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名詞性從句 考點一　名詞性從句(賓語從句，表語從句) 1．賓語從句 賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)、介詞或形容詞之后。 (1)作動詞的賓語 ①由that引導的賓語從句(that通?？梢允÷? Do you know(that) he has joined the army? 你知道他參軍了嗎？ ②由what，whether(if)引導的賓語從句 She did not know what had happened. 她不知道發(fā)生了什么事。 注意：if引導的從句不能作介詞的賓語。 ③動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句 She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她告訴我她會接受我的邀請的。 (2)作介詞的賓語 It depends on whether you can do the work well. 這取決于你是否能把工作干好。 (3)作形容詞的賓語 Im sure that he will pass the exam. 我確信他會通過考試。 注意：①that引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious，aware，certain，confident，convinced，determined，glad，proud，surprised，worried，sorry，thankful，ashamed, disappointed，annoyed，pleased，satisfied，content等。 ②it不僅可以作形式主語，還可以作形式賓語，而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中。 We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation. 他應當改進他的發(fā)音，我們認為這是有必要的。 (4)否定的轉移 若主句謂語動詞為think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，fancy，guess，imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定形式。 I dont think this dress fits you well. 我認為你穿這件衣服不是很合適。 2．表語從句 表語從句是在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句。that引導表語從句，只起引導作用，不在從句中作成分。 The trouble is that I have lost his address. 問題是我把他的地址丟了。 考點二　主語從句 1．英語中的主語從句在句中作主語，有以下兩種結構： (1)主語從句位于句首。 What he wanted to see was an end to terrorism. 他想要看到的是恐怖主義的結束。 (2)主語從句位于句尾，使用先行詞it作形式主語。 It was right that the temple was rescued. 這座廟被拯救了，這是對的。 ①當謂語是seem, appear, be a pity，be a wonder，be likely等時，一般使用形式主語it，而將真正的主語從句放在句尾。 It appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.在地球上的科學家看來，這些星體已經(jīng)移動了。 ②在It is known...，It is said...，It is hoped...，It is believed...等慣用的被動結構中。 It is believed that before writing was developed, people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together. 人們相信，在文字發(fā)明之前，中國人靠把許多石頭聚集在一起來做記錄。 注意：當主語從句放在句尾而用形式主語時，形式主語只能用it，而不能使用this，that等代詞。 2．主語從句的連接詞可以分為以下三類： (1)that, whether(if) 連接詞that本身沒有意義，不作句子成分，只表示從句的開始，位于句首時，that不能省略；whether(if)盡管不充當句子成分，但是含有“是否”的意思，可以加上“or not”，其語意不變。 whether和if也有不同的用法，如果主語從句位于句首則必須用連接詞whether，不用if。 Whether well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 明天我們是否去野營取決于天氣情況。 (2)what, who(m)，which, whose, when, where, why, how 在這一類連接詞中，除了引導主語從句之外，在從句中又分別起代詞、副詞或形容詞的作用，在從句中分別作主語、賓語、表語、狀語和定語。 ①what、who(m)、which為連接代詞。 Who will do it doesnt matter.(連接代詞who在從句中作主語) 誰去做這件事沒關系。 What we need is more water.(連接代詞what在從句中作need的賓語) 我們所需要的是更多的水。 Which of the two is better remains to be seen. 這兩者中哪個更好還要再看。(連接代詞which在從句中作主語) ②when, where, why, how為連接副詞。 When we will start the work is an important question. 我們什么時候開始工作是個很重要的問題。(連接副詞when在從句中作時間狀語) Where the library is to be built has not been decided yet. 這個圖書館要建在哪里還未決定。(連接副詞where在從句中作地點狀語) Why she was late for school is quite clear now. 她上學遲到的原因現(xiàn)在看來很清楚。(連接副詞why在從句中作原因狀語) ③whose, which, what為連接形容詞。 Which plan is better will be announced later. 哪個計劃更好，稍后會宣布。(連接形容詞which在從句中作名詞plan的定語) 考點三　同位語從句 1．定義 在復合句中用作同位語的從句叫作同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words(消息)，possibility等。 I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在這里。 特別提示：有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。 2．同位語從句的連接詞 (1)由連接詞that引導的同位語從句。此時的引導詞只起連接作用，不在從句中作任何成分。 (2)由連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where，when, why, how引導的同位語從句。此時的引導詞在從句中作相應的成分。 The question who should go abroad required consideration.(who作主語)誰該出國這個問題還需要考慮。 3．同位語從句應該注意的幾個問題： (1)表達“是否”的概念時，要用whether而不用if引導同位語從句。 I have no idea whether you are interested in working for her.我不知道你是否愿意為她工作。 (2)分隔同位語從句：有時同位語從句與其先行詞被其他成分隔開來，這種分隔主要出于修辭原因，即為了保持句子結構平衡。 His promise was along with the letter that he would visit me this ing Christmas. 信中他承諾在即將到來的圣誕節(jié)他會來拜訪我。 (3)若被同位語從句說明的名詞是下列詞語時，同位語從句的謂語常用“should＋do”， should常常被省略。