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Unit 1 Art 一、閱讀理解。 Old Fossils Scientists have found what they think is probably the oldest fossil on Earth, a remnant of life from 3.7 billion years ago when Earth’s skies were orange and its oceans green. In a newly melted part of Greenland, Australian scientists found the leftover structure from a munity of microbes（微生物）that lived on an ancient seafloor. Based on their analysis of the fossils, the researchers determined that they are 220 million years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old. The discovery shows life may have formed quicker and more easily than once thought, about half a billion years after Earth formed. And that may also give hope for life forming elsewhere, such as Mars, said study co-author Martin VanKranendonk of the University of New South Wales and director of the Australian Center for Astrobiology. ＂It gives us an idea how our planet evolved and how life gained a foothold,＂ VanKranendonk said. Scientists had thought it would take at least half a billion years for life to form after the molten Earth started to cool a bit, but this shows it could have happened quicker, he said. That’s because the newly found fossil is far too plex to have developed soon after the planet’s first life forms, he said. In an outcrop of rocks that used to be covered with ice and snow which melted after an exceptionally warm spring, the Australian team found stromatolites（疊層石）, which are layered structures that are often produced by a munity of microbes. The stromatolites were about 1 to 4 centimeters high. ＂It is like the house left behind made by the microbes,＂ VanKranendonk said. ＂Scientists used the layers of ash from volcanoes and tiny zircon（鋯石） with uranium and estimated that they date back to 3.7 billion years ago.＂ The dating seems about right, said Abigail Allwood, a NASA astrobiologist who found the previous oldest fossil, from 3.48 billion years ago, in Australia. But Allwood said she is not pletely convinced that what VanKranendonk’s team found once was alive. She said the evidence wasn’t conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk（地質(zhì)巧合）. ＂It would be nice to have more evidence, but in these rocks that’s a lot to ask,＂ Allwood said in an email. 1. The underlined words ＂gained a foothold＂ in Paragraph 3 mean______. A.continued B.changed C.increased D.Started 2. We can learn from Paragraph 4______. A.the fossil appeared soon after the birth of the earth B.the fossil formed soon after the earth’s first life C.life formed earlier than the newly found fossil D.life appeared about half a billion years ago 3. What is Abigail Allwood’s attitude towards the newly found fossil? A.Neutral. B.Sceptical. C.Objective. D.Supportive. 4. According to the passage, ______. A.the previous fossils are a geologic quirk B. the previous fossils are made up of stromatolites C. the newly found fossils e from Western Australia D. the newly found fossils have a history of 3.7 billion years 【語篇解析】文章介紹科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)距今37億年前的化石。 1. D【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段的句子＂It gives us an idea how our planet evolved＂這讓我們了解 星球是怎么形成的，下文是生命是怎么開始的?？芍?，＂gained a foothold＂ 意為＂開始＂。故選D。 3. B【解析】 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的句子＂She said the evidence wasn’t conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk(地質(zhì)巧合).＂可知，Abigail Allwood 對于新發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石態(tài)度是懷疑的。故選B。 4. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段的句子＂remnant of life from 3.7 billion years ago＂和第二段的句 子＂the researchers determined that they are 220 million years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old.