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第24課 代詞與連詞 課堂突破 代 詞 代詞可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞和關(guān)系代詞。 一、人稱代詞和物主代詞 人稱代詞 物主代詞 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 主格 賓格 主格 賓格 形容詞性 名詞性 形容詞性 名詞性 I me we us my mine our ours you you you you your yours your yours she her they them her hers their theirs he him they them his his their theirs it it they them its its their theirs 人稱代詞 人稱代詞主格 1. 作主語(yǔ)。如：I’m a student. You are a teacher. We all work very hard． 我是一名學(xué)生。你是一名老師。我們都努力工作（學(xué)習(xí)）。 2. 作表語(yǔ)，用在It’s...who（that）結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：It’s she who has been wrong． 她一直以來(lái)都是錯(cuò)的。 人稱代詞賓格 1. 作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。如： Tell him/her to call back a little later． 叫他/她等下稍微遲點(diǎn)回電話。 2. 人稱代詞賓格在句中作動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是“動(dòng)詞+介詞”型，則賓語(yǔ)放介詞后；如果動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是“動(dòng)詞+副詞”型，則賓語(yǔ)放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。如： ①This is my family photo. Can you look at it carefully and find out which one is me? 這是我的全家福。你能仔細(xì)看看并找出哪個(gè)是我嗎？ ②I don’t know the word. Please help me look it up in a dictionary. 我不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞。請(qǐng)幫我在字典里查一下。 3. 作表語(yǔ)。人稱代詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常要用賓格。如： —Who is knocking at the door?誰(shuí)在敲門？ —It’s me． 是我。 使用人稱代詞需注意的幾個(gè)問題 1. 主語(yǔ)是并列的幾個(gè)人稱時(shí)，應(yīng)將you放在最前，I放在最后。如： You， she and I are all interested in the story． 你、她和我都對(duì)這個(gè)故事感興趣。 2. she通?？梢杂脕?lái)代替國(guó)家、船只、大地、月亮等。 3. 人稱代詞it的一些特殊用法： （1）指代心目中不清楚的人或看不清性別的嬰兒。如： ①—Who’s that at the door? 門口是誰(shuí)？ —It’s me. 是我。 ②The woman is carrying a baby. It’s so cute. 這位女士正抱著一個(gè)嬰兒。它是那么的可愛。 （2）指代時(shí)間、天氣、距離等。如： ①It’s eight o’clock now. 現(xiàn)在8點(diǎn)整了。 ②It’s cloudy today. 今天多云。 ③It’s 3 miles from my home to school. 從我家到學(xué)校有3英里遠(yuǎn)。 （3）作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)。如： ①It’s hard to climb that mountain. （形式主語(yǔ)） 攀登那座山不是件易事。 ②Some students found it very hard to learn English well. （形式賓語(yǔ)） 一些學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)非常困難。 （4）還可用于以下句型中：It’s one’s turn to do sth. 該輪到某人做某事；It’s time to do/for/that... 該到做某事的時(shí)候了/該是……的時(shí)候了；It seems that... 看起來(lái)…… 物主代詞 形容詞性物主代詞 形容詞性物主代詞只能作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞。如：his hobby, our plan等。 名詞性物主代詞 1. 作主語(yǔ)。如：That isn’t my car. Mine is being repaired． 那不是我的車。我的車在修理中。 2. 作表語(yǔ)。如：Is this your book or mine? 這本書是你的還是我的？ 3. 作賓語(yǔ)。如：You may use my umbrella. I’ll use hers． 你可以用我的雨傘。我用她的。 4. of+名詞性物主代詞可以作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于名詞的雙重所有格。如： Is he a neighbor of yours? 他是你的鄰居嗎？ 【活學(xué)活用】 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. —Who’s that girl over there? —She’s Susan, a classmate of__________ （I）. 2. Oh, dear!My computer doesn’t work. Would you please lend me__________ （you）? 3. —Are these books yours, Mike? —No, they aren’t. They belong to__________ （she）. 4. Uncle Tom will visit us soon.__________ （his） is arriving tomorrow morning. 5. I have a pet dog.__________ （it） name is Xiaohuan. 二、反身代詞 反身代詞的形式 人稱 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 第一人稱 myself ourselves 第二人稱 yourself yourselves 第三人稱 himself/herself/itself themselves 反身代詞的作用 1. 作賓語(yǔ)（及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)），表動(dòng)作承受者是動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者自己。如： Let me introduce myself． 讓我介紹一下我自己。 2. 作表語(yǔ)。如：I’m not quite myself these days． 這些日子我不在狀態(tài)。 3. 作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)，起加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的作用，表示“親自”。