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第七講　主謂一致 第一課時　知識過關(guān)課 讀語篇，悟語法。反復(fù)朗讀下列短文。領(lǐng)悟畫線黑體部分。思考：主謂一致包括哪些原則？分別在什么情況下使用語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近原則？ My seatmate James, whose parents have__been__teaching[1] English in Guangzhou for ten years，es[2] from the United States, which is[3] one of the most developed countries in the world. He as well as his parents enjoys[4] living in Guangzhou because neither James nor his parents find[5] it difficult to adapt to the life in China. In their opinion, many a custom here is[6] easy to understand and ten years is[7] enough for them to get used to all the customs. I, together with James, extremely like[8] English but physics seems[9] rather difficult for us. Besides，both he and I are[10] very fond of reading story books, and the Arabian Nights is[11] one of the most interesting books that have__been__read[12] by us. Our class is[13] united as a big family. Now the class are[14] preparing for the ing sports meet, so large quantities of our recent time have__been__spent[15] on it. What we need is[16] a qualified coach because being trained properly is[17] of great importance. We each are all aware that each of us plays[18] an important role in our class. We have decided to hold a celebration if getting a good result but when and where we are going to hold it hasn’t__been__decided[19]. 1.語法一致原則，復(fù)數(shù)主語用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。 2.語法一致原則，單數(shù)主語用單數(shù)謂語動詞。 3.意義一致原則，若主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上是單數(shù)，動詞要用單數(shù)。本句中的the United States雖然形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但指的是一個國家，替代它的which作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 4.語法一致原則，“A as well as/together with/with B”結(jié)構(gòu)在主語位置時，主語是A，因此，謂語動詞與A保持一致。 5.就近原則，由or，either...or，nor，neither...nor，not only...but also，not...but連接的并列主語，通常按照就近一致原則，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式依照靠近它的主語而定。 6.語法一致原則，“many a(很多)/more than one(不只一個)＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 7.意義一致原則，表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、度量、容量、溫度等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，通?？醋饕粋€整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 8.語法一致原則，主語后面接說明主語的修飾語together with，謂語動詞不受修飾成分的影響，仍保持同主語一致的關(guān)系。 9.意義一致原則，以－ics結(jié)尾表示學(xué)科的名詞作主語時，通常表示單數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 10.語法一致原則，當主語是both...and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，如果主語指的是兩個或兩個以上的人或物，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 11.意義一致原則，復(fù)數(shù)形式的專有名詞(表示國家、城市、機構(gòu)、組織以及書籍、報紙、雜志等)作主語，通常作為整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 12.語法一致原則，one of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋定語從句，之前有the only，the very，the just等限定詞時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，如沒有這些限定詞和修飾語，定語從句的謂語動詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 13.意義一致原則，集體名詞class如果作整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 14.意義一致原則，集體名詞class如果作個別成員看待，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 15.當“(large)quantities of＋可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 16.當what引導(dǎo)主語從句，或由and連接兩個動詞不定式或動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)意義一致的原則來決定。 17.語法一致原則，非謂語動詞(動詞的－ing形式、不定式)作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。 18.當“each＋of＋名詞/代詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 19.語法一致原則，從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。 Ⅰ.單句填空(用所給詞的正確形式填空) 1.Either you or the headmaster is (be) to hand out the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting. 2.The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class，was__visiting (visit) a museum when the earthquake struck. 3.Two fifths of the land in that district is(be) covered with trees and grass. 4.Nowadays, a large number of women，especially those from the countryside，work (work) in the clothing industry. 5. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth are__being__washed ( wash ) away each year. 6.He is the only one of the students who has__been (be) a winner of scholarship for three years. 