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Under the sea ***閱讀理解。 Old Fossils Scientists have found what they think is probably the oldest fossil on Earth, a remnant of life from 3.7 billion years ago when Earth’s skies were orange and its oceans green. In a newly melted part of Greenland, Australian scientists found the leftover structure from a munity of microbes（微生物）that lived on an ancient seafloor. Based on their analysis of the fossils, the researchers determined that they are 220 million years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old. The discovery shows life may have formed quicker and more easily than once thought, about half a billion years after Earth formed. And that may also give hope for life forming elsewhere, such as Mars, said study co-author Martin VanKranendonk of the University of New South Wales and director of the Australian Center for Astrobiology. ＂It gives us an idea how our planet evolved and how life gained a foothold,＂ VanKranendonk said. Scientists had thought it would take at least half a billion years for life to form after the molten Earth started to cool a bit, but this shows it could have happened quicker, he said. That’s because the newly found fossil is far too plex to have developed soon after the planet’s first life forms, he said. In an outcrop of rocks that used to be covered with ice and snow which melted after an exceptionally warm spring, the Australian team found stromatolites（疊層石）, which are layered structures that are often produced by a munity of microbes. The stromatolites were about 1 to 4 centimeters high. ＂It is like the house left behind made by the microbes,＂ VanKranendonk said. ＂Scientists used the layers of ash from volcanoes and tiny zircon（鋯石） with uranium and estimated that they date back to 3.7 billion years ago.＂ The dating seems about right, said Abigail Allwood, a NASA astrobiologist who found the previous oldest fossil, from 3.48 billion years ago, in Australia. But Allwood said she is not pletely convinced that what VanKranendonk’s team found once was alive. She said the evidence wasn’t conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk（地質(zhì)巧合）. ＂It would be nice to have more evidence, but in these rocks that’s a lot to ask,＂ Allwood said in an email. 1. The underlined words ＂gained a foothold＂ in Paragraph 3 mean______. A.continued B.changed C.increased D.Started 2. We can learn from Paragraph 4______. A.the fossil appeared soon after the birth of the earth B.the fossil formed soon after the earth’s first life C.life formed earlier than the newly found fossil D.life appeared about half a billion years ago 3. What is Abigail Allwood’s attitude towards the newly found fossil? A.Neutral. B.Sceptical. C.Objective. D.Supportive. 4. According to the passage, ______. A.the previous fossils are a geologic quirk B. the previous fossils are made up of stromatolites C. the newly found fossils e from Western Australia D. the newly found fossils have a history of 3.7 billion years 【語篇解析】文章介紹科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)距今37億年前的化石。 1. D【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段的句子＂It gives us an idea how our planet evolved＂這讓我們了解 星球是怎么形成的，下文是生命是怎么開始的?？芍?，＂gained a foothold＂ 意為＂開始＂。故選D。 3. B【解析】 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的句子＂She said the evidence wasn’t conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk(地質(zhì)巧合).＂可知，Abigail Allwood 對于新發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石態(tài)度是懷疑的。故選B。 4. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段的句子＂remnant of life from 3.7 billion years ago＂和第二段的句 子＂the researchers determined that they are 220 million years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old.＂可知，新發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石有37億年歷史。