如： The boy himself made the model plane． 這模型飛機(jī)是男孩自己做的。 4. 重要詞組。如：help yourself請(qǐng)自便；by oneself單獨(dú)地；for oneself親自；enjoy oneself過得快樂；be oneself做自己；dress oneself給自己穿衣服；teach oneself自學(xué)等。 【活學(xué)活用】 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. No driver is needed. The new car can run by （it）. 2. Kids, help__________ （you） to some fruit. It’s good for your health. 3. My brother is old enough to look after__________ （he）. 4. We enjoyed__________ （us） at the party yesterday. 三、指示代詞 概念 用來(lái)指示或標(biāo)示人或物的一類代詞。如：this, that, these, those, it, such, same, so等。 用法 such可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。such作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它所修飾的名詞之前如有不定冠詞，這個(gè)不定冠詞應(yīng)放在such之后 1. 作定語(yǔ)。如：The foreign visitors said they had never seen such beautiful scenery before． 這些外國(guó)游客說(shuō)他們從未看過如此美麗的風(fēng)景。 2. 作主語(yǔ)。如：Such is our plan for the coming holiday． 這就是我們的假期計(jì)劃。 3. 作賓語(yǔ)。如：Last year before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such． 去年圣誕節(jié)之前他們想要樹之類的幫助。 4. 作表語(yǔ)。如：The waves were such as I had never seen before． 這樣的海浪，我以前從未見過。 same可作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，在same 前必須加定冠詞the 1. 作定語(yǔ)。如：My friend came by the same train as you． 我朋友跟你坐同輛火車來(lái)的。 2. 作主語(yǔ)。如：The same can be seen if you do the experiment once again． 如果你再做一次實(shí)驗(yàn)，結(jié)果還是一樣的。 3. 作賓語(yǔ)。如：We must all say the same． 我們說(shuō)的必須一致。 4. 作表語(yǔ)。如：It’s all the same to me． 對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)都一樣。 so作賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的用法 1. 作賓語(yǔ)。如：—I will write today. 我今天寫?！狣o so． 就這樣做。 2. 作表語(yǔ)。如：—It was cold yesterday. 昨天很冷?！猄o it was. 確實(shí)如此。 3. so?？捎迷谑÷跃渲小Ｈ纾骸狪 don’t like him. 我不喜歡他?！猈hy so?=Why is that so? 為什么？ 4. so常置于句首，引導(dǎo)倒裝句。如：—Oh!I’ve finished. 噢！我完成了。—So have I． 我也是。 this, these, that, those的用法 1. this（復(fù)數(shù)形式是these）是指時(shí)間或空間上離說(shuō)話人較近的人或物。that（復(fù)數(shù)形式是those）是指在時(shí)間或空間上離說(shuō)話人較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。 如： ①This is Mr. Smith and that is Mr. Black. 這位是史密斯先生，那位是布萊克先生。 ②These are jeeps. Those are trucks. 這些是吉普車。那些是卡車。 2. that/those有時(shí)用來(lái)代替前面說(shuō)過的名詞，以避免重復(fù)。如： ①The weather in Shanghai is not so cold as that（=the weather） in Beijing. 上海的天氣沒有北京那么冷。 ②The apples in this basket are bigger than those in that basket. 這只籃子里的蘋果比那只籃子里的蘋果大。 四、不定代詞 概念 不明確指代某個(gè)人或事物、某些人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。不定代詞主要有all, each, every, both, either,neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no，還有由some, any, no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞。不定代詞在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。 one的用法 1. 指不定人稱時(shí)，表人，意為“一個(gè)人；人人”，其反身代詞為oneself，物主代詞為one’s。如：One has to do one’s best. 人人都要盡力而為。 2. 代替前面出現(xiàn)過的可數(shù)名詞，以免出現(xiàn)重復(fù)，復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones，可與冠詞連用，可以有自己的定語(yǔ)。如：Please pass me the book， the one on the top shelf． 幫我遞下那本書，在頂層架子上。 some與any的用法區(qū)別 1. some和any都可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。some常用在肯定句中，any常用在疑問句和否定句中。如：My son needs some color paper. Have you got any? 我兒子需要一些彩紙。你有嗎？ 2. any用于肯定句，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，意為“任何”。如：Any student can ask me any question at any time． 任何學(xué)生在任意時(shí)間都可以問我任何問題。 3. some也可用于疑問句中，表示請(qǐng)求、建議或表示說(shuō)話人希望得到肯定的回答。如：Would you like some coffee? 你要一些咖啡嗎？ another, other, others, the other與the others 的用法區(qū)別 1. another（=an other）表示“別的；另一個(gè)”，泛指眾多中的一個(gè)，一般后面接單數(shù)名詞，前不加定冠詞。如：This book is too difficult for me. Will you please give me another one? 這本書對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)太難了。你能給我另一本嗎？ 2. the other表示“兩個(gè)中的一個(gè)”，常與one連用。