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液壓控制系統(tǒng)的設計
作為現(xiàn)代機械設備實現(xiàn)傳動與控制的重要技術手段，液壓技術在國民經(jīng)濟各領域得到了廣泛的應用。與其他傳動控制技術相比，液壓技術具有能量密度高﹑配置靈活方便﹑調速范圍大﹑工作平穩(wěn)且快速性好﹑易于控制并過載保護﹑易于實現(xiàn)自動化和機電液一體化整合﹑系統(tǒng)設計制造和使用維護方便等多種顯著的技術優(yōu)勢，因而使其成為現(xiàn)代機械工程的基本技術構成和現(xiàn)代控制工程的基本技術要素。
液壓鑿巖機是礦上機械的一種，作為開采礦山的主要設備，適用于各類礦石的開采。本文根據(jù)液壓鑿巖機的用途﹑特點和要求，利用液壓傳動的基本原理，擬定出合理的液壓系統(tǒng)圖，再經(jīng)過必要的計算來確定液壓系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)，然后按照這些參數(shù)來選用液壓元件的規(guī)格和進行系統(tǒng)的結構設計。液壓鑿巖機的液壓系統(tǒng)呈長方形布置，外形新穎美觀，動力系統(tǒng)采用液壓系統(tǒng)，結構簡單、緊湊、動作靈敏可靠。該機并設有腳踏開關，可實現(xiàn)半自動工藝動作的循環(huán)。液壓傳動和氣壓傳動稱為流體傳動，是根據(jù)17世紀帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動原理而發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術，是工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中廣為應用的一門技術。如今，流體傳動技術水平的高低已成為一個國家工業(yè)發(fā)展水平的重要標志。
?第一個使用液壓原理的是1795年英國約瑟夫·布拉曼(Joseph??Bram,
以水壓機的形式將其應用于工業(yè)上,誕生了世界上第一臺水壓機。1905年他又將工作介質水改為油,進一步得到改善。?我國的液壓工業(yè)開始于20世紀50年代，液壓元件最初應用于機床和鍛壓設備。60年代獲得較大發(fā)展，已滲透到各個工業(yè)部門，在機床、工程機械、冶金、農(nóng)業(yè)機械、汽車、船舶、航空、石油以及軍工等工業(yè)中都得到了普遍的應用。當前液壓技術正向高壓、高速、大功率、高效率、低噪聲、低能耗、長壽命、高度集成化等方向發(fā)展。同時，新元件的應用、系統(tǒng)計算機輔助設計、計算機仿真和優(yōu)化、微機控制等工作，也取得了顯著成果。
?目前，我國的液壓件已從低壓到高壓形成系列，并生產(chǎn)出許多新型元件，如插裝式錐閥、電液比例閥、電液伺服閥、電業(yè)數(shù)字控制閥等。我國機械工業(yè)在認真消化、推廣國外引進的先進液壓技術的同時，大力研制、開發(fā)國產(chǎn)液壓件新產(chǎn)品，加強產(chǎn)品質量可靠性和新技術應用的研究，積極采用國際標準，合理調整產(chǎn)品結構，對一些性能差而且不符合國家標準的液壓件產(chǎn)品，采用逐步淘汰的措施。由此可見，隨著科學技術的迅速發(fā)展，液壓技術將獲得進一步發(fā)展，在各種機械設備上的應用將更加廣泛。
本機器適用于各種各樣礦山的開采等，本機器具有獨立的動力機構和電氣系統(tǒng)。采用按鈕集中控制，可實現(xiàn)調整、手動及半自動三種操作方式。
19世紀問世以來發(fā)展很快，液壓機在工作中的廣泛適應性，使其在國民經(jīng)濟各部門獲得了廣泛的應用。由于液壓機的液壓系統(tǒng)和整機結構方面，已經(jīng)比較成熟，目前國內(nèi)外液壓機的發(fā)展不僅體現(xiàn)在控制系統(tǒng)方面，也主要表現(xiàn)在高速化、高效化、低能耗；機電液一體化，以充分合理利用機械和電子的先進技術促進整個液壓系統(tǒng)的完善；自動化、智能化，實現(xiàn)對系統(tǒng)的自動診斷和調整，具有故障預處理功能；液壓元件集成化、標準化，以有效防止泄露和污染等四個方面。
作為液壓機兩大組成部分的主機和液壓系統(tǒng)，由于技術發(fā)展趨于成熟，國無較大差距，主要差別在于加工工藝和安裝方面。良好的工藝使機器在過濾、冷卻及防止沖擊和振動方面，有較明顯改善。在油路結構設計方面，國內(nèi)外液壓機都趨向于集成化、封閉式設計，插裝閥、疊加閥和復合化元件及系統(tǒng)在液壓系統(tǒng)中得到較廣泛的應用。
特別是集成塊可以進行專業(yè)化的生產(chǎn)，其質量好、性能可靠而且設計的周期也比較短。
近年來在集成塊基礎上發(fā)展起來的新型液壓元件組成的回路也有其獨特的優(yōu)點，不需要另外的連接件其結構更為緊湊，體積也相對更小，重量也更輕無需管件連接，從而消除了因油管、接頭引起的泄漏、振動和噪聲。邏輯插裝閥具有體積小、重量輕、密封性能好、功率損失小、動作速度快、易于集成的從70年代初期開始出現(xiàn)，至今已得到了很快的發(fā)展。我國從液壓機具有點動、手動和半自動等工作方式，操作方便；
The design of hydraulic control system
Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Liu xin Ya introduced a concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing and sophisticated production, and other advanced manufacturing technology and the characteristics of the development of machine tools in the portfolio of applications, how to deepen and extend the application of specific measures.
