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專(zhuān)項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法——過(guò)去完成時(shí) 【概念引入】 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念： 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間可用by, before等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)，也可用when, before等引導(dǎo)的從句或通過(guò)上下文提示等。 His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 當(dāng)他終于收到他盼望已久的雜志時(shí)，他興奮得兩眼閃光。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 12歲時(shí)，愛(ài)迪生就開(kāi)始自己謀生。 【用法講解】 1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 1）過(guò)去完成時(shí)基本構(gòu)成形式: had +過(guò)去分詞。 We had reached the top of the hill before midnight. 在半夜之前我們已登上了山頂。 2）過(guò)去完成時(shí)的否定形式: had + not + 過(guò)去分詞。 They hadn’t finished the work when we got there. 我們到那兒時(shí),他們還沒(méi)有完成工作。 3）過(guò)去完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句及其回答形式: 疑問(wèn)句要把had提到句首；回答用Yes, 主語(yǔ)+ had. / No, 主語(yǔ)+ hadn’t. —Had he told you to go there earlier yesterday? 他昨天告訴過(guò)你早點(diǎn)兒到那兒?jiǎn)? —Yes, he had. (No, he hadn’t.) 是的,他告訴了。(不,他沒(méi)有。) 注意：had not 常簡(jiǎn)略為hadnt。 2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一樣。不同的是，過(guò)去完成時(shí)把時(shí)間推移到了過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。 1）過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。 Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海倫把鑰匙忘到辦公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回來(lái)。 When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun. 當(dāng)我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。 He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告訴我他以前參觀(guān)過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。 When Jack arrived，he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 杰克到達(dá)后得知瑪麗離開(kāi)近一個(gè)小時(shí)了。 2）表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的這一時(shí)間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常和for, since構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)或引導(dǎo)的從句連用。 By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years. 到我畢業(yè)時(shí)，他已經(jīng)教那個(gè)班三年了。 He said he had made great progress since he came here. 他說(shuō)自從他來(lái)這里他已經(jīng)取得了很大進(jìn)步。 3）放在said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的后面，表示在這些動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。 My friend told me that he had passed the exam. 我的朋友告訴我，他已通過(guò)了考試。 He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before. 他問(wèn)我前一天晚上是否看過(guò)那部電影。 She wondered who had left the door open. 她想知道誰(shuí)敞著門(mén)的。 【拓展】 1）用在“It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中。 在此句型中，主句用了一般過(guò)去時(shí)，that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 這是三十九年后他們第一次見(jiàn)面。 It was the first time we had spoken together. 這是我們第一次在一起說(shuō)話(huà)。 2）當(dāng)before , after, as soon as 等引導(dǎo)的從句里的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作緊密銜接時(shí)，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系，因此兩個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示。 We had breakfast after we did morning exercises. 做完早操之后，我們吃早飯。 The train started to move just before we reached the station. 我們到車(chē)站時(shí)火車(chē)剛開(kāi)動(dòng)。 As soon as they got there, they started to study. 他們一到那里就開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)了。