如：I have two pencils. One is red, the other is blue． 我有兩支鉛筆。一支是紅的，另一支是藍(lán)的。 3. other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=others（別的）。如：Some are listening to the radio. Others are watching TV． 一些在聽廣播。別的在看電視。 4. the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=the others（其余的，相當(dāng)于the rest），指剩下的全部。如：Some of the students are from the north. The others（=The other students） are from the south． 一些學(xué)生來(lái)自北方。其余的都來(lái)自南方。 every和each的用法區(qū)別：都是“每一個(gè)”的意思，形式上都是單數(shù) 1. every只能作定語(yǔ)，而each兼有形容詞和名詞的作用，可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。如：Each of the stories is very interesting.=Every/Each story is very interesting. 每個(gè)故事都很有趣。 2. 從數(shù)量上看，each用來(lái)指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物中的一個(gè)，而every則指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物中的一個(gè)。如：There are trees on each side of the road. 馬路兩旁都有樹。（此處不能用every代替） neither, none與either的用法區(qū)別 neither指兩者中的任何一個(gè)都不，是單數(shù)；none指三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)都不，可以表示單數(shù)也可以表示復(fù)數(shù)；either指兩個(gè)中的任何一個(gè)，有肯定意義。如： ①—Which would you like, tea or coffee? 你要茶還是咖啡？ —Neither. Water, please. 都不要，水就行了。 ②None of them have/has been to America. 他們都沒去過美國(guó)。 ③—Which would you like, tea or coffee? 你要茶還是咖啡？ —Either is OK. 任何一個(gè)都行。 little, a little, few和a few的用法區(qū)別 little, few表示“很少；很少幾個(gè)”，含否定意義。a little, a few表示“有些；有幾個(gè)”，含肯定意義。little, a little修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞，few, a few修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞，它們可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如： ①Little （A little） has been done to prevent the air from being polluted. 沒有采取什么措施（采取了一些措施）來(lái)防止空氣受到污染。（作主語(yǔ)） ②Few （A few） of them know German. 他們中沒幾個(gè)（有幾個(gè)）會(huì)德語(yǔ)。（作主語(yǔ)） something, anything, nothing與everything及somebody, anybody, nobody與everybody的用法區(qū)別 1. 這些不定代詞均為復(fù)合不定代詞，something, anything, nothing和everything指物，它們?cè)诰渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。something和anything指“某物”，它們的區(qū)別與some和any的區(qū)別相同。nothing表示否定含義。而everything則表示“每件事物”。 2. somebody, anybody, nobody和everybody用以指人。它們中的body均可改為one，它們的用法與something, anything, nothing和everything的用法相同。所有復(fù)合不定代詞被形容詞修飾時(shí)形容詞應(yīng)放在它們之后。 如： ①—Do you have anything important to say for yourself? 你有什么重要的事情要為你自己辯白的嗎？ —Nothing except sorry. 除了“對(duì)不起”之外，沒什么好說(shuō)的。 ②Someone is talking in class. Let’s ask them to stop. 有人在課堂上說(shuō)話。我們叫他們停下來(lái)吧。 【活學(xué)活用】 根據(jù)首字母提示完成句子。 1. I turned to bookshops and libraries looking for information but found n__________. 2. I was looking for a birthday gift for my mother, but I couldn’t find a__________ suitable. 3. Do you have toys? I’d like to buy o__________ for my little brother. 4. You can take e__________ of the two toy cars and leave the other for your brother. 5. I don’t like these shoes. Would you please show mea__________ pair? 五、疑問代詞 概念 疑問代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, what，它們用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問句，位于句首。 用法 1. who, whom都表示“誰(shuí)”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用whom。who在特殊疑問句中可以代替whom，當(dāng)疑問詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，且介詞又置于句首時(shí)，只能用whom。whose通常不能單獨(dú)使用，常用在名詞前作定語(yǔ)。 如： ①Whose shoes are these? 這些是誰(shuí)的鞋？ ②Who is standing there? 誰(shuí)站在那兒？ ③Who（Whom） are you waiting for? 你在等誰(shuí)？ ④With whom did you talk just now? 你剛才和誰(shuí)談話了？ 2. which, what在特殊疑問句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面必須緊跟一個(gè)名詞。如： ①Which class are you in? 你在哪個(gè)班？ ②What map is this? 這是一幅什么地圖？ 【活學(xué)活用】 用適當(dāng)?shù)囊蓡柎~填空。 1. —Hi, Jack!A dictionary is on the teacher’s desk. is it? —I think it’s Mary’s. Because her name is on the dictionary. 