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第36課 閱讀理解 解題策略方法 中考英語閱讀理解題主要是考查考生綜合運用所學(xué)語言知識的能力，包括閱讀能力、理解能力、歸納概括能力、邏輯推理能力以及對材料的評價能力等。 試題中所選的閱讀文章題材多樣，涉及政治經(jīng)濟、社會文化、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、歷史地理、科學(xué)技術(shù)等各個方面。這要求學(xué)生平時對各方面的知識都有所積累，做個有心人。體裁多樣，包括記敘文、說明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文以及新聞報道、廣告、通知、操作說明、表格（要求學(xué)生能看懂這類閱讀材料尤其是時下出題的趨勢）等各種文體。它要求考生閱讀理解準確度高、閱讀速度快。 一、閱讀理解題主要考查方面 1. 文章的個別詞或句子，可以給出生詞讓學(xué)生猜意，對此類題目學(xué)生應(yīng)盡量在閱讀材料中找定義或相應(yīng)的解釋。 2. 文章的某細節(jié)或情節(jié)。 3. 文章的主題。 4. 文章的背景知識。 5. 文章的結(jié)論或結(jié)局。 6. 文章內(nèi)含的隱義或寓意。 二、閱讀理解題的主要題型 1. 具體信息 這種題目比較簡單，只要通讀全文，了解文中所敘述的重要事實或細節(jié)，就可以解答出來，有的甚至可以從文章的原句中直接找到答案。 2. 語義理解 題目要求對文中個別難詞、關(guān)鍵詞、詞組或句子做出解釋。解答這類題目時需要對有關(guān)的上下文，甚至整篇文章的內(nèi)容建立準確、立體的理解才能做出正確答案。 3. 邏輯推理 這種題目有一定難度，往往不能直接從文中找到答案，而必須根據(jù)上下文及其相互間的關(guān)系或?qū)φ恼逻M行深層理解后，才能找到答案。有時甚至還得聯(lián)系作者的意圖、態(tài)度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，才能獲得正確答案。 4. 歸納概括 要求在閱讀和理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上對文章做出歸納、概括或評價。解這種題目時，不能只憑文中的只言片語而斷章取義，比如涉及文章的標題（title）、主題（main idea）、結(jié)論（conclusion）、結(jié)局（end）等有關(guān)問題，都需要在細讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合所學(xué)語言知識、背景知識、生活常識、專業(yè)知識進行邏輯思維推理判斷，從而獲取文章中內(nèi)隱的信息。 5. 詞義判斷 要求根據(jù)上下文判斷短文中單詞或短語的意思。 三、閱讀理解題采取的策略與方法 在閱讀過程中要重視培養(yǎng)自我閱讀能力，根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的和要求，采取不同的閱讀方法和策略。提高閱讀能力所常用的閱讀技巧主要有掃讀、略讀、細讀等。 1. 掃讀：是一種快速閱讀，主要在于對文章信息的精確定位，鎖定重要信息，如找出人物、時間、地點、數(shù)字等。 2. 略讀：也是一種快速閱讀，目的是讀取文章的主旨大意。與掃讀不同的是，略讀是跳躍式的，略掉一些內(nèi)容不讀，取出短文中的關(guān)鍵性內(nèi)容。 3. 細讀：細讀是完全閱讀，目的包括：（1）確定中心思想及標題；（2）了解用以闡述中心思想的事實及細節(jié)；（3）對作者的暗示或隱含思想進行判斷、推理、引申；（4）根據(jù)上下文推測詞義。 4. 擴大視距：要以意群為單位，注重對整句話的理解，擴大注視空間。 5. 帶問題閱讀：先瀏覽短文后面的題目，做到心中有數(shù)，帶著目的去閱讀，以提高閱讀實效。 6. 根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義：遇到生詞，要根據(jù)上下文線索和暗示、上下文的聯(lián)系、常識和經(jīng)驗推斷或猜測詞義。 7. 閱讀標題：文章的標題往往是文章主題的高度概括，能給讀者以啟發(fā)和想象。 8. 閱讀首尾兩段和每一段的首句（主題句），了解大意：抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭和結(jié)尾。也有些文章沒有主題句，需要考生自己歸納。 當堂檢測 A（xx仙居中考模擬） Come to get books at a great price and support a charity. *You’re welcome to give away books for all ages. *Buy used books（including some best-sellers） as follows. Absolutely Almost by Lisa Graff, the US $2.99（used） Albie has always been an “almost”. He’s almost good at sports. He’s almost smart enough to pass his spelling test. He almost makes his parents proud. In fact, Albie has a long list of the things he’s not very good at. However, things begin to change when Albie gets a new babysitter, Calista. What will happen to this “almost” boy? This One Summer by Jillian Tamaki&Mariko Tamki, Canada $5.83（used） Every summer, Rose goes with her mum and dad to a lake house in Awago Beach. Rose’s friend Windy is always there, too. But this summer is different. Rose’s mum and dad keep fighting. Rose and Windy want to run away from it, but they find themselves with a whole new set of problems. It’s really a summer of sadness and growing up. The Fourteenth Goldfish by Jennifer L. Holm, the US $1.06（used） Eleven-year-old Ellie has never liked changes. She misses the fifth grade. She misses her old best friend. She even misses her dearly dead goldfish. Then one day a strange boy shows up. He looks a lot like Ellie’s grandfather, a