In the machine tool industry, with the social demands of the continuous improvement of products, along with the growing competition in the market to meet user requirements, including the improvement of product quality, shorten production cycles, reduce costs, improve service and win market has become a breakthrough. In order to achieve this goal and win market, it should be the introduction of modern and advanced manufacturing technology: concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing and sophisticated production, in order to promote the development of combination machine.
Concurrent Engineering is also known as concurrent engineering, integrated, parallel to optimize product design and its related processes (including manufacturing and support) system approach, which guide the product development staff began to consider a product from concept to design to the demise of throughout the life cycle of all the factors, including quality, cost, programming and user needs.
Concurrent Engineering is the first to shorten product development cycles as a means to develop. Products will be characterized by the development, production engineering involved in the acts broken down into a series of tasks, such as market analysis, design, process design, production plans and equipment purchases, processing, quality assurance, testing and after sales service. These sub-tasks as far as possible and consider synchronous parallel to achieve improved design to shorten the cycle and improve quality, reduce costs, optimize the design purpose. It stressed that integrated, coordinated and parallel, namely: (1) management, design, production, and service of all project-related personnel and product information integration as a whole, and stressed that all relevant departments and the interests of the overall goal line (2) to the establishment of a competent and reasonable charge of the project personnel structure of the working group coordinated management model, by the Working Group in the ministries responsible for project elements, and the promotion of the coordination of tasks, (3) parallel processing stages of the work. According to the project in the different tasks of the linkages between the different ministries mandate of the elements of the work process can be completely overlap or duplication. In accordance with these principles, formulate a reasonable, and optimize the work plan, and the location in which the necessary settings assessment, the Working Group by the project implementation so that all sub-tasks in parallel, to move forward in an orderly manner, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the whole project .
According to the traditional methods of work, the work of the various stages in a row serial. In such a product development approach, divorced from each other at various stages, are not related, resulting in increased design error, and difficult to discover such a design rework, to lengthen the development cycle, adding to the costs.
Parallel working methods used, the process will be integrated with parallel consideration, the work can be carried out duplication. Problems can be promptly coordinate the changes so that the follow-up stage left to increase the difficulty of correction
And costs. Thus, the application of concurrent engineering can significantly shorten the product development cycle, reduce costs, it is suitable for the development of professional portfolio machine.
Concurrent engineering methods will be applied to product development, the effect was very significant. March 1997, Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology with a motorcycle design and manufacturing plants to sign the 6-crank machine project contract for delivery end of the year, and the requirements of machine tools in the past quite different. In the project using a concurrent engineering approach, in parallel, cross-operation , greatly reducing the design, manufacture period, the successful completion of the tasks.
Parallel development of the combination of machine specific methods are:
(1) the establishment of a multi-composed of professionals to develop working groups. By the Working Group of the specific part of the implementation of the project, members of the Working Group in collaboration division of duties, timely and coordinated in order to achieve optimization of the design. Such as a machine tool demand in the clamping fixture parts to the process of floating, if separate consideration from the mechanical structure to meet this requirement more difficult, complex structure of the fixture. Later, with the hydraulic design of electrical control and coordinate, control procedures proposed amendments to change the order clamping action, adjusting the hydraulic pressure of solutions to meet the requirements of the clamping.
(2) in the formulation of programmes, the signing of the contract stage, on the preliminary identified a number of standard components.
(3) Multiple Multi-accreditation programme. Machine Tool Technology in determining the overall programme, key components in the overall design process, many times by the Solidworks committee to review the design plan, and put into production before the user in the design plan joint trials. Thus, from the design to take into account the beginning of a process design, tooling design, manufacturing, assembly and other downstream various stages of debugging problems that may arise, thus greatly reducing the number of design changes Rated meet user requirements, to achieve design best.
(4) a design pre-release method. Machine overall plans in a formal drawing ago, has been released in stages set by the main structure and the major components of data, process design, tooling design can be carried out ahead of schedule. In the design of the machine tool to determine some components such as fixtures, tools such as the coordination of size, and at the same time began to design and tool fixture, and, also identified slider, mobile workstations and other components, these components have the choice as far as possible Standard components, in the design of its operation will be completed. And the overall design of the various components such as fixtures, and timely coordination between the tool, linked to changes in the size of each other timely coordination so that the size of other relevant drawings are promptly corrected.