2. —__________ bus should I take to the museum? —The No. 3 bus. The bus stop is over there. 連 詞 概念 連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)以及句子與句子的詞叫連詞。 分 類 并 列 連 詞 1. 并列關(guān)系 連接兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的連詞。常見的有：and, or, as well as, not only...but also..., either...or..., both...and..., neither...nor...等。 （1）both...and...連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both he and I are students． 他和我都是學(xué)生。 （2）not only...but also...連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與最近的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致，即就近原則。如： Not only he but also I am a student． 不僅他，我也是學(xué)生。 注：not only...but also...引導(dǎo)的句子可轉(zhuǎn)換成as well as連接的句子。如：The cat is not only naughty but also cute.=The cat is cute as well as naughty． 這只貓不僅頑皮，也很可愛。 （3）neither...nor...連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與最近的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。如： Neither you nor he is right． 你和他都不對(duì)。 （4）as well as與主語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其前面的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。如： He as well as I is a student． 他是一名學(xué)生，我也是。 2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 表示兩個(gè)概念彼此之間有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。常見的有：but, yet, while, however等。如： Money is important, but it can’t buy everything． 錢很重要，但買不到一切。 3. 選擇關(guān)系 表示兩者之間選擇其一。常見的有：either...or..., or, or else等。如： ①Either you or he is right. （就近原則） 要么你對(duì)，要么他對(duì)。 ②Be quick, or you will miss the bus. 快點(diǎn)，否則你將錯(cuò)過這班車。 從 屬 連 詞 概念 從屬連詞是連接狀語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句以及其他從句的連詞。 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞 1. 連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, before, after等。如：I’ll call you as soon as I arrive. 我一到就給你打電話。 2. 連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：because, as, since, for等。如：He was late because the traffic was heavy. 因?yàn)榻煌〒頂D，所以他遲到了。 3. 連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：if, unless, as long as等。如：The old man will go for a walk every day unless it rains heavily. 除非天下大雨，否則這位老人每天要去散步。 4. 連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：so...that, such...that等。如：She was so busy that she had no time to make a dress for the party. 她如此忙以至于沒時(shí)間為聚會(huì)做一條裙子。 5. 連接讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：though, although, however等。如：He went to school as usual though he was ill. 雖然他生病了，但他還是照常去上學(xué)。 6. 連接目的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：that, so that, in order that等。如：They got up early so that they could catch the early bus. 他們?cè)缭缙鸫惨员隳苴s上早班車。 7. 連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：than, as/so...as等。如：I’m taller than she is. 我比她高。 8. 連接方式狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：as, as if, as though等。如：He talks as if he knew all about it. 他說(shuō)話的口氣好像他全部都已經(jīng)知道了。 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞 1. that連接由陳述句轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：I didn’t know that Mr. Zhang was our new English teacher. 我不知道張老師是我們新的英語(yǔ)老師。 2. who, whom, what, which, whose, when, where, why, how連接由特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：I asked my mother what gift she would give me on my birthday. 我問媽媽在我生日時(shí)她會(huì)給我什么禮物。 3. if, whether連接由一般疑問句轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：I asked him if he would like to go to the movies with me. 我問他是否愿意和我一起去看電影。 不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中的連詞 1. because, so不能同時(shí)在一個(gè)句子里，只用其一，漢語(yǔ)翻譯仍然是“因?yàn)椤浴?。如：Everyone in our school knew him, so we had no trouble in finding him.