7.Every possible means has__been__used( use ) to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 8.When and where to go for the on－salary holiday has__not__been__decided(not, decide) yet. 9.She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book have__reached(reach) 50 million. 10.Professor Smith, along with his assistants，is__working (work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline. 11.He was__pretending ( pretend ) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. 12.“Your father has at last decided to stop smoking.”Jane was__informed(inform). Ⅱ.單句改錯(下列每句中有一處錯誤，每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改，請指出并改正。) 1.Tom have been reading that book all the morning so he is tired now.have→has 2.As everybody knows, politics are now taught in all schools.are→is 3.Kate, one of my good friends, e from Guangzhou.e→es 4.As we all know, people speaks English all over the world.speaks→speak 5.The teacher, together with his students, are planting trees on the street.are→is 6.Not only the students but also the teacher wish for a holiday.wish→wishes 7.It is the parents and their son that wants to buy the bicycle.wants→want 8.Many a student have been sent to plant trees.have→has 9.Bill was standing at the side of the car, talking to two men who was helping him to repair it.第二個was→were 10.To read English aloud every morning do you a lot of good.do→does Ⅲ.語篇填空(閱讀下面短文，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。) Our school library，along with many other buildings, is very different from other schools’. There 1.________ (be) two puter rooms，three art rooms, a meeting room and a reading room in the library building. The number of the books 2.________ (be) large, and maybe there are 100, 000 books in it. It is said that all the books cost our school 200, 000 dollars. Maybe 200, 000 dollars 3.________ (be) large to every student. In the era of knowledge explosion, the number of the students who 4.________ (have) a thirst for knowledge is increasing day by day. Nowadays, our library has been developed into a multifunctional building. There are 50 puters in it. Many a student 5.________ (like) to surf the Internet at weekends here，and now you can see that my classmates, Mike and John 6.________ (play)puter games there. When you turn to another room, you will find that a professor and writer 7.________ (deliver) a speech. Each boy and each girl 8.________ (focus) on his interesting speech. Every time there is a wonderful speech, the audience always 9.________ (cheer) up. You are entering our art exhibition. A teacher with his students is at the room.On the wall 10.________ (be) 100 pictures, which attract many students. An expert and teacher is explaining something important to us. 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】　本文主要介紹了學(xué)校圖書館的功能室以及學(xué)生周末在里面的活動情況。 1.are　[因there be...句型中be動詞常與離其最近的主語保持一致。] 2.is　[主語是the number of＋名詞的復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。] 3.is　[時間、金錢、距離、重量等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。] 4.have　[關(guān)系代詞who，that，which等在定語從句中作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。] 5.likes　[many a＋名詞作主語時，中心詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。] 6.are playing　[兩個名詞由and連接作主語時，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。] 7.is delivering　[當and連接的兩個名詞是指同一人時，謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式?！癮 professor and writer”意思是“一個教授兼作家”。] 8.is focusing　[用and連接的單數(shù)主語，前面有each，every，no等修飾時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。] 9.cheer/cheers　[集體名詞group，class，family，army，audience等作主語時，如果強調(diào)集體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果強調(diào)個體，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 10.are　[在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語保持一致。] 第二課時　高考研究課 主謂一致在語法填空中的考查點 規(guī)律方法 對于主謂一致這個語法點來說，了解和掌握各種一致的基本原則是關(guān)鍵，掌握了基本的用法之后就像套數(shù)學(xué)公式一樣代入即可。 真題驗證1 1.Fast food ________(be)full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全國卷Ⅰ) 答案　is　[主語是fast food，是不可數(shù)名詞，所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，且此處講的是現(xiàn)狀，所以填is。] 2.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ________ (be) often acceptable.(2016全國卷Ⅱ) 答案　is　[動名詞短語作主語，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)；語境為客觀真理，故使用一般現(xiàn)在時。] 