(5) components in the design of the processing cycle can be long specific parts such as folders, such as casting stereotypes as soon as possible to advancing the process design, production.
(6) completion of the various components of a design, process design and ready to enter the production stage. Therefore, the various components of the parts is in the workshop, parallel processing.
Adopt this approach, the Working Group 4 were used only four weeks time on the part of generic components such as the slider, mobile platforms and power first went into operation at the same time, the completion of the mechanical design of the machine and outsourcing of orders. Machine tool production process, the various components in the Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Association, and several manufacturers at the same time. In the machine, installation and debugging, but also several machine at the same time, through these work, and machine tools for the timely delivery of valuable time.
Agile manufacturing in the United States of the Caspian Sea, "the 21st century manufacturing strategy" in the report of a new manufacturing paradigm. After development, the United States lacocca Institute will be defined as: "a company that is agile in the market for the unpredictable changes in the competitive environment in the development and prosperity of a capability, that is rapidly changing global market a rapid response capability, with the company computer network and the global production system, the market, competitors to link up in the high-quality, high-performance, low-cost, customer product configuration settings, such as user demand-driven market situation demonstrated a capability. " Characterized by the flexible production technology, flexible organization management and professional skills of the staff have integrated into a coordinated, interconnected systems, in order to achieve the strategic goal of reunification, the same industry in different enterprises through joint infrastructure links, past life-and-death competition will become friendly and cooperative competition, thereby changing market faster response. Therefore, this technology is suitable for the development of professional portfolio machine.
(1) promote the Agile first modular products, reflected in the composition of the machine is in the machine tool components and the standardization of serialization. Crankshaft Machine Tool in the development and design, can greatly shorten the design cycle, the application of concurrent engineering is a factor, large number of standard components, the application of common components is a key element.
(2) In the Agile Manufacturing, must reflect the people and organizations is the most valuable asset. In the production of large quantities, people are always Solidworks solution as manufacture and sale of the crux of the problem, and in Agile Manufacturing, the best use of people is the key to solve the problem, technology is only a method or means. Therefore, the need for the Project Working Group organizational model advocated hard working, give full play to their initiative.
Sophisticated production is the United States in the 1990s, Japan's Toyota Motor Corporation summed up production management methods on the basis of summing up by the production. It stressed that by improving the production of enterprises in the management of the activities, including the efficiency of various activities and cost accounting, to achieve the fastest speed of response to the market, the lowest cost of production, the optimal product design to design and Manufacturing of products needed by the market. Its features are user-God, a people-centred, as a means to streamline, to zero defect goal.
Can be seen from the above analysis, and advanced manufacturing technology in the Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Portfolio machine has been developed in a number of applications, but still need to further deepen and extend the application. In later work, Should pay attention to the following aspects:
(1) Working Group on the further implementation of the project model, a responsibility to the people, by the use of concurrent engineering group responsible for the completion of the way from the machine tool technology programme to design, manufacture, testing and delivery of the work of the staff at the same time strengthen the knowledge and skills training, keep track machine tool industry at home and abroad combination of the latest developments.
(2) market changes and the development of pre-study plan at the same time maintain close ties with users, users who regularly visit provides its users with quality after-sales service, and equipment operation and understanding of user needs, in order to improve the design.
(3) high-quality products to win customers. Machine Tool in the development portfolio, in addition to enhancing the sense of quality, the new technology, the application of new technology in the market is also an important means. Now users generally require machine efficiency, flexibility, and adapt to small quantities and variety of processing. Portfolio Tool to enhance the efficiency of production and increase in the design should be cutting speed, the use of advanced tools, centralized processing consider three aspects.
(4) attention to the development of products can be reconstructed so as to achieve the structure of modular machine. In the design, the use of group technology, and promote common machine combination of the development and application of functional modules, can be flexible coordinates NC unit model.
(5) the application of agile manufacturing technology, the establishment of an effective Union dynamic virtual forms of cooperation. Further strengthen and outsourcing of production plants and factories, HS cooperation. Make full use of existing community technology, information equipment and personnel resources, strong - strong alliance, complementary advantages, the use of the virtual company model to expand our production capacity.
(6) In combination with the design of machine tools to further promote the production of computer and information network technology applications. Promote the application of technology, the realization of a map designed to establish works Design environment.
(7) to further strengthen Solidworks cooperation and exchanges and enhance my portfolio in the machine tool industry and the status of visibility, at the same time actively explore new markets and customers. Efforts should be made to explore the international market, such as the Toyota Motor Co., Japan's exports to the body of the car's engine of vertical machining deep hole biaxial deep hole drilling machine, I have a combination of machine to enter the international market and made a good start.
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