì)六十年代末開始的，在制造自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域，CAPP的發(fā)展相對(duì)CAD和CAM而言是最遲的部分。 CAPP development and research was begun from the last century began in the late sixties. In the field of manufacturing automation, CAPP' s development in terms of relative CAD and CAM is the latest part. 世界上最早研究CAPP的國(guó)家是挪威，始于1969年，并于1969年正式推出世界上第一個(gè)CAPP系統(tǒng)AUTOPROS；1973年正式推出商品化的AUTO PROS系統(tǒng)。 The world's first study of CAPP countries are Norway in 1969, and in 1969 Norway launched the world's first a CAPP system AUTOPROS; in 1973, Norway officially launched the commercialization of AUTO PROS system. In the CAPP history在CA PP發(fā)展史上具有里程碑意義的是CAM-I于1976年推出的CAMI'S Automated process planning系統(tǒng)。 , a landmark of the CAM-I introduced CAMI'S Automated process planning system in 1976. 取其字首的第一個(gè)字母，稱為CAPP系統(tǒng)。 We use the first letter of prefix, called the CAPP system. 目前對(duì)CAPP這個(gè)縮寫法雖然還有不同的解釋，但把CAPP稱為計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)成為公認(rèn)的釋義。 Currently, although there are different interpretations of law about the acronym CAPP, called the Computer-Aided Process Planning as CAPP has become the accepted interpretation.
隨著機(jī)械制造生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的發(fā)展及市場(chǎng)需求，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)(CAPP)作為連接產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)與制造(CAM)的橋梁，以及連接產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)管理??????????(MRPII/ERP)的重要紐帶，對(duì)組織生產(chǎn)，保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，縮短生產(chǎn)周期等產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越直接的影響。 With the level of machine production technology development and market demanding, Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) as the bridge of connectivity product design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) links product design and production management (MRPII / ERP), and organize production and ensure product quality, improve labor productivity, shorten production cycles resulted in more and more direct impact. 用CAPP代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的工藝設(shè)計(jì)已成為必然，它對(duì)機(jī)械制造業(yè)的重要意義表現(xiàn)在下列幾點(diǎn):(l)解放出原有設(shè)計(jì)人員，進(jìn)行新產(chǎn)品、新工藝和新技術(shù)的開發(fā)。 Replacing the CAPP to the traditional process design has become a necessity and the importance of its machinery manufacturing industry, reflected in the following points: (l) it liberates the people of the original design, and make new products, new processes and new technology development. (2)縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期，保證設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量，提高產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。 (2) It shortens the design cycle to ensure design quality, and increase market competitiveness. (3)繼承性強(qiáng)，工藝設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和最優(yōu)化得到提高。 (3)It has strong inheritance standardization process design and optimization is improved. ( 4 )是實(shí)現(xiàn)CAD與CAM的集成制造系統(tǒng)和建立CIMS的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。 (4) It is a key link to achieve the integration of CAD and CAM manufacturing systems and establishing in CIMS.
2?計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)與范圍 2 Computer-Aided Process Design Objectives and Scope
2.1 CAPP在我國(guó)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀 2.1 CAPP application status in China
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)作為連接CAD與CAM的橋梁，也是許多先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)之一。 Computer-aided process design is not only a connecting bridge between CAD and CAM, but also one of the technical bases in a number of advanced manufacturing systems. AfterCAPP技術(shù)從它誕生以來(lái)，其研究開發(fā)工作一直在國(guó)內(nèi)外蓬勃發(fā)展，而且逐漸引起越來(lái)越多的人們的重視。 the inception of CAPP technology, its research and development work has been booming at home and abroad, and it gradually attracted more and more attention. [1]迄今為止，國(guó)內(nèi)外在CAPP技術(shù)研究與系統(tǒng)開發(fā)已投入大量的資金與人力，已開發(fā)出為數(shù)眾多的CAPP系統(tǒng)。 [1] From then on, at home and abroad in the CAPP technology research and system development people has invested a lot of money and manpower in the CAPP technology research and system development , and they has developed a large number of CAPP systems.