故選D。 ***語法填空。 The British have many traditions but there is nothing more typical than taking afternoon tea. We know the Brits have a love affair with drinking tea, __1__ more than 160 million cups drunk every day, but it was the invention of afternoon tea __2__ turned tea drinking into __3__ popular hobby. This sociable feast involves drinking good quality tea __4__ (fort) while eating nice sandwiches, a selection of small cakes and so on. And, of course, it can only happen in the afternoon! Afternoon tea, which originally __5__ (design) as a light snack to bridge the gap between lunch and dinner, dates back to the 1840s. It went on to bee a __6__ (fashion) social occasion for the upper classes. Now there is a resurgence (復(fù)蘇) in its __7__ (popular) in the UK and it is available to anyone who can afford it. __8__ it can be enjoyed at home, the best way to experience it is at a smart hotel or caf. But if youre thinking of visiting such a place __9__ (enjoy) a plate of delicious treats with a steaming hot brew, remember the rules you must follow to avoid __10__ (ask) to leave. Writer Henry James once noted that “there are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour devoted to the ceremony known as afternoon tea” . Im sure once you try it, you will agree. 1．________ 　2.________ 　3.________ 　4.________ 　 5.________ 　6.________ 　7.________ 　8.________ 　 9.________ 　10.________ 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文。喝下午茶是最為典型的英式傳統(tǒng)。濃郁的茶香配上精致、美味的各色茶點(diǎn)讓品飲下午茶成為了一件很愜意的事情。本文介紹了下午茶的起源、歷史、發(fā)展、現(xiàn)狀及受歡迎程度。 1．with 考查介詞。此處為“with＋名詞＋過去分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用法，在句中作狀語。 2．that 考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，“the invention of afternoon tea”是被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分，故填that。 3．a(chǎn) 考查冠詞。a popular hobby “一個(gè)受歡迎的業(yè)余愛好”，此處用不定冠詞a表示泛指。 4．fortably 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?？仗幵诰渲行揎棥昂炔琛边@一動(dòng)作，充當(dāng)狀語成分，應(yīng)該用副詞。 5．was designed 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。該空在定語從句中充當(dāng)謂語，design與作主語的關(guān)系詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且由“originally”“dates back to the 1840s”可知應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 6．fashionable 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾其后的名詞短語social occasion，作定語，用形容詞。 7．popularity 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。該空充當(dāng)介詞in的賓語，所以用名詞。 8．Although/While/Though 考查連詞。分析句意可知，句子中存在讓步的邏輯關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)用連詞Although，While或Though來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。 9．to enjoy 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。此處為動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)目的狀語。 10．being asked 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞avoid后需接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，并且ask和you之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式being asked。 ***完形填空。 We have all heard of giant pandas, and know that they are endangered. When one has babies, it makes national news __1__， and pictures of their babies are __2__ circulated. But it now seems that the giant panda is not __3__ of itself. The lovely animals have __4__ a classic test of selfawareness. They cannot __5__ themselves in the mirror. Researchers use the mirror recognition test to __6__ whether children or animals have a __7__ of selfawareness. In the test, an animal is presented __8__ a mirror. Researchers then watch to see __9__ it notices a mark on its face, which is only __10__ in the mirror. If the animal notices the mark, it often __11__ it. Human children often pass the test when they are only two years old. Many other animals have passed the mirror test, including monkeys, Asian elephants and even