裝配圖車床變速箱中拔叉（831002）的機(jī)械加工工工藝及專用夾具設(shè)計(jì),裝配,車床,變速箱,中拔叉,機(jī)械,加工,工藝,專用,夾具,設(shè)計(jì) 外文資料翻譯 By integration of machinery development The modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation, in mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. First, the integration of machinery outline Integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content, but its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology, from this produces function system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, “the integration of machinery” covering “the technology” and “the product” two aspects, only are, the integration of machinery technology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together, this is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference, the mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength, after but developed the integration of machinery, micro electron installment eliminated may substitute for certain mechanical parts original Outside function, but also can entrust with many new functions, like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on, not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence. Second, the integration of machinery development condition Integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly, 20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage, in this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance, specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to the postwar economical restoration positive function, has developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneous condition, because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certainlyLevel, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively, The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage, this time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development, large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development, this time characteristic is:①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stage which makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time, on the one hand, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modelling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research, simultaneously, because domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain the huge progress, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology, these research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Third, the integration of machinery trend of development Integration of machinery is the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress, therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows: 3.1Intellectualized Intellectualization is a 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development direction, the artificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bed intellectualization is the important application, here said “the intellectualization” is to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to, indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have With the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential, but, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential. 3.2 Modular Modulations are one item important and the arduous project, because the integration of machinery product type and the manufacturer are many, but the development and the development have standard mechanical connection, electrical connection, power connection, the environment connection integration of machinery product unit are an item extremely complex also are the extremely important matters, like the development collection deceleration, the intelligent velocity modulation, the electrical machinery in a body power unit, have function and so on vision, imagery processing, recognition and range finder control units, as well as each kind can complete the model operation the mechanism, like this, may use the standard unit to develop the new product rapidly, simultaneously also may expand the scale of production, this need formulation Each standard, in order to various parts, the unit match and the connection, as a result of the conflicts of interest, very will be difficult to formulate international or the domestic this aspect standard in the near future, but might through set up some big enterprises to form gradually, obviously, the advantage which from the electrical product standardization, the seriation will bring may affirm, regardless of will be to produces the standard integration of machinery unit the enterprise to produce the integration of machinery product the enterprise, the formalization will give the integration of machinery enterprise to bring the happy future. 3.3 Network 1990s, the computer technology and so on the prominent achievement was the networking, networking starting with the rapid development for the science and technology, the industrial production, political, the military, the education magnanimous act person daily life has all brought the huge transformation, each kind of network the global economy, the production linked up into a single stretch, enterprise's competition will also globalize, once the integration of machinery new product developed, so long as its function were original, the quality was reliable, very quick could the best-selling whole world, as a result of the network popularization, was on the rise based on network each kind of long-distance control and the surveillance technology, but long-distance control terminal device itself will be the integration of machinery product, the field busWas the domestic electric appliances network has become the situation with the local area network technology, connected using the family network each kind of domestic electric appliances take the computer as the central computer integration electrical appliances system, caused the people at home to share the inconvenience and the joy which each kind of high-tech brought, therefore, the integration of machinery product faced the network direction to develop without doubt. 3.4 Microminiaturized Microminiaturization emerge in the end of 1980s, refers is the integration of machinery to the miniature machine and the microscopic domain development tendency, overseas name it micro electron mechanical system (MEMS), makes a general reference the geometry size not to surpass 1cm3 the integration of machinery product, and to micron, the nanometer level development, the micro integration of machinery product volume small, consumes energy few, the movement is nimble, in aspects and so on biological medical service, military, information has the incomparable superiority, the micro integration of machinery development bottleneck lies in the micro mechanical technology, the micro integration of machinery product processing uses the fine processing technology, namely ultra precise technology, it including photoetching technology and etching technology two kinds. 