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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯
系 部： 機械工程系
專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化
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外文出處： Transmission of fluid
附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。
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附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文
流體傳動
流體傳動包括氣體(壓)傳動和液體傳動，液體傳動分為液壓傳動、液力傳動和液粘傳動。液壓傳動基于帕卡定律，以液體的壓能來傳遞動力；液力傳動基于歐拉方程，以液體動量短的變化來傳遞動力；液粘傳動基于牛頓內(nèi)摩擦定律，以液體的粘性來傳遞動力。
液力傳動的基本元件是液力偶合器和液力變矩器。液力偶合器的基本構(gòu)件是具有若干徑向平面葉片的、構(gòu)成工作腔的泵輪和渦輪。液力傳動油在工作腔里高速循環(huán)流動傳遞動力，油液隨從泵輪做牽連運動的同時因受離心力作用而做離心運動，從泵輪(及輸入軸)吸收機械能并轉(zhuǎn)化為動量矩(mVR)增量，高速液流從泵輪沖入渦輪做向心流動釋放動量矩，推動渦輪(及輸出軸)旋轉(zhuǎn)，帶動工作機(及負載)做功。液力變矩器的基本構(gòu)件是泵輪、渦輪和導(dǎo)輪，它們均是具有空間(彎曲)葉片的工作輪，按相關(guān)順序排列構(gòu)成工作腔。液力傳動油在工作腔中被泵輪渦輪攪動，使液流獲得動量矩增量，經(jīng)過導(dǎo)輪調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)液流方向后沖入渦輪，釋放動量矩(動能)推動渦輪帶動工作機旋轉(zhuǎn)做功。
我國液力元件近年發(fā)展較快，2003年液力偶合器的全國年產(chǎn)量約7萬臺。廣泛應(yīng)用于帶式輸送機、刮板輸送機、球磨機、風機、壓縮機、水泵和油泵等設(shè)備的傳動中，提高傳動品質(zhì)并節(jié)約能源。當前我國液力偶合器的最高輸出轉(zhuǎn)速為6500r/min，最小功率為0.3kW，最大功率為7100kW。液力偶合器的發(fā)展趨勢是高轉(zhuǎn)速、大功率。
國際上液力偶合器產(chǎn)品以德國福依特公司最為著名，據(jù)資料稱已有轉(zhuǎn)速達20000r/min、功率達55000kW的產(chǎn)品，可見我國與之尚有相當大的差距。當然，功率大的液力元件對液力傳動油的要求較高。液力變矩器主要用于工程機械、石油機械和內(nèi)燃機車。液力變矩器主要與內(nèi)燃機匹配應(yīng)用，其轉(zhuǎn)速范圍在2000～3000r/min。工程機械應(yīng)用較多，最大功率700HP左右，年產(chǎn)量約7萬臺。石油機械應(yīng)用較少，功率達1500HP。內(nèi)燃機車應(yīng)用更少，功率高達3000HP。
液粘傳動是液體傳動一門新興學科，在我國尚處于起步階段。由于液粘傳動產(chǎn)品(如液粘調(diào)速離合器)與液力傳動產(chǎn)品(如調(diào)速型液力偶合器)雖有本質(zhì)上的不同，但由于有相似的性能和相同的用途(調(diào)速節(jié)能)，在若干技術(shù)活動(如制訂發(fā)展規(guī)劃、標準、技術(shù)管理、訂貨活動等)中均被視為同一類型，與液力行業(yè)有共性，故本文另辟章節(jié)介紹其產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)和傳動用油。
一、液力傳動油的性能特點及發(fā)展
液力傳動油作為工作介質(zhì)不僅傳遞動力，而且還用以潤滑軸承和齒輪，同時又是滑差熱的載體，帶走熱量。液力傳動油是一個復(fù)雜而需專門研究的課題，它直接關(guān)系到液力元件的可靠性、傳動效率和使用壽命。應(yīng)引起人們的重視，展開廣泛深入的研究。
液力傳動油應(yīng)能滿足以下要求：
1、要有適宜的粘度
液體粘度低，表明液體內(nèi)摩擦小，流動阻力損失小，可減少液力元件的液力損失；但從潤滑密封角度考慮，粘度不能過低。因此應(yīng)在滿足潤滑和密封要求前提下，盡量采用粘度低的液體，以提高液力元件傳動效率。同時要求液體粘溫性要好，以便在高溫或低溫時仍能保持有效的潤滑和密封。
2、要有較大的重度由于液力元件傳遞的力矩和功率與工作液體的重度成正比，故液體重度越高越好
3、性能穩(wěn)定
不易產(chǎn)生泡沫、老化和沉淀。
4、酸值要低
對密封件應(yīng)是中性，有良好的相容性，不泡脹，不溶解，對金屬無腐蝕作用。
5、要有較高的閃點和較低的凝點
液力元件工作時油溫變化幅度很大，有時可達160℃，因此要求閃點要高于180℃，而凝點要低-20℃，以利于低溫環(huán)境下液力元件的起動。
6、要有良好的潤滑性能
液體要有足夠的油性，能很好的粘附在零件表面上，起到良好的潤滑作用。