pigeons. But when researchers tested pandas, __12__ of them did the same thing as those animals did. __13__， each panda behaved as if their __14__ in the mirror was another panda altogether. They acted as if they were __15__ by what they saw in the mirror, scratching their feet and walking __16__. The __17__ of this research will help design better areas for animals in captivity (圈養(yǎng)). For example, onedirectional glass sometimes used in the areas may __18__ pandas to feel stressed when they see their own image in the __19__. Thats because they might believe it to be another panda, __20__ themselves. 1．A.papers　　　　　B．covers C．headlines D．pages 2．A.widely B．popularly C．especially D．pletely 3．A.shy B．fond C．conscious D．confident 4．A.failed B．ignored C．faced D．conducted 5．A.observe B．discover C．recognize D．understand 6．A.believe in B．find out C．pick out D．take in 7．A.sense B．question C．opinion D．thought 8．A.for B．with C．in D．before 9．A.how B．when C．why D．whether 10．A.touchable B．seeable C．sensible D．possible 11．A.dismisses B．a(chǎn)dmits C．feels D．moves 12．A.all B．most C．one D．none 13．A.Thus B．However C．Instead D．Still 14．A.reaction B．reflection C．operation D．imagination 15．A.trapped B．a(chǎn)mazed C．threatened D．teased 16．A.backwards B．a(chǎn)lone C．forwards D．a(chǎn)long 17．A.failure B．oute C．success D．review 18．A.cause B．prepare C．a(chǎn)ccelerate D．urge 19．A.eyes B．cages C．zoo D．glass 20．A.other than B．regardless of C．because of D．rather than 【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。本文對大熊貓、兒童還有其他的動(dòng)物都做了有關(guān)自我意識(shí)感方面的研究，結(jié)果顯示大熊貓的自我認(rèn)知很差，即使照鏡子，它們也認(rèn)不出鏡子里的自己。 1．C　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)上文中的“and know that they are endangered”可推知，當(dāng)一個(gè)大熊貓有寶寶后，很快就會(huì)上國內(nèi)新聞?lì)^條。C項(xiàng)意為“頭條(新聞)”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“報(bào)紙”；B項(xiàng)意為“封面”；D項(xiàng)意為“頁碼”，均與語境不符。故選C項(xiàng)。 2．A　考查副詞辨析。上文提到，當(dāng)一個(gè)大熊貓有寶寶后，很快就會(huì)上國內(nèi)新聞?lì)^條；由此可推知，大熊貓寶寶的照片會(huì)被廣泛傳閱。A項(xiàng)意為“廣泛地”，符合語境。B項(xiàng)意為“流行地”；C項(xiàng)意為“特別地”；D項(xiàng)意為“完全地”，均與語境不符。故選A項(xiàng)。 3．C　考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)第二段第一句中的“a classic test of selfawareness”可知，這里指的是現(xiàn)在看起來大熊貓是沒有自我意識(shí)的。C項(xiàng)意為“有意識(shí)的”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“害羞的”；B項(xiàng)意為“喜歡的”；D項(xiàng)意為“自信的”，均與語境不符。故選C項(xiàng)。 4．A　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)下文中的“They cannot... have a ________ of selfawareness.”可知，可愛的大熊貓沒有通過這種經(jīng)典的自我意識(shí)測試。A項(xiàng)意為“失敗”，符合語境。B項(xiàng)意為“忽視”；C項(xiàng)意為“面對”；D項(xiàng)意為“指揮，引導(dǎo)”，均與語境不符。故選A項(xiàng)。 5．C　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)下文的“Researchers use the mirror recognition...”可知，此處指大熊貓認(rèn)不出鏡子中的自己。C項(xiàng)意為“辨認(rèn)出”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“觀察”；B項(xiàng)意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”；D項(xiàng)意為“理解”，均與語境不符。故選C項(xiàng)。 6．B　考查動(dòng)詞短語辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指研究者的目的是弄清楚孩子或動(dòng)物是否有自我認(rèn)知。B項(xiàng)意為“找到，弄清楚”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“相信，信任”；C項(xiàng)意為“挑選出”；D項(xiàng)意為“吸收，欺騙”，均與語境不符。故選B項(xiàng)。 7．A　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指自我認(rèn)知，是一種感覺。A項(xiàng)意為“感覺”，a sense of為固定搭配，意為“一種……感”，符合語境。B項(xiàng)意為“問題”；C項(xiàng)意為“觀點(diǎn)”；D項(xiàng)意為“想法”，均與語境不符。故選A項(xiàng)。 8．B　考查介詞辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，動(dòng)物在鏡子中呈現(xiàn)出來。表示使用某種工具，應(yīng)用介詞with。 9．D　考查連詞辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指研究者想觀察大熊貓是否能注意到它臉上的記號(hào)。故選D項(xiàng)。 10．B　考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，在自己臉上的標(biāo)記，只有在鏡子中才能看到。B項(xiàng)意為“可見的”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“可觸摸的”；C項(xiàng)意為“可覺察的”；D項(xiàng)意為“可能的”，均與語境不符。故選B項(xiàng)。 11．