在所開發(fā)的CAPP系統(tǒng)中，有些系統(tǒng)已得到實(shí)際應(yīng)用，少數(shù)已商品化。 In the developed CAPP system, some systems have been the practical application, and a few have been commercialized. 但總的來(lái)看，CAPP的研究、開發(fā)方向存在嚴(yán)重的偏差。 But, CAPP research and development have serious deviations.從應(yīng)用角度看，已取得的實(shí)際效益和投入的力量很不相稱:國(guó)內(nèi)外的重點(diǎn)研究方向和當(dāng)前的實(shí)際需求相去甚遠(yuǎn)。 From the application point of view, it has been made of the actual benefits and do not commensurate with the strength of inputs: the focus of research at home and abroad and present a far cry from the actual demand. 表現(xiàn)在:開發(fā)多，應(yīng)用少；開發(fā)投入多，應(yīng)用維護(hù)幾乎無(wú)投入；原型系統(tǒng)多，得到實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用的系統(tǒng)較少；商品系統(tǒng)很少，而且功能不足；同CAD、CAN、MIS(Management Information System，管理信息系統(tǒng))、PDM等相關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)相比，差距相當(dāng)大。 Manifested as follows: to develop more, the application less; development of multi-input, application maintenance almost no input; prototype system more than the practical application of the system to be less; commodity systems are few and insufficiency; with CAD, CAN, MIS (Management Information System, Management Information Systems), PDM and other related computer-aided technique compared to the gap is quite big.
其原因主要表現(xiàn)在：[2]首先，CAPP研究與開發(fā)的目標(biāo)具有很大的片面性，即過于追求工藝過程的自動(dòng)化生成。 The reason is mainly manifested in: First of all, goals of CAPP research and development has great one-sided that the pursuit of process automation of over-generation. 實(shí)際上，工藝設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的過程，涉及到大量錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的西素，而且工藝方面的很多問題是不確定的，這決定了自動(dòng)化的CAPP還做不到通用化。 In fact, the process design is a very complex process, involving a large number of complex elements, and the problems of the technological aspects are uncertain. And this determines the automated generalization CAPP is also impossible. 其次，CAPP系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用范圍過于狹窄，CAPP的研究與開發(fā)缺乏從整個(gè)產(chǎn)品的角度研究CAPP的應(yīng)用和集成問題，而且忽視工藝管理功能。 Secondly, CAPP System is too narrow in scope. Research and development of CAPP does not research product CAPP application and integration issues from the perspective of the entire, and neglect of process management functions. 在企業(yè)中，所有生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)都是圍繞著產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)而展開的，一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程實(shí)際上就是這個(gè)產(chǎn)品所有屬性的生成過程。 In the enterprise, all production activities have been launched around the product structures, and a product of the production process is actually all the attributes of this product generation process. 因此，只有基于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAPP系統(tǒng)才能適應(yīng)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境。 Therefore, only product-based CAPP system adapts to the structure of enterprise production environment. 第三，對(duì)CAPP的實(shí)用性、易用性重視不夠，很多CAPP系統(tǒng)采用純粹的字處理方式填寫卡片，或是簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)界面，做不到“所見及所得”，不符合工藝人員的工作習(xí)慣，達(dá)不到提高效率的目的。 Third, the companies have an inadequate attention for CAPP practicality and easy using, and a lot of CAPP system fills in a purely word-processing card, or a simple database interface. It does not meet the technology staff habits and fails to improve efficiency. 第四，工藝數(shù)據(jù)管理能力不足，僅僅是一個(gè)填寫工藝卡片的工具，而不是工藝數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)。 Fourth, the lacks of process data management capabilities just fill out a card craft a tool, rather than process data platform. 從企業(yè)管理角度來(lái)看，工裝設(shè)備、材料及輔料、外協(xié)件、工時(shí)定額等各類統(tǒng)計(jì)匯總功能，各種產(chǎn)品各個(gè)階段不同版本的工藝文件和工裝、工具文件的歸檔與更改等產(chǎn)品工藝管理工作，占有十分重要的地位；企業(yè)工藝人員的很大部分時(shí)間用于工藝數(shù)據(jù)的匯總統(tǒng)計(jì)、重復(fù)填寫等工作上，不僅效率低，而且很難保證工藝信息及文件的準(zhǔn)確性、一致性。 From the enterprise management perspective, other types of fixed statistical summary of features (tooling equipment, materials and accessories and spare parts, working hours) and different versions of a variety of products (in various stages of process documentation and tooling, tools, document archiving and changes to other products process management) occupies an important position; business processes spend much of staff time on process the data summary statistics, such as duplication of work completed. It is not only inefficient, but also difficult to process information and documents to ensure accuracy, consistency. 卡片填寫式的工藝軟件并不能滿足這些非常重要的工藝數(shù)據(jù)管理工作。 Fill-style craft card software can not meet that these very important process data management.