3.5 Green Industries lived developed for the people have brought the huge change, on the one hand, the material was rich, the life was comfortable; On the other hand, the resources reduce, the ecological environment receives the serious pollution, therefore, the people appealed the protection environment resources, the return nature, the green product concept arises at the historic moment under this kind of call, the green is the time tendency, the green product in its design, the manufacture, the use and in the destruction life process, conforms to the specific environmental protection and the human health request, harmless or the harm are extremely few to the ecological environment, the resources use factor is extremely high, the design green integration of machinery product, has the broad development future, the integration of machinery product green mainly is refers, when use does not pollute the ecological environment, after the abandonment can recycle the use. 3.6 systematizations One of systematized performance characteristics is the system architecture further uses open style and the patternizing main line structure. the system may the nimble configuration, carries on tailors and the combination willfully, simultaneously seeks realizes the multi-subsystem coordination control and the synthesis management, second performance is the correspondence function big enhancement, generally besides RS232, but also will have RS485, the DCS personification, the future integration of machinery even more pays great attention to the product and human's relations, the integration of machinery personification will have two meanings, one will be, the integration of machinery product finally user will be a human, how will entrust with the integration of machinery product person's intelligence, the emotion, the human nature appears more and more importantly, specially the opposite partyWith the robot, its high-level boundary is the man-machine integration, another imitates the biological mechanism, develops each kind of mechanical and electrical body flower product, in fact, many integration of machinery products all are developed animal's inspiration. Fourth, the model integration of machinery product Integration of machinery product subsystem (complete machine) and the foundation Yuan, the part two big kinds, the typical integration of machinery system includes: The numerical control engine bed, the robot, the automobile computerization product, the intellectualized instrument measuring appliance, the electronic publishing printing system, the CAD/CAM system and so on, the typical integration of machinery Yuan, the part includes: Electric power electronic device and equipment, programmable controller, fuzzy controller, miniature electrical machinery, sensor, special-purpose integrated circuit, servo and so on, these model integration of machinery product technical present situation, trend of development, market prospect analysis omitting. Fifth, our country develops the situation and the duty integration of machinery work which “ The integration of machinery” faces mainly includes two levels: One, with the microelectronic technology transformation tradition industry, its goal is the energy conservation, the nodal wood, enhances the work efficiency, improves the product quality, enhances the traditional industry technology advancement one step; Two, development automation, digitization, intellectualized mechanical and electrical products, promotion product renewal. (1) our country “the integration of machinery” the work faces situation 1. Our country is big with the microelectronic technology transformation tradition industry work load and is broad, has difficulty 2. Our country with the integration of machinery technology acceleration product renewal, enhances the market share the call to be high, has the pressure. 3.Our country is low with the integration of machinery product substitution technology content and the added value, consumes energy, the water consumption, consumes the material to be high, the pollution, harasses the people product the responsibility to be heavy, has the significance, in our country industrial system, the energy consumption, the water consumption wealthy and powerful family, also accounts for the quite great proportion to the environmental pollution serious enterprise, in recent years our country's industry structure, product mix although several passes through the adjustment, but because many kinds of reasons, the result continuously insufficiently is obvious, inside this no doubt has the higher authority to lead the department the policy comes out of many doors question, “therefore has the enterprise “to hate to leave one's native land” clings to tenaciously industry” the question, but undeniable also has cannot optimize the ideal industry, optimal pleasing product The question, on the good answer already suspended at these enterprise's front, this was the development integration of machinery, developed with the production related integration of machinery product, the integration of machinery product function strong, the performance good, the quality high, the cost was low, also had the flexibility, might according to when the market requirement and the user reflection the product mix and the production process made the essential adjustment, the reform, but did not need to change the equipment, this was the solution mechanical and electrical products multi-varieties, the few volume production important outlet, simultaneously, might pour into the fresh blood for the traditional mechanical industry, brought the new vigor, extricated the machinery production from the arduous physical labor, realization Enlightened production. Moreover, looked from the market demand angle, because our country develops, the development integration of machinery product history is not long, the disparity is big, many product varieties, quantity, the scale, the quality all cannot meet the need, the import volume all quite is big every year, therefore must develop urgently. (2) Our country “the integration of machinery” work duty Our country may summarize in the integration of machinery aspect duty is two speeches: A speech widely thoroughly uses the integration of machinery technological transformations tradition industry; Another speech is develops the integration of machinery product on a grand scale, the promotion mechanical and electrical products renewal, the total goal is the promotion mechanical and electrical body industry formation, makes the contribution for our country industrial structure and the product mix adjustment. In brief, the integration of machinery technology not only is promotes the traditional mechanical and electrical industry fresh blood and the source power, also is opens our country mechanical and electrical profession product mix, the industrial structure adjusts the front door the key. Sixth, our country develops “the integration of machinery” countermeasure (1) Enhancement overall plan arrangement, coordinated development plan At present, our country is engaged in the unit which “the integration of machinery” the research develops and produces to be very many, each one all has a set of own development strategy, various units' plan as a result of respective standpoint, the objective point limit, only is considered unavoidably the local interest, various department responsible for the work's related plan and plan, also some unification consideration insufficiency, the overall plan arrangement insufficient question, simultaneously lacks the comprehensive survey overall situation to have the authority development plan and the strategic plan, therefore, suggested various department resp