目前，國內(nèi)外液力傳動應(yīng)用的工作液體種類較多，除各種石油基產(chǎn)品外，也有采用清水或其它難燃液體的(煤礦井下為防引燃爆炸而應(yīng)用)。國內(nèi)液力元件通常采用6號液力傳動油(也有用8號液力傳動油的)，有時以22號汽輪機油替代。
內(nèi)燃機車有專用油，要求使和壽命不小于2000小時，要求新設(shè)備裝油初次運行100小時和500小時之后進行第一、第二次換油，進行濾清后仍可使用。
屬下列情況之一時，需要更換新油：
含水量大于0.2%時；
在50℃時的粘度比新油高出6厘沲時；
機械雜質(zhì)(苯不溶物)達到0.2%時；
出現(xiàn)水溶性酸堿或有高的酸值時；
泡沫過多影響傳動功率時。
以上各條對內(nèi)燃機車專用油以外的液力傳動油也有一定的參照價值。
二、國內(nèi)外液力傳動油的品牌對照（略）
三、液粘傳動對傳動油的要求
液粘傳動可按運行中油臘厚度是否變化分為兩大類，一類是在運行中油膜厚度始終不變的液粘傳動，如硅油風扇離合器油膜厚度是固定的，運行中變化工作腔中油液充滿程度以調(diào)節(jié)輸出轉(zhuǎn)速。另一類是運行中油膜厚度是可變的液粘傳動，這類液粘傳動產(chǎn)品包括有液粘調(diào)速離合器、液粘制動器、液粘測功機、液粘聯(lián)軸器、液粘調(diào)速裝置。當前應(yīng)用較多的是液粘調(diào)速離合器、液粘調(diào)速裝置和硅油風扇離合器。 1、液粘調(diào)速離合器與傳動油
液粘調(diào)速離合器通過其主、從動摩擦片間的若干油膜來傳動動力，依靠油液的粘性主動摩擦片“拉著"從動摩擦片同方向旋轉(zhuǎn)，傳遞力矩與油液粘度、兩片間“滑差"成正比，而與油膜厚度(片間隙)成反比。主動摩擦片及輸入軸與動力機相聯(lián)，輸入轉(zhuǎn)速可視為常量。從動摩擦片及輸出軸與工作機相聯(lián)，輸出轉(zhuǎn)速隨控制壓力而變化，球狀油缸的控制壓力大，則片間油膜變薄，則輸出轉(zhuǎn)速升高，反之亦然。當控制壓力足夠大時，主、從動摩擦片粘合，變?yōu)橹甭?lián)傳動。當控制壓力足夠時小，主、從動摩擦片脫離，則輸出轉(zhuǎn)速為零。在液粘調(diào)速離合器轉(zhuǎn)速比從0→1變化過程中，片間摩擦狀況呈現(xiàn)出液體摩擦→(機械一液體)混合摩擦→(純機械的)邊界摩擦。因此液粘調(diào)速離合器在調(diào)速過程中有分離工況、調(diào)速工況和接合工況。
工作液體在液粘傳動中的作用是傳遞動力、冷卻散熱和潤滑，應(yīng)具有以下性能
(1)有適宜的粘度。
(2)有離好的潤滑性能(油性和極壓性)。
(3)有良好的氧化安定性。
(4)有較高的比熱容和較高的熱導(dǎo)率。
除上述要求外，工作液體還應(yīng)具有防銹作用、抗泡沫能力、凝點要低、閃點應(yīng)高、不易揮發(fā)、無毒等。
目前國產(chǎn)液粘調(diào)速離合器多采用8號液力傳動油為工作液體。
當前國產(chǎn)液粘調(diào)速離合器有TL型和HC型，額定轉(zhuǎn)速多為1500r/min，個別有3000r/min的。傳遞功率最小75kW，最大達1100kW。
液粘調(diào)速離合器同調(diào)速型液力偶合器一樣，均是在驅(qū)動電機的轉(zhuǎn)速向下調(diào)節(jié)，且在低速時功率小，效率低。為此在液粘調(diào)速離合器的輸入前或輸出端后加裝齒輪傳動，以適應(yīng)與動力機或與工作機的匹配，如此產(chǎn)生了新的裝置——液粘調(diào)速裝置。
2、液粘調(diào)速裝置
當前生產(chǎn)和應(yīng)用的有兩類不同結(jié)構(gòu)的液粘調(diào)速裝置，一類是美國費城齒輪公司生產(chǎn)的平行軸液粘調(diào)速裝置，輸入轉(zhuǎn)速1785r/min，輸出轉(zhuǎn)速5000r/min，傳遞功率達5200kW。我國山西安太堡煤礦的帶式輸送機用的是較小規(guī)格。其傳動油系由美國帶來。保定螺旋漿制造廠設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)了與之結(jié)構(gòu)相似的產(chǎn)品。另一類是美國道奇(DODGE)公司的CST液粘調(diào)速裝置，它是在圓柱齒輪——行星輪系減速器差動輪系的輸出端、與輸出軸(連接太陽輪)并行輸出的大齒圈上裝有液粘調(diào)速離合器(從動摩擦片固定)，起動時液粘調(diào)速離合器處于分離工況(空轉(zhuǎn))，逐漸加大控制壓力，當其傳遞扭矩與輸出軸承受扭矩相等時，輸出軸(帶負載)開始轉(zhuǎn)動，繼續(xù)增大控制壓力直至接合工況，則輸出軸承擔全部動力的輸出。CST液粘調(diào)速裝置被稱作大型帶式輸送機的軟起動系統(tǒng)，在我國煤礦大型帶式輸送機上已有應(yīng)用。CST系列產(chǎn)品，輸入轉(zhuǎn)速1483r/min，額定減速比為15.38～57.66，傳遞功率范圍702～3115kW。CST系列產(chǎn)品由美國供應(yīng)專用液力傳動油。
3、硅油風扇離合器與工作液體
硅油風扇離合器的主、從動盤上各有若干緯向環(huán)狀葉片，兩者的環(huán)狀葉片相互交替的插入，構(gòu)成若干園環(huán)狀間隙(油膜)，利用這些間隙中油膜的粘性來傳遞動力。工作過程中油膜厚度不變，通過改變充油量和油膜受剪切面積的大小來調(diào)速。