2.2 CAPP計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)與范圍 2.2 CAPP Computer Aided Process Design Objectives and Scope
根據(jù)以上分析CAPP的開發(fā)應(yīng)用既要適合我國(guó)目前的國(guó)情，也要考慮發(fā)展的需要，絕不能顧此失彼，更重要的是要為系統(tǒng)的集成起好橋梁作用，防止不必要的返工，為此應(yīng)該做到以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)工藝設(shè)計(jì)是指導(dǎo)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的基礎(chǔ)信息，要使企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)優(yōu)化，必須首先優(yōu)化工藝信息，所以CAPP必須提供企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)的優(yōu)化、規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工藝信息，為企業(yè)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)優(yōu)化運(yùn)行打下基礎(chǔ)。 According to CAPP development and application of the above analysis, it not only is necessary to fit China's current situation, but also take into account the needs of development and do not sacrifice. One more important thing is to play good for the system integration role as a bridge and prevent unnecessary rework. It should be done to the following points: (1) process is designed to guide enterprise basic information. For them to optimize production and operation, you must optimize the process information first. So CAPP must provide the production and operation optimization, norms, standards, process information for laying the foundation about business production and optimal operation. (2) At present, 95% enterprises of Chinese use the general machine tools, so the development of CAPP must read the output of the current business process of order, process or operation of the card manually, as well as relevant technical documents. (3)CAPP必須提供技術(shù)信息系統(tǒng)與管理信息系統(tǒng)(MRP)所必須的機(jī)內(nèi)信息，這些信息能符合全廠計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)共享、系統(tǒng)集成的要求。 (3) CAPP has to provide technical information system and management information systems (MRP) necessary to machine information, which can meet the plant computer systems data sharing, and system integration requirements.
三、CAPP的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 3. CAPP trends
由于國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)工藝編程規(guī)范的多樣性，造成現(xiàn)有CAPP軟件開發(fā)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不統(tǒng)一，從而導(dǎo)致了CAPP軟件與CAD/CAM軟件的兼容困難。 Process of domestic enterprises due to the diversity of programming standards, resulting in the current CAPP software development standards are not uniform .It’s resulting in CAPP software and CAD / CAM software compatible with the difficulties. 因而，CAPP軟件開發(fā)平臺(tái)的趨向統(tǒng)一是未來(lái)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 So, the CAPP will be a unified software development, and it platforms for the future development trend. 產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)管理PDM(Product Data Management)技術(shù)作為一門新興的技術(shù)，它的出現(xiàn)為人們打開了新的思路。 Product Data Management PDM (Product Data Management) technology as an emerging technology, it appears for people to open a new way of thinking. With PDM system as the integration framework, the existing traditional applications such as Auto CAD and CAPP organic integration, when CAD、 CAPP system will become an integral part for product development of the general context.PDM系統(tǒng)不僅管理了產(chǎn)品從結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)到工藝設(shè)計(jì)所需要的和所產(chǎn)生的全部信息，并為產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)到工藝設(shè)計(jì)提供了統(tǒng)一的編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；因而使信息流動(dòng)更加通暢，保證了數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)一和共享。 PDM system not only manages the product from structural design to process design and the resulting need all the information, but also provides a unified coding standard the structure of the product design to process design; it becomes smoother flow of information to ensure and share the unity of the data.
四、結(jié)束語(yǔ) 4. Conclusion
PDM系統(tǒng)是連接CAPP及CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的橋梁，是發(fā)展計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。 PDM system connects CAPP and CAD/CAM systems, and it is the key technologies of the development of computer integrated manufacturing. 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，企業(yè)進(jìn)一步開發(fā)和應(yīng)用PDM系統(tǒng)，不僅可以較好地解決CAPP軟件與CAD/CAM軟件的兼容困難，而且可以提高CAPP及CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用水平及效率，為PDM及ERP的后續(xù)實(shí)施打下堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，并逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)工藝技術(shù)部門的規(guī)范化、系統(tǒng)化、信息化，為企業(yè)提高產(chǎn)品開發(fā)生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益提供強(qiáng)有力的保證。 With the development and advanced manufacturing technology of scientific and technological, enterprise will be further development and application of PDM systems. It not only solves the difficulties of compatible CAPP software and CAD / CAM software effectively, but also improves the application level and efficiency of CAPP and CAD / CAM system. It lays a solid foundation to follow-up to the implementation of PDM and ERP, and realizes the standardization, systematic, information technology of technology sector gradually. It improves the economic efficiency of production and provides a strong guarantee for product development of the enterprises.