scientist who’s always been crazy about immortality（永生）. Could this strange boy really be Ellie’s grandpa? Has he finally found the secret to immortality with Ellie? （ ）1. The three best-sellers above__________ . A. are sold at the same price B. are all second-hand books C. were all written by American writers D. will be given away to teenagers （ ）2. We can infer（推斷） from This One Summer that __________ . A. Rose stays at home every summer B. Rose is looking forward to growing up C. Rose cannot meet her friend this summer D. the relationship between Rose’s parents goes bad （ ）3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the introductions of the three books? A. Albie begins to change when he gets a new babysitter. B. For Rose, it’s a summer of happiness and growing up. C. Ellie is a girl who likes changing everything in her life. D. All the three books have something to do with the main characters’ parents. B（杭州市上城區(qū)中考模擬） We all know what it’s like to get a phone call in the middle of the night. That night’s call was no different. “Hello?” My heart beat hard. “Mama?” the voice answered. My thoughts immediately went to my daughter. “Mama, I’ve been drinking. I nearly ran off the road a few miles back. All I could think of was whether it would hurt you if a policeman came to your door and said I’d been killed. I want to come home. I know running away was wrong. I know you’ve been worried. I should have called you days ago but I was afraid.” My senses were clear then, “I think...” “No!Please let me finish!” she cried hopelessly. Before I could go on, she continued. “Are you still there? Please don’t hang up on me!I need you.” “I’m here, I wouldn’t hang up,” I said. “I know I should have told you. But, when we talk, you just keep telling me what I should do. You don’t listen to me. You never let me tell you how I feel. Because you’re my mother, and you think you have all the answers. But sometimes I don’t need answers. I just want someone to listen.” “I’m listening,” I answered quietly. “I called a taxi. I’m coming home, Mama.” There was a click, and the phone went silent. Tears forming in my eyes, I walked into my 16-year-old daughter’s room. I wiped the tears. “We have to learn to listen,” I said to my husband. He studied me for a second, and then asked, “Do you think she’ll ever know she got the wrong number?” I looked at our sleeping daughter, and then back at him. “Maybe it wasn’t such a wrong number.” （ ）1. From the phone call we know that the girl . A. had a fight with her mother before B. wanted to go home but lost her way C. drank too much and drove too fast D. ran away from her home days ago （ ）2. If it is a short play, there will be__________ characters appearing on the stage. A. two B. three C. four D. five （ ）3. The relationship between the girl and the writer is__________ . A. relatives B. strangers C. friends D. neighbors （ ）4. At the end of the story, the writer felt . A. thankful B. excited C. worried D. painful （ ）5. We can guess that in the future the writer will__________ . A. look after her daughter better B. be a good listener to her daughter C. talk to her daughter more often D. never be angry with her daughter  參考答案 當堂檢測 A：1—3. BDA B：1—3. DCB 4. A 【解析】這個電話讓作者從此學(xué)會傾聽，所以作者對此充滿感謝。 5. B