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第28課 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) 課堂突破 基本概念 語(yǔ)態(tài)（Voice）是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來(lái)表明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子叫主動(dòng)句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子叫被動(dòng)句。動(dòng)詞中只有及物動(dòng)詞有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 種類 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（Active Voice）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（Passive Voice）。 構(gòu)成 基本結(jié)構(gòu) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，而對(duì)于動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)需將被動(dòng)式與時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成式“合二為一”，即將被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成中的be看作時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成中的動(dòng)詞，而將其做相應(yīng)的變化。各種時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式見(jiàn)下表： 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)式 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 動(dòng)詞原形 am/is/are+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) be+v.-ing形式 am/is/are being+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 一般將來(lái)時(shí) will/be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 will/be going to be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 was/were+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were+v.-ing形式 was/were being+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 have/has been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) would/was（were） going to+動(dòng)詞原形 would/was（were） going to be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 had been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 基本用法 1. 不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)，或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： ①Letters are collected at eight every morning. 信件每天早晨8點(diǎn)被收取。 ②His bike has been stolen. 他的自行車已經(jīng)被偷走了。 2. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： ①The bag was taken away by his elder sister. 那個(gè)包被他姐姐拿走了。 ②The plan has already been made. 計(jì)劃已經(jīng)制定好了。 3. 在上下文中，為了使句子間銜接緊密，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 我有輛新摩托車。它是父親作為生日禮物送給我的。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換 1. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意三個(gè)方面： （1）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，若是代詞，要變賓格為主格。 （2）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，放在主語(yǔ)之后。 （3）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)改為“by+原主語(yǔ)（若是代詞，要變主格為賓格）”，放在主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之后。在意思明確時(shí)by短語(yǔ)可以省略。如： 2. 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)有兩種情況： （1）把間接賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)仍留在原來(lái)的位置。 （2）把直接賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前要加介詞to或for。如： He gave the boy an apple. →The boy was given an apple by him. 或An apple was given to the boy by him. 他給了這個(gè)男孩一個(gè)蘋果。 3. 若動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是不可分割的整體，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要保持其完整性，介詞或副詞不可漏掉。如： We must take good care of the young trees.→The young trees must be taken good care of. 我們必須好好照顧這些小樹。 4. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch等以及某些使役動(dòng)詞make, have, let后須跟省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式前要加to。如： We saw the children sing that morning. →The children were seen to sing that morning. 那天早晨我們看見(jiàn)孩子們唱歌了。 5. 有些被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是習(xí)慣用法。如：It is said that...據(jù)說(shuō)……；It is/was reported that...據(jù)報(bào)道……；It is well-known that... 眾所周知……；It is believed that... 人們都相信……。 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的情況 1. 某些由及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的不及物動(dòng)詞，如read, write, clean, wash, draw, cut, open, sell等，常與副詞well, easily, smoothly等連用，且通常用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The pen writes well. 這支鋼筆很好用。 2. 動(dòng)詞need, require, want, deserve等后接v.-ing的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義，相當(dāng)于sth. need（s）/require（s）/want（s）/deserve（s） to be done。如：The car needs cleaning. 這輛汽車需要清洗了。 3. 有些動(dòng)詞如cook, print等，常用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The lunch is cooking. 正在做午飯。 4. 某些連系動(dòng)詞如feel, prove, smell, taste, sound等加上形容詞，也可用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The food tastes delicious. 這種食物嘗起來(lái)很美味。 5. be worth doing意為“值得做”，表示被動(dòng)含義。如：The book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。 不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的5種情況 1. 謂語(yǔ)為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：He looks fine. 他氣色很好。 2. 謂語(yǔ)為不及物動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： ①The war broke out in the end. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于爆發(fā)了。 ②I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在那兒見(jiàn)到了他。 3. 賓語(yǔ)為動(dòng)詞不定式、v.-ing形式或從句，表示主語(yǔ)的一些想法、愛(ài)好或愿望時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： ①He decided to go with us. 他決定跟我們一起去。 ②I want to buy a computer. 我想買一臺(tái)電腦。 4. 賓語(yǔ)是相互代詞、反身代詞、同源賓語(yǔ)等時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： ①We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該相互幫助。 ②He thinks of himself too much. 他為自己考慮得太多。 ③We live a happy life here. 我們?cè)谶@兒過(guò)著幸福的生活。 5. 賓語(yǔ)表示處所、地點(diǎn)時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： ①We will reach the station in two hours. 我們兩個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)就到站了。 ②He has gone to London. 他去倫敦了。 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) 一、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. （xx臺(tái)州）I handed in my test paper and the last question__________ （leave） unanswered. 2. You may go fishing if your work__________ （do）. 3. A terrorist attack__________（happen）at Kunming Railway Station, and 29 people__________ （kill） in the event. 4. Although everyone wants to succeed in what he tries to do, sometimes failure can’t__________ （avoid）. 5. —How soon__________ all the work__________（finish）? —In a week. 6. —Tell me one thing you’re proud of in your junior high school. —I was__________（choose） as captain of the school football team. 7. I will finish the work if I__________（give） another ten minutes. 二、用方框中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，每詞限用一次。（xx諸暨中考模擬） among mad two my separate 1. Although Jane’s schoolbag is very nice, I still prefer__________. 2. Tom is such a lazy boy that he exercises only a year. 3. Nowadays, many students are__________ from each other by iPads. 4. Heart trouble is the most serious reason of death__________ old people. 5. How strange he is!Maybe he is the__________ man I have ever seen. 三、任務(wù)型閱讀。（xx湖州市南潯區(qū)中考模擬） 下面是Maria的一封求職信。假設(shè)你是經(jīng)理Mr. Green，請(qǐng)根據(jù)求職信內(nèi)容，完成Maria的應(yīng)聘條件分析圖（每空限填一詞）。 Dear Mr. Green, I am attracted by your advertisement（廣告） and I would like to work with you from July to September. I am a 19-year-old Portuguese（葡萄牙的） student and now I am studying at Porto University, in the north of Portugal. I have studied English since I was 8 years old, so I can speak English very well. I have been to England twice where I attended two summer courses. I feel I would be suitable（合適的） for the job. I love children and I am good at playing with them. So I am popular with the children. Besides, I love sports and I exercise every day, so I can take part in any sports activities. I have some work experience and have already done a few part-time jobs during summer holidays. Last summer I worked in a primary school to take care of school children while some teachers were on holiday. I also babysit for my neighbors when they need help. I am looking forward to your reply. Yours, Maria Gonzales  參考答案 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) 一、1. was left 2. is done 3. happened, were killed 4. be avoided 5. is, going to be finished 【解析】問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)是all the work，所以應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且由how soon可知應(yīng)該用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 6. chosen 7. am given 二、1. mine 2. twice 3. separated 4. among 5. maddest 三、1. student 2. England 3. well 4. experience