=Because everyone in our school knew him, we had no trouble in finding him. 因?yàn)槲覀儗W(xué)校每個(gè)人都認(rèn)識(shí)他，所以沒費(fèi)一點(diǎn)事就找到了他。 2. though（although）, but不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子里，只用其一即可，漢語(yǔ)仍譯為“雖然……但是……”。但though可以和yet同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中，這里的yet是副詞，不是連詞。如：Though Australia is very large, the population is quite small.=Australia is very large, but the population is quite small.=Though Australia is very large, yet the population is quite small. 雖然澳大利亞地廣，但人口稀少。 【活學(xué)活用】 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空。 1. Nobody knows__________ he will come to join us or not. 2. Jessi is reading in the study__________ her sister Carol is watching TV in the living room. 3. Write clearly__________ your teacher can understand you correctly. 4. The child has studied English for two years__________ he went to middle school. 5.__________ they want to stay with us, my mother can cook for them. 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) 一、用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞或代詞填空。 1. （xx金華、麗水）He gives lessons to__________ （he）students about American history. 2. —Whose is this T-shirt? —It’s__________ , the girl under the tree. 3. —Are there any American students in your sister’s class? —No,__________ of them is from the USA. 4. We have made__________ a rule to read aloud in the morning. 5. —Which would you like, tea or coffee? —__________ is OK. I don’t mind. 6. Sam and Henry play football very well. We hope of them can join our team. 7. （xx麗水中考）I’ve been busy with the course and making new friends__________ I got here. 8. It was still very crowded at the bus station,__________ there was a bus every five minutes. 9. I am writing to you__________ I’m afraid to talk about it face to face. 10. Father won’t allow me to play outside__________ I wash up the dishes. 二、根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和所給漢語(yǔ)提示，在空白處寫出單詞的正確形式。每空限填一詞。（xx永嘉中考模擬） Pascal Pich is an old and great athlete. He has got1__________（幾個(gè)） records to his name. This May, he com-pleted the longest and shortest race of his career—over 3,000 kilometers pedalled on an unmoving bike. Being 2__________（瘋狂的） is the way he managed to deal with the challenge. He succeeded in 3__________（騎） around 600 kilometers a day on an unmoving bike with little sleep. Only 120 to 180 4__________（分鐘） of sleep a day made it possible to shorten the time. Pascal already holds the world record for the longest distance pedalled on an unmoving bike in six days, 5（在……之后） completing a 2,878-km journey last year. So why did he take on a challenge to beat his own record so soon? Because in 6__________（四月）, a Canadian had beaten two of his ten records, the longest distance traveled on an unmoving bike in 70 hours and in 128 hours. Pascal 7__________（決定） he had to take back what was his. Pascal Pich started his six-day challenge on May 2 and finished on May 7. A new record for the longest distance pedalled in six days 8__________（設(shè)立） successfully. “It proves that at the age of 53, I can complete at a high 9__________（水平）,” he said. “As long as I can perform, I 10__________（仍然） haven’t found the limits of my body.”  參考答案 課堂突破 代詞 一、1. mine 2. yours 3. her 4. He 5. Its 二、1. itself 2. yourselves 3. himself 4. ourselves 四、1. none/nothing 2. anything 3. one 4. either 5. another 五、1. Whose 2. Which 連詞 1. whether 2. while 3. so that 4. since 2. 5. If 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) 一、1. his 2. hers 3. none 4. it 5. Either 6. both 7. since 8. although/though 9. because 10. unless 二、1. several 2. crazy 3. riding 4. minutes 5. after 6. April 7. decided 8. was set 9. level 10. still