3.It is important to remember that success ________ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________ (take) years to achieve.(2015湖南卷改編) 答案　is；takes　[不可數(shù)名詞success作主語，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)；語境為客觀真理，故使用一般現(xiàn)在時。] 4.We ________ (tell) that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, but for the week after.(廣東卷) 答案　were told　[第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；由平行的謂語動詞hadn’t been reserved可知，tell應(yīng)用過去時；由語境可知，謂語動詞tell和主語we之間構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。] 5.All we need ________ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.(湖南卷改編) 答案　is　[主語為不定代詞all，故謂語動詞使用單數(shù)；由語境可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。] 6.The basketball coach, as well as his team，________ (interview) shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.(陜西卷改編) 答案　was interviewed　[主語中含有as well as，謂語動詞應(yīng)該與The basketball coach一致；由語境可知謂語動詞應(yīng)用過去時。] 7.The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ________ (be) saved for other purposes.(安徽卷改編) 答案　were　[主語the rest of which中，which代指前面的the raw materials，故謂語動詞使用復(fù)數(shù)；由平行的謂語動詞used，可知此處應(yīng)用過去時。] 8.One－third of the country ________ (be) covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ________ (be) black people.(湖南卷改編) 答案　is；are　[第一分句中的主語為不可數(shù)名詞the country，故其謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)；第二分句中的主語為可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，故其謂語動詞使用復(fù)數(shù)；語境所陳述的為客觀事實，故兩處的謂語動詞都是用一般現(xiàn)在時。] 9.Either you or one of your students ________ (be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.(湖南卷改編) 答案　is　[主語部分由“either...or...”連接，故其后的謂語動詞應(yīng)使用“就近原則”，即第三人單數(shù)形式；由meeting后定語從句的時態(tài)可知，主句的時態(tài)應(yīng)用“be to do”，表示將來時。] 主謂一致在短文改錯中的考查點 規(guī)律方法 第一步：先找出主語； 第二步：根據(jù)主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式判斷謂語動詞的形式； 第三步：根據(jù)整篇文章或上下文的語境判斷時態(tài)的正確形式。 真題驗證2 1.He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.(2016浙江卷)________ 答案　was→were　[主語為we，故謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 2.My dream school look like a big garden.(2014全國卷Ⅱ)________ 答案　look→looks　[主語為my dream school，故謂語動詞應(yīng)該使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。] 3.Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky — they looked like rain！(陜西卷)________ 答案　was→were　[主語為the arrows，故謂語動詞應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。] 4.The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.(2014遼寧卷)________ 答案　have→has　[主語為the early morning barking，故謂語動詞應(yīng)該使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。] 5.Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.(2013陜西卷)________ 答案　were→was　[主語為a sudden pull，故謂語動詞應(yīng)該使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。] 第三課時　寫作增分課 主謂一致在寫作中的增分點 一、使用語法一致原則確保所寫句子主謂一致 1.他，還有他的父母，喜歡看電視連續(xù)劇。(as well as, be fond of, TV series) He,__as__well__as__his__parents,__is__fond__of__watching__TV__series. 2.是你，而不是你的老師，應(yīng)為你考試不及格負責(zé)。(it is, rather than, be to blame for, fail the exams) It__is__you,__rather__than__your__teacher，that/who__are__to__blame__for your__failing__the__exam. 3.我們班除了李磊和李華，還沒有人出過國。(nobody, but, have been abroad) Nobody__but__Li__Lei__and__Li__Hua__in__our__class__has__been__abroad__before. 4.游泳和踢足球是我最喜愛的運動。(favorite sport) Swimming__and__playing__football__are__my__favorite__sports. 5.正如我們所知道的，水和空氣對于生命來說是必不可少的。(as, be essential to, life) As__we__know,__water__and__air__are__essential__to__life. 二、使用意義一致原則確保所寫句子主謂一致 三年在歷史中是很短的一段時間，而在你人生中卻是很長的一段時間，因此你應(yīng)當充分利用它。(in history, in your life, make the most of) Three__years__is__a__short__time__in__history__but__a__long__one__in__your__life,__so__you__should__make__the__most__of__it. 三、使用就近一致原則確保所寫句子主謂一致 1.圖畫上有一個男的、一個女的和兩個孩子。(there be) There__is__a__man,__a__woman__and__two__children__in__the__picture. 2.不但他的同學(xué)，而且他的老師，都為之吃驚。(not only, but also, be surprised at) Not__only__his__classmates__but__also__his__teacher__was__surprised__at__it. 3.不但我，還有我的同學(xué)，我的老師們，都不熟悉這種情形。(neither, nor, nor, be familiar with the situation) Neither__I,__nor__my__classmates,__nor__my__teachers__are__familiar__with__the__situation. 4.不是我，而是他，對美國文化很了解。(it is, not... but, know a lot about) It__is__not__I,__but__he,__who__knows__a__lot__about__American__culture.