參考文獻(xiàn) References
[1] 張世昌. 機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M] . 天津: 天津大學(xué)出版社，2002. [1] Zhang Shi Chang. Machinery Manufacturing technology base [M]. Tianjin: Tian Jin University
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[ 2] 魏鑒梅. 結(jié)構(gòu)件制造技術(shù)[M] . 北京: 科學(xué)出版社，2002. [2] Wei Jian Mei. Structural parts manufacturing technology [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2002.
[ 3] 甘仞初. 信息資源的組織與管理[M] .北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2005 [3] GAN Ren Chu. The organization and management of information resources [M]. Beijing:
Mechanical Industry Press, 2005
譯文：
題目 編制機(jī)械制造工藝規(guī)程中幾種先進(jìn)技術(shù)的綜合應(yīng)用
摘要：介紹了編制機(jī)制工藝規(guī)程中應(yīng)用成組工藝GT和CAPP的基本方法，提出以PDM系統(tǒng)作為集成框架，將傳統(tǒng)應(yīng)用軟件Auto CAD與CAPP進(jìn)行有機(jī)集成，使CAPP軟件的開發(fā)平臺(tái)趨向統(tǒng)一的發(fā)展方向。
關(guān)鍵詞：成組工藝GT； CAPP軟件； PDM技術(shù)
近年來(lái)，隨著計(jì)算機(jī)及網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用軟件的開發(fā)推廣，越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)已經(jīng)使用各種應(yīng)用軟件系統(tǒng)提高產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)水平和工作效率。但是怎樣進(jìn)一步完善( 或有機(jī)地集成) 所使用的應(yīng)用軟件，如何解決使用單個(gè)應(yīng)用軟件時(shí)出現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)功能的不兼容問題，便成為許多使用方關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。本文以編制機(jī)制工藝規(guī)程為例，簡(jiǎn)要介紹和分析目前應(yīng)用的幾種先進(jìn)技術(shù)的基本方法及其綜合應(yīng)用，并討論使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)與CAPP軟件的開發(fā)平臺(tái)趨向統(tǒng)一的發(fā)展方向。
一、成組工藝GT
成組工藝GT(Group Technology)是把品種繁多的各種單件小批量生產(chǎn)的零件，根據(jù)其外形結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)要求、加工方法的相似性，把零件分成若干組，在每一組零件中選出一個(gè)代表性零件(可以是實(shí)際存在的，也可是假想的，但須包括組內(nèi)所有零件的加工要素)，根據(jù)這個(gè)代表零件制定出典型的工藝規(guī)程，選定和設(shè)計(jì)一組機(jī)床及工藝設(shè)備，并把它們組成一個(gè)專門的工段或車間。當(dāng)加工對(duì)象由一種零件轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥M內(nèi)另一種零件時(shí)，由于技術(shù)要求、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝的相似，可以不改變加工方法和加工設(shè)備，甚至連控制用的凸輪、擋鐵及工夾具都不用更換，或者只需略做調(diào)整，便可加工生產(chǎn)[1，2]。
按成組方式組織零件生產(chǎn)時(shí)，按零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、工藝特征與加工設(shè)備特征，將各零件進(jìn)行分組、歸類與編碼，然后建立每類零件的典型圖庫(kù)和成組加工工藝庫(kù)。制定零件成組加工工藝的方法有兩種: 1) 虛擬零件法。在一個(gè)零件組中，先設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)能夠包含這組零件全部幾何特征的虛擬零件，要求其擁有這個(gè)加工族中全部零件需要加工的表面，然后按這個(gè)虛擬零件進(jìn)行工藝設(shè)計(jì)，即為該組零件的成組工藝。2) 復(fù)合工藝路線法。在零件族內(nèi)先找出一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜、工藝路線最長(zhǎng)的零件作為代表，然后將族內(nèi)其他零件中有代表性而沒有工序的也加入進(jìn)去，從而獲得一條滿足全族零件加工要求的復(fù)合工藝路線。
二、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)CAPP[3]
1 CAPP技術(shù)的發(fā)展概況與在先進(jìn)制造模式中的作用