汽車發(fā)動機在適宜溫度下才能有較高的燃油效率，過冷過熱均不適宜。汽車用的硅油風扇離合器主動盤與發(fā)動機相聯(lián)，從動盤與風扇相聯(lián)，工作液體為粘度較大的硅油?？扛袦仄鲗鋮s水箱后方氣流溫度的感受來控制充油量。當發(fā)動機的冷卻水溫度低時，則氣流溫度低，感溫器使充油量小，油膜剪切面積小，傳動力矩小，則風扇轉(zhuǎn)速低，對發(fā)動機的冷卻能力低。反之，當發(fā)動機冷卻水溫度高時，則風扇轉(zhuǎn)速高，提高對發(fā)動機的冷卻效果。這樣可使發(fā)動經(jīng)常在最適宜的溫度下工作。燃油效率高，噪聲小，延長發(fā)動機使用壽命。
硅油風扇離合器所用硅油是一種合成潤滑油，并非由石油提煉得來。它是一些半有機硅的聚合物或共聚物，含有重復(fù)的硅氧單元為元機骨干，并沿著聚合鏈的硅原子上取代烴基，一般不含支鏈。為了滿足規(guī)定的性能要求，可用不同的有機取代基或調(diào)整聚合物分子的大小(即改變其分子量)，以變化其粘度或獲得其它性能。
? ? 硅油的物理性能取決于聚合物的分子結(jié)構(gòu)，如分子量、有機基因的類型和數(shù)量、支鏈的位置及長短等。
在油膜厚度不變的液粘傳動中使用硅油的主要原因，在于它具有高的粘度、良好的粘溫性能和較強的抗剪切能力。
硅油風扇離合器可以應(yīng)用在各種類型汽車上，目前我國的應(yīng)用主要是吉普車、北京130型等汽車上。生產(chǎn)廠有北京汽車機油泵廠和長春第一汽車制造廠等單位。
附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）
Transmission of fluid
Fluid transmission is including gas (pressure) transmission and liquid transmission, liquid transmission into liquid transmission, hydraulic transmission and fluid viscous transmission. Hydraulic transmission based on the interior market, the pressure to be able to impart impetus liquid; Hydraulic transmission based on Olla equation to the liquid changes to the short wheel drive transmission; For Newton, Viscous transmission fluid friction law, the sticky liquid to impart dynamism to.
Hydraulic transmission is the basic hydraulic components and hydraulic Converter coupled device. Hydraulic coupled devices are a fundamental component of a number of radial plane leaves, a work of the pump and turbine round. Hydraulic transmission oil in the work of the cycle of high-speed mobile transmission power, oil pumps round her so involved with the campaign because centrifugal force role do centrifuge campaign from pumps round (and imported axis) and to absorb mechanical energy into moment of momentum (mVR) incremental, high-speed Minim round water from the pump to the heart to do turbine flow release moment of momentum. Promote turbine (and export axis) rotation, work-driven plane (and load) homework. Hydraulic Converter basic components are pumps round, and the turbine-round, they are a space (bending) leaves work round by the work of a relevant order. Hydraulic transmission oil pumps were working round the turbine mix for incremental Ye Liu was moment of momentum, after transfer-round water turbine Minim direction after the release of moment of momentum (kinetic energy) to promote the work of the turbine-driven rotary rush.