＂可知，新發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石有37億年歷史。故選D。 二、單句語法填空 1．The local government has taken some effective measures, ___________ (aim) at cutting down the cost during the tough economy. 答案：aimed/aiming 2．The present situation is very plex, so I think it will take me some time to figure___________ its reality. 答案：out 3．I’m writing a letter, expecting your newspaper to appeal to the public ___________ (pay) more attention to environmental protection. 答案：to pay 4．The boys made an attempt ___________ (leave) for camping but were stopped by their parents. 答案：to leave 5．The book written by Mr. Jackson appealed to people in all walks of life, ___________ (make) it the bestseller in England. 答案：making 6．Without your timely help, I couldn’t ___________ (finish) the task ahead of time. 答案：have finished 7．On the one hand, I am dying for the job; ___________ the other hand, I am not willing to give up my present one. 答案：on 8．My father smokes heavily; as ___________ consequence, he coughs frequently, which makes the whole family worried. 答案：a 9．In the far south ___________ (lie) Stewart Island, the largest of New Zealand’s many smaller islands. 答案：lies 10．My father encouraged me in painting, but he never loved to see any of my works ___________ (exhibit) in public. 答案：exhibited 三、完形填空。 From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world around us. When humans first ___1___, they were like newborn babies, unable to use this ___2___ tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for humankind’s future ___3___ and cultural growth increased. Many linguists believe that evolution is ___4___ for our ability to produce and use language. They ___5___ that our highly evolved brain provides us ___6___ an innate language ability not found in lower ___7___. Proponents(支持者)of this innateness(天賦)theory say that our ___8___ for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, ___9___ a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical ___10___ times for language development. Current ___11___ of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. ___12___ , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in ___13___ grades. Young children often can learn several languages by being ___14___ to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the ___15___ of their first language have bee firmly fixed. ___16___ some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been ___17___ from other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that ___18___ with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language___19___ than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. ___20___, children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child’s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones. 1. A. generated B. evolved C. born D. bined 【答案】B 【解析】此處意為：當(dāng)人類剛剛開始進(jìn)化，他們?nèi)缤律鷥阂粯硬粫\(yùn)用語言這種工具。evolved逐漸發(fā)展進(jìn)化，符合題意。generated生殖，發(fā)展；born (bear的過去分詞)不能作謂語動詞；bined聯(lián)合，結(jié)合。 2. A. valuable B. appropriate C. convenient D. favorite 【答案】A 【解析】根據(jù)語法分析，答案應(yīng)用來修飾語言的。valuable珍貴的；appropriate合適的，適當(dāng)?shù)?；convenient方便的，便利的；favorite最喜歡的。語言并不是人類選擇的結(jié)果，而是人類在進(jìn)化過程中慢慢發(fā)展起來的，對人類來說，應(yīng)當(dāng)是珍貴的。 3. A. achievements B. convenience C. entertainments D. appearance 【答案】A 【解析】此處意思是：語言的發(fā)展增加了人類取得未來的成就和文化進(jìn)步的可能性。achievements成就；convenience方便；entertainments娛樂；appearance外觀，外貌。 4. A. essential B. available C. reliable D. responsible 【答案】D 【解析】此處意為：許多語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為進(jìn)化使人們產(chǎn)生和具備了語言的能力。固定短語be responsible for對……負(fù)責(zé)，是……的原由。其它選項不與for搭配。 5. A. confirm B. inform C. claim D. convince 【答案】C 6. A. for B. from C. of D. with 【答案】D 【解析】固定搭配provide sb. with sth.意為“向(人)提供(物)”。 句意：他們斷言，我們高度發(fā)達(dá)的大腦，為我們提供了一種天生的、還沒有在低等生物體身上發(fā)現(xiàn)的語言能力。 