這些詞有：建議advice, suggestion, proposal；要求demand，request, requirement；決定decision；命令order；勸告remendation等?！? The decision that a new bridge(should)be built has spread. 修建一座新橋的決定已經(jīng)傳開了。 (4)名詞doubt(懷疑)后的同位語從句用whether引導；no doubt(不懷疑)之后的同位語從句用that引導。 There is no doubt that he will keep his promise. 他將遵守他的諾言，這一點是毫無疑問的。 考點四　同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別 1．關系不同 同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關系，即說明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補充一些情況。 The news that I have passed the exam is true. 我通過了考試這個消息是真的。 The news that he told me just now is true. 他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。 2．關系詞在句中是否做成分 The idea that puters can recognize human voices surprises many people. 計算機能夠識別人的聲音的想法使許多人感到驚奇。(that在從句中不充當任何成分。) The idea that he gave surprises many people.他提出的觀點令許多人感到吃驚。 (that在從句中作gave的賓語。) 3．從句是否有疑問的意義 Do you remember the day when I told you that I loved you? (when引導的從句不表示疑問，所以這是一個定語從句。) I have asked the question why it was true just now. (why引導的從句表示疑問，所以這是一個同位語從句。) 4．主語從句需注意的問題 (1)語序：連接詞＋陳述句 主語從句和賓語從句等其他名詞性從句一樣要采用陳述句語序，而非疑問語序。 When we shall have our sports meet has not been decided. 什么時候開運動會還沒定下來。 (2)時態(tài)與謂語動詞的單復數(shù) 如果主句是過去的時態(tài)(包括一般過去時，過去進行時)，那么從句的時態(tài)一般要用相應的過去的某種時態(tài)。一個主語從句作主語，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)，但謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)，不可一概而論，而要視句子的意義而定。 What I need is money.我所需要的是錢。 What I need are books.我所需要的是書。 如果由and連接兩個或兩個以上的主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；由兩個或多個連接詞引導一個主語從句，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet. 他們什么時候動身以及去哪里還沒定下來。 When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided. 會議什么時間以及在哪里舉行還沒定下來。 (3)引導詞that的省略 從屬連詞that無意義，不擔當任何成分，只起引導作用，在單個賓語從句中的that可省略： ①引導主語從句、同位語從句、表語從句的連詞that不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被選中了，這件事使我們非常高興。 ②it作形式賓語的賓語從句中引導詞that不可省略。 I think it necessary that you should read aloud. 我認為你有必要大聲朗讀。 5. if與whether引導主語從句的異同 如果用it作形式主語時，if可以引導主語從句，放在句末；如果主語從句放在句首時，不能用if引導，要用whether。 It is doubtful if he has received your letter. 他是否收到了你的信件令人懷疑。 Whether it is true remains a problem. 這件事是否真實還仍然是個問題。 6．whatever/whoever/whichever的功用 whatever/whoever/whichever在主語從句中不含疑問意義，引導主語從句，并在從句中作主語、賓語、表語等。whatever＝anything that；whoever＝anyone who；whichever ＝ anything which。 Whoever breaks the law should be punished. ＝ Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 不管誰犯法都應受到懲罰。 牛刀小試 完成句子 1．You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is __where__I disagree. 2．I think father would like to know __what__ Ive been up to so far, so I decided to send him a quick note. 3．Ive learnt __that,__no matter what happens and how bad __it__seems today, life goes on and it will be better tomorrow. 4．—Its wrong for a student to follow __whatever__his teachers say. —Its true.I cant agree more. 5．Determination is a kind of basic quality and is __what__it takes to do jobs well. 6.__What__ surprised me most was __that__ they had finished it so quickly. 7．It has been proved again and again __that__ frequent advertising increases product sales. 8．—It remains to be seen __whether__ the plan can be put into practice. —It depends on your determination. 9．If you take a job as a journalist, it goes without saying __that__ sometimes youll have to work at weekends. 10．When I try to understand __what__ it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me __that__ there are quite a few causes. 11．The fact__that__she works hard is well known to us all. 12．Ive e from the government with a message__that__the meeting wont be held tomorrow. 13．A warm thought suddenly came to me __that__ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday. 14．I cant stand the terrible noise__that__she is crying loudly. 15．He often asked me the question__whether__the work was worth doing.