My hydraulic components in the development of faster, 2003 hydraulic coupled devices produced about 70,000 National Taiwan. Widely used for belt conveyor, rail carriers, ball mill, air-compressors, compressors, pumps and fuel pumps, and other equipment, transmission, improve transmission quality and energy conservation. My hydraulic coupled with the current maximum output rotational speed for 6500r/min, minimum power to 0.3kW, the maximum power to 7100kW. Hydraulic trend is coupled with a high rotational speed and power.
International hydraulic coupled device products to the most famous German Fuk under special company, according to information that has reached 20000r/min rotational speed and power to 55000kW products, which are still visible in considerable gap. Of course, the power of the big oil hydraulic components for hydraulic transmission requirements higher. Hydraulic Converter is mainly for engineering machinery, machinery and diesel oil. Hydraulic Converter is main internal combustion engine with matching applications, the scope of its rotational speed in 2000~3000r/min. Mechanical engineering applications more, the greatest power 700HP about output about 70,000 Taiwan. Oil machinery applications less power to 1500HP. Diesel applications less power up 3000HP.
viscous transmission fluid is a liquid transmission doors emerging disciplines in the country are still at an infancy stage. Because liquid Viscous transmission products (such as fluid mechanics using Viscous) and hydraulic transmission products (such as governor-hydraulic coupled device) Notwithstanding the different nature, but because of similar performance and the same purposes (governor energy), in a number of technical activities (such as the formulation of development plans, standards, technology management, orders, and other activities) are regarded as the same type, with the hydraulic industry commonalities, it is another chapter on the work of its product mix and transmission oil.
First, the performance characteristics of the oil and hydraulic transmission hydraulic transmission oil development not only as a transmission medium for work, but also to provide lubrication bearings and gear while the carrier is further bad fever, heat away. Hydraulic transmission oil is a complex and requires specialized research topics, which is directly related to the reliability of hydraulic components, transmission efficiency and service life. Should arouse the attention of extensive in-depth study.