7. A. organizations B. organisms C. humans D. children 【答案】B 【解析】根據(jù)上文的敘述，顯然，這里是把人和低等動物相比較。因此選organisms有機(jī)體，生物體。 8. A. potential B. performance C. preference D. contribution 【答案】A 【解析】此句意思是：人類的語言能力是與生俱來的，但語言本身也在逐漸發(fā)展，所以這種能力應(yīng)該是潛在的。potential潛力；performance履行；preference偏愛；contribution貢獻(xiàn)。 9. A. as B. just as C. like D. unlike 【答案】A 【解析】此句句意是：語言本身作為童年時期大腦生長的一種功能，其發(fā)展是緩慢的。as (作為，當(dāng)作)合乎題意。like作為介詞的意思是“像……一樣”。 10. A. consistent B. biological C. social D. psychological 【答案】B 【解析】此句句意為：語言的發(fā)展有一個關(guān)鍵期，人體的成長是生物變化的過程。biological生物的；consistent一致的；social社會的；psychological心理的。 11. A. reviews B. reference C. reaction D. remendation 【答案】A 【解析】此處意為：目前人們對“先天論”評論觀點(diǎn)不一，但是支持某些天生能力的證據(jù)卻是確鑿無疑的。reviews評論；reference參考；reaction反應(yīng)；remendation推薦。 12. A. In a word B. In a sense C. Indeed D. In conclusion 【答案】C 13. A. unique B. different C. the higher D. the lower 【答案】D 【解析】此處意思是：越來越多的學(xué)校發(fā)現(xiàn)在什么年級學(xué)外語較容易，根據(jù)常識(低年級學(xué)外語較容易)以及后文的Young children often can learn several languages by being 14 to them, while adults…可以選定答案。 14. A. revealed B. exposed C. engaged D. involved 【答案】B 【解析】此處意為：通過接觸多種語言，孩子們可以學(xué)會好幾種語言。be exposed to是固定搭配，接觸到。reveal(顯露)sth.to sb，不合題意，因本題中的them指languages。其余選項不與to搭配。engage in從事；be involved in參與。 15. A. regulations B. formations C. rules D. constitutions 【答案】C 【解析】此句意思是：一旦母語的規(guī)則被深深印入腦海中，成年人就很難再學(xué)好另一種語言。rules規(guī)則，規(guī)律；regulations規(guī)定；formations構(gòu)成，構(gòu)造；constitutions憲法，章程。 16. A. Although B. Whether C. Since D. When 【答案】A 【解析】分析上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，應(yīng)為讓步關(guān)系。句意：雖然語言的一些因素是天生的這無可爭辯，但語言卻不能脫離實際而自動發(fā)展。 17. A. distinguished B. difficult C. protected D. isolated 【答案】D 【解析】此句句意為：與人隔絕的兒童是不能掌握好一門語言的。isolated孤立的，與人隔絕的；distinguished區(qū)別的，杰出的；different不同的；protected受到保護(hù)的。 18. A. exposition B. parison C. contrast D. interaction 【答案】D 19. A. acquisition B. appreciation C. requirement D. access 【答案】A 【解析】根據(jù)分析，本句中的“this”和“even more basic”分別指代上句的“interaction with other human beings”和“necessary”，此處所填詞對應(yīng)上文中的language development。也就是說，language acquisition語言習(xí)得。appreciation欣賞，感激；requirement要求；access入口，通路，路徑。 20. A. As a result B. After all C. In other words D. As a whole 【答案】C 【解析】本句功能是以另一種方式解釋前文中的“imitative, learned behavior.(模仿性的后天行為)”。in other words換言之，換句話說；as a result結(jié)果是；after all畢竟；as a whole總的來說，總體上看。這些語言學(xué)家視語言為一種模仿的學(xué)習(xí)性行為。也就是說，孩子通過模仿父母的語言來進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。父母們通過鼓勵準(zhǔn)確的模仿和改正不正確的模仿，逐漸塑造了他們的孩子的語言技能。 四、單句改錯 1．Beijing was quite different from that I had expected. ___________ 答案：that→what 2．—Does the young man standing there have possession of the pany? —No. The pany is in possession of his father.___________ 答案：in后加the 3．He is always very rude, that is why people tend to avoid him. ___________ 答案：that→which 4．For the one thing, you must make a promise; for another, you should act at once. ___________ 答案：去掉the 5．There was a time when he had nothing to do, wandering aimless in the street all the day. ___________ 答案：aimless→aimlessly 五、單元語法——虛擬語氣(Ⅰ) 1．(2018安徽馬鞍山二中、安師大附中聯(lián)考)Had the weather been more favorable, the crops ___________ (grow) still better now. 答案：would/might/could grow 2．(2018湖南懷化模擬) Sorry，I am too busy now. If I ___________ (have) time，I would certainly go for an outing with you. 答案：had 3．(2018天津七校聯(lián)考)I was ill that day; otherwise I ___________ (take) part in the sports meet. 答案：would have taken 4．(2018江蘇揚(yáng)州中學(xué)月考)He ___________ (intend) to return today, but he postponed the trip due to the unpleasant weather. 答案：had intended 5．(2018江蘇啟東中學(xué)階段檢測)—I’ve been told Jimmy is here waiting for me. —If you ___________ (e) earlier, you would have met him. He just left half an hour ago. 答案：had e