機(jī)械制造中的工藝設(shè)計(jì)是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中最活躍的因素，它與企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)類型、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝裝備、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)及企業(yè)內(nèi)部的技術(shù)管理水平等因素有著密不可分的聯(lián)系。工藝設(shè)計(jì)是一門經(jīng)驗(yàn)性強(qiáng)、技術(shù)要求高、涉及面廣的綜合性學(xué)科。它是從設(shè)計(jì)到產(chǎn)品的橋梁，在機(jī)械制造工作中占有重要地位。它因時(shí)間、場(chǎng)合、條件等多方面因素的改變而改變。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，工作手法都采用傳統(tǒng)的手工編制方式。隨著市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇和社會(huì)需求的多樣化、個(gè)性化，使得機(jī)電行業(yè)越來(lái)越向多品種，少批量的方向發(fā)展，電機(jī)制造也是如此。工藝設(shè)計(jì)的手工作業(yè)方式已不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)品種多變的要求，也不能與先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)手段、管理體制相匹配。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的普及和提高以及成組技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，成為現(xiàn)代工藝設(shè)計(jì)和工藝管理的強(qiáng)有力工具。
CAPP的開發(fā)、研制是從上個(gè)世紀(jì)六十年代末開始的，在制造自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域，CAPP的發(fā)展相對(duì)CAD和CAM而言是最遲的部分。世界上最早研究CAPP的國(guó)家是挪威，始于1969年，并于1969年正式推出世界上第一個(gè)CAPP系統(tǒng)AUTOPROS；1973年正式推出商品化的AUTO PROS系統(tǒng)。在CA PP發(fā)展史上具有里程碑意義的是CAM-I于1976 年推出的CAMI’S Automated process planning系統(tǒng)。取其字首的第一個(gè)字母，稱為CAPP系統(tǒng)。目前對(duì)CAPP這個(gè)縮寫法雖然還有不同的解釋，但把CAPP稱為計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)成為公認(rèn)的釋義。
隨著機(jī)械制造生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的發(fā)展及市場(chǎng)需求，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)(CAPP)作為連接產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)與制造(CAM)的橋梁，以及連接產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)管理 (MRPII/ERP)的重要紐帶，對(duì)組織生產(chǎn)，保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，縮短生產(chǎn)周期等產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越直接的影響。用CAPP代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的工藝設(shè)計(jì)已成為必然，它對(duì)機(jī)械制造業(yè)的重要意義表現(xiàn)在下列幾點(diǎn):(l)解放出原有設(shè)計(jì)人員，進(jìn)行新產(chǎn)品、新工藝和新技術(shù)的開發(fā)。(2)縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期，保證設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量，提高產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。(3)繼承性強(qiáng)，工藝設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和最優(yōu)化得到提高。( 4 )是實(shí)現(xiàn)CAD與CAM的集成制造系統(tǒng)和建立CIMS的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。
2 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)與范圍
2.1 CAPP在我國(guó)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)作為連接CAD與CAM的橋梁，也是許多先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)之一。CAPP技術(shù)從它誕生以來(lái)，其研究開發(fā)工作一直在國(guó)內(nèi)外蓬勃發(fā)展，而且逐漸引起越來(lái)越多的人們的重視。[1]迄今為止，國(guó)內(nèi)外在CAPP技術(shù)研究與系統(tǒng)開發(fā)已投入大量的資金與人力，已開發(fā)出為數(shù)眾多的CAPP系統(tǒng)。
在所開發(fā)的CAPP系統(tǒng)中，有些系統(tǒng)已得到實(shí)際應(yīng)用，少數(shù)已商品化。但總的來(lái)看，CAPP的研究、開發(fā)方向存在嚴(yán)重的偏差。從應(yīng)用角度看，已取得的實(shí)際效益和投入的力量很不相稱:國(guó)內(nèi)外的重點(diǎn)研究方向和當(dāng)前的實(shí)際需求相去甚遠(yuǎn)。表現(xiàn)在:開發(fā)多，應(yīng)用少；開發(fā)投入多，應(yīng)用維護(hù)幾乎無(wú)投入；原型系統(tǒng)多，得到實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用的系統(tǒng)較少；商品系統(tǒng)很少，而且功能不足；同CAD、CAN、MIS(Management Information System，管理信息系統(tǒng))、PDM等相關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)相比，差距相當(dāng)大。
其原因主要表現(xiàn)在：[2]首先，CAPP研究與開發(fā)的目標(biāo)具有很大的片面性，即過于追求工藝過程的自動(dòng)化生成。實(shí)際上，工藝設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的過程，涉及到大量錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的西素，而