Hydraulic transmission oil should meet the following requirements :
1、A suitable low-viscosity liquid viscosity, liquid indicate friction within small, mobile resistance small loss may reduce hydraulic components hydraulic losses; But lubricant sealed perspective, the viscosity can not be too low. Provide lubrication and therefore should meet the requirements of sealed premise as a low-viscosity liquid to improve hydraulic components transmission efficiency. Xing Viscous also called liquid than for the high-temperature or low-temperature, and still maintain an effective lubricant sealed.
2、A greater emphasis on the hydraulic components for the moment and the power transmission and liquid working for the re-direct, it is liquid-degrees the higher the better.
3、 The performance can have a stable bubble, aging and sedimentation.
4、 Acid number sealed pieces to be neutral to low, and a good compatibility, not dwell inflation, not dissolved, the non-corrosive metal.
5、A higher flash point and lower congeal point hydraulic components work oil temperature change significantly, sometimes up to 160 degrees, and therefore require flash point higher than 180 degrees, and congeal point lower than -20 degrees, low-temperature environment for the benefit of the start-up of hydraulic components.
6、A good lubricant performance liquid sufficient greasiness to the good parts in the surface material, a good lubricant.
At present, and hydraulic transmission applications work more liquid types, among all oil-based products, has used the water or other liquid Nan ran (coal mine explosion and fire in defense applications). Domestic hydraulic components commonly used 6th hydraulic transmission oil (also useful 8th hydraulic transmission oil), and sometimes to 22 turbine fuel substitution.
Diesel oil is dedicated to the life of not less than 2,000 hours and for the initial operation of new equipment installed oil after 100 hours and 500 hours of the first, second formula, can still be used after the filter.
Is one of the following situations, the need to replace the new oil : Water content greater than 0.2%; 50 degrees in the new oil viscosity higher than 6% mounted; Mechanical impurities (benzene non-fusible objects) to reach 0.2%; A high lipid intake or Acid number; Excessive bubble effects transmission power. More articles on the diesel-hydraulic transmission oil outside the oil will definitely reference value.
Second, Transmission and hydraulic oil brands in (slightly)
Third, Fluid Viscous transmission of the oil transmission fluid requirements may Viscous Tien National Petroleum Corporation December thickness operational changes are divided into two categories: one category is in operation slick thickness constant fluid Viscous transmission, such as silicone oil slick thickness using fans is fixed, changes in the operational work of the degree to which oil-exporting rotational speed. Another operation is slick thickness is variable fluid Viscous transmission, such fluid Viscous transmission products including fluid mechanics using, liquid Viscous brakes, fluids Viscous dynamometer, fluid Viscous shaft coupling, fluid mechanics Viscous devices. Current applications are more fluid mechanics using Viscous, fluid mechanics devices and silicone oil Viscous fans Clutch.