C　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)下文的“Many other animals have passed the mirror test”可知，此處指如果動(dòng)物注意到臉上的標(biāo)記，它會(huì)感受到這個(gè)標(biāo)記的。C項(xiàng)意為“感受，感覺”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“解雇，解散”；B項(xiàng)意為“承認(rèn)”；D項(xiàng)意為“移動(dòng)”，均與語境不符。故選C項(xiàng)。 12．D　考查代詞辨析。根據(jù)上文及轉(zhuǎn)折詞“but”可知，此處指沒有一只大熊貓像其他動(dòng)物一樣能感受到臉上的標(biāo)記。故選D項(xiàng)。 13．C　考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指“相反，每一只大熊貓表現(xiàn)得就像鏡子里的影像是其他大熊貓”。C項(xiàng)意為“代替，而不是”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“因此”；B項(xiàng)意為“然而”；D項(xiàng)意為“仍然”，均與語境不符。故選C項(xiàng)。 14．B　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，鏡子中應(yīng)是映照出的影像。B項(xiàng)意為“映像，倒影”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“反應(yīng)”；C項(xiàng)意為“操作，手術(shù)”；D項(xiàng)意為“想象”。均與語境不符。故選B項(xiàng)。 15．C　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)下文中熊貓的反應(yīng)可知，熊貓表現(xiàn)出好像受到鏡子中“自己”的威脅。C項(xiàng)意為“威脅”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“使陷入困境，卡住”；B項(xiàng)意為“使驚訝”；D項(xiàng)意為“取笑，戲弄”，均與語境不符。故選C項(xiàng)。 16．A　考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，害怕會(huì)向后退。A項(xiàng)意為“向后”，符合語境。B項(xiàng)意為“獨(dú)自地”；C項(xiàng)意為“向前”；D項(xiàng)意為“一起，沿著”，均與語境不符。故選A項(xiàng)。 17．B　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指研究的結(jié)果。B項(xiàng)意為“結(jié)果”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“失敗”；C項(xiàng)意為“成功”；D項(xiàng)意為“復(fù)習(xí)”，均與語境不符。故選B項(xiàng)。 18．A　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。由語境可知，此處指可以成像的玻璃會(huì)讓大熊貓感到有壓力。cause sb. to do sth. 意為“導(dǎo)致某人做某事”，符合語境。B項(xiàng)意為“準(zhǔn)備”；C項(xiàng)意為“加速”；D項(xiàng)意為“督促”，均與語境不符。故選A項(xiàng)。 19．D　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)上文中的“onedirectional glass”可知，glass符合語境。故選D項(xiàng)。 20．D　考查介詞短語辨析。由語境可知，此處指這就是因?yàn)榇笮茇埾嘈喷R子里是別的大熊貓而不是自己。D項(xiàng)意為“而不是”，符合語境。A項(xiàng)意為“除了”；B項(xiàng)意為“不管”；C項(xiàng)意為“因?yàn)椤?，均與語境不符。故選D項(xiàng)。 ***短文改錯(cuò)。 Nowadays more and more people would rather to look for a job on the Internet than in the newspapers or in the job market. There are many reasons for my preference, one of that is that a job hunter can find a job conveniently. He neednt bother to get remendations from relative or friends, or registration at an employment exchange. Besides, a job hunter can get a job by simple browsing among the advertisements online and sending resumes by e－mail. Finally, the success rate is very high. But even if one fails to find a job, it can spare him the embarrassment of refused. As for me, I believe that as the increasing popularity of the Internet, this new way would win favor among more and more jobless people and laidoff workers. Its due to its convenience, efficient and high success rate. 答案： Nowadays more and more people would rather look for a job on the Internet than in the newspapers or in the job market. There are many reasons for preference, one of is that a job hunter can find a job conveniently. He neednt bother to get remendations from or friends, or registration at an employment exchange. Besides, a job hunter can get a job by browsing among the advertisements online and sending resumes by e－mail. Finally, the success rate is very high. even if one fails to find a job, it can spare him the embarrassment of refused. As for me, I believe that the increasing popularity of the Internet, this new way win favor among more and more jobless people and laidoff workers. Its due to its convenience, and high success rate. 難項(xiàng)分析： 第一處：去掉rather后的to 考查固定用法。would rather do sth.為固定用法，意為“寧愿做某事”，故去掉to。 第五處：simple→simply 考查副詞。應(yīng)用副詞修飾browsing這一動(dòng)詞。 第七處：refused前加being 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。此處作介詞of的賓語，應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞，又因?yàn)閞efuse與其邏輯主語one之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。 ***