1、 Fluid mechanics using Viscous and transmission oil fluid mechanics using Viscous through its owners, driven friction between the film to a number of oil transmission power, relying on the apparent effectiveness initiative friction films "draw" driven friction with the direction of rotation films, transmission moment with oil viscosity, two films - "goes bad" proportional, and with oil thickness (films gap) negatively. Initiative friction films and imported axle and power machine linked to the importation of rotational speed as constants. Driven friction films and the work associated with the export of axle, and the output rotational speed with control pressure changes, spherical tank pressure control, a slick film thinning, export rotational speed rise, and vice versa. When the control pressure is enough, the owners, driven friction films together into the transmission is straight. When sufficient pressure control small owners, driven films from friction, zero export rotational speed. Viscous in fluid mechanics are using rotational speed than 0>1 change from the process of film-friction conditions showing a liquid friction "(a mechanical liquid) mixed friction" (purely mechanical) border friction. Therefore fluid mechanics using Viscous are in the process of separation-state governor, the state governor and the state face. Work in fluid liquid is the role of transmission Viscous transmission power, heat dissipation and cooling lubricant should have the following functions: (1) the appropriate viscosity. (2) the good lubricant performance (greasiness and very pressurized nature). (3) a good oxidation insecurities. (4) Higher than the thermal capacity and higher heat conductivity. In addition to the above requirements, but also work with rustproof liquid role, anti-bubble capacity, congeal points lower, flash point should be high, not volatile, non-toxic. Viscous currently made in China fluid mechanics using more oil as a hydraulic transmission work on the 8th of liquid. The domestic fluid mechanics using a TL - Viscous and HC type rated rotational speed mostly 1500r/min, individual 3000r/min. 75kW power transmission smallest, the largest of 1100kW. Fluid mechanics starts with the mechanics of hydraulic Viscous coupled devices, are in the rotational speed electrical driven downward in the low-speed, power and small, inefficient. To this end in fluid mechanics using input Viscous before or after the installation of vertical transmission-export, or to meet with the power machine and the matching machine work, so a new device -- liquid viscous governor devices. 2、Fluid mechanics devices Viscous current production and application of two different structures liquid Viscous governor devices, a category is the U.S. Philadelphia drove parallel axle fluid production company Viscous governor devices into rotational speed 1785r/min exporting rotational speed 5000r/min, transmitting power to 5200kW. My Shanxi antaibao coal mine is in the smaller belt conveyor specifications. Oil is brought by the United States of its transmission. Baoding propeller factory design, produce with structurally similar products. Another is the United States Dodge (Dodge) companies CST fluid mechanics devices Viscous, it is in Park pillar gear -- planetary reducer round of the robustness of the export-round, and export axis (connecting the Sun round), in parallel with export large gear ring fluid mechanics using Viscous (driven friction films fixed), start-up liquid separation Viscous governor in the state starts (idling), gradually increasing pressure control, when his transmission torque and the torque equivalent output bearings, export axle (with load) started turning and continue to increase the pressure until the joint control of the situation, the export axle assume full power output. CST fluid mechanics device known as viscous large belt conveyor soft start system in the country's major coal belt conveyor already applied. CST series products, the importation of rotational speed 1483r/min, rated slowdown than to 15.38~57.66, transmitting power scope 702~3115kW. CST series of products supplied by the United States dedicated hydraulic transmission oil.
3、 Silicone oil producing fans with liquid silicone oil work of the fan clutch, driven plate with a 78-98 derby leaves, the two derby leaves mutual alternate inserted, a number Park derby gap (oil), use these links, the sticky oil to impart momentum. The process of routing thickness unchanged through changes oil charge volume and the size of the area to exploration by sheared governor.
Engine in the appropriate temperature can be higher fuel efficiency, overheating is not too cold. Automotive firm to offer fans of silicone oil and engine linked driven sites linked with the fans, for liquid silicone oil viscosity larger. On temperature devices for cooling water to control the rear airflow temperature feel oil charge volume. When the engine cooling water temperature low, the air currents temperature low temperature equipment made oil charge small amount of oil sheared small size, transmission moment small, low rotational speed fans for the engine cooling capacity low. Conversely, when the engine cooling water temperature is high, the fans rotational speed is high, awareness of the engine cooling effect. This will allow a regular in the most appropriate temperature. Fuel efficiency, noise small, extended engine life.
Silicone oil used silicone oil is a fan using synthetic lubricants, not petroleum refining come from. It is the semi-organic silicon polymers or copolymer, containing duplicate silicon modules for oxygen machine backbone, and the silicon atoms along the chain, replace clustering hydrocarbon radical, the general chain-guns. To meet the prescribed performance requirements, availability of different organic polymers to replace the base elements or the size of the adjustment (that is, to change its molecular weight), to change its viscosity or acquire other properties.
Silicone oil depends on the physical properties of polymer molecular structure, such as molecular weight, organic genetic types and quantity, location and length of extension chain. In the liquid oil thickness constant use silicone oil Viscous transmission of the main reasons is that it has a high viscosity, good performance and strong resistance Viscous Temperature sheared capacity.
Silicone oil can be used in all types of vehicles using fans, currently our applications are mainly jeeps, and other vehicles Beijing 130. Motor oil production plant with Beijing and Changchun First Automobile Works pump factory units.