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寒假訓(xùn)練01 Unit1 Great Scientists 一、單詞拼寫 1.________n.特征；特性 2.________vt.打?。粦?zhàn)勝；使受挫（n.）失敗 3.________n.治愈；痊愈（vt.）治愈；治療 4.________vt.吸收；吸引；使專心 5.________vt.遇見；預(yù)知 6.________vt.認為；懷疑 7.________vt.向……挑戰(zhàn) 8.________adj.小心的；謹慎的 9.________vt.捐獻；貢獻 10._______vt.暴露；揭露 二、完成句子 11. Parents should try to ________________ (改掉孩子的壞習(xí)慣). 12. As we all know, the scientist _______________________(已經(jīng)做出了重大貢獻) to the world. 13. The company is ____________________ (處于控制中) the youngest son of that rich man. 14. The water company ________________(接到指令) not to expose people to polluted water. 15. It is suggested that he _______________ (參加) the club activities. 三、單項選擇 16. I feel it is your husband who _______ for the spoiled child. A. is to blame　　　　　　　　　 B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed 　　　　　　 D. should blame 17. The famous actor personally _______ $500 million to the quake-hit areas. A. controlled 　　　　 B. conducted　　　　 C. contributed　　　　 D. constructed 18. It was the serious water pollution that _______ the death of the thousands of fishes. A. came about　　　 B. resulted from 　　 C. led to　　　　　 D. made up 19. The doctor told him not to leave his wound _______. A. exposed　　　 B. to expose 　　　 C. to be exposed 　 D. exposing 20. I have read the material several times but it doesn’t make any ______ to me. A. meaning　　　 B. importance 　　　　C. sense 　　　　 D. significance 21. Most people didn’t accept the theory when it was first__________. A. set about　　　　　 B. set off C. put forward D. put out 22. —Your son is naughty. —Eh, and in addition, he has got into some bad habits. I think I should ________. A. cure them of him B. cure him of them C. cure them off him D. cure him off them 23. __________you talk to someone or write a message，you show your skills to others. A. At times B. Some time C. Every time D. The time 24. When I opened the door, I found my father sitting in his chair, completely ______ in a book he was reading. A. absorbed B. losing C. attracted D. addicted 25. —The lights were left on all night long. —Oh. It seems that Tom is ______. Only he stayed in the classroom when I left yesterday evening. A. blaming B. blamed C. to blame D. to be blamed 四、閱讀理解 A 【2018年甘肅省臨夏中學(xué)第一學(xué)期期中考試】He is regarded as having one of the brightest minds on the planet. But outstanding astrophysicist(天體物理學(xué)家) Stephen Hawking has admitted that he did not learn to read until he was eight years old. In a public lecture at the Royal Albert Hall, Professor Hawking also admitted that he was not active in studying while at Oxford University, where he studied physics, and that only the diagnosis that he might die young from motor neurone(神經(jīng)元) disease made him concentrate on his work. Professor Hawking said: “My sister Philippa could read by the age of 4 and then she was definitely brighter than me.” He said that he was unexceptional at school and was never further than halfway up his class. “My classwork was very untidy, and my handwriting was the despair of my teachers,” he said. “But my classmates gave me the nickname Einstein, so presumably they saw signs of something better.” But he said that it was when doctors told him that he probably only had a few years to live at the age of 21 that galvanized him into focusing on his work and a period of productivity that resulted in some of his early breakthroughs. He said, “When you are faced with the possibility of an early death, it makes you realize that life is worth living and there are lots of things you want to do.” 26. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A. Stephen Hawking is the second Einstein in the world. B. Stephen Hawking couldn’t read at the age of 7. C. Stephen Hawking’s handwriting was once terribly bad. D. Stephen Hawking’s sister once performed much better than him. 27. What made Stephen Hawking devote himself to his work? A. Patience. 　　　　　　　 B. Knowledge. C. Disease. D. Laziness. 28. What can we learn from the last paragraph? A. Stephen Hawking didn’t realize his dreams in physics. B. It was possible for Hawking to face the early death. C. The purpose of the doctor’s diagnosis was to encourage him to work hard. D. His life might be taken away by long hard work. 29. From whom did Hawking get a relatively just estimation when he was at school? A. His sister. B. His classmates. C. His teachers. D. His parents. B 【2018年陜西省西安市長安區(qū)第一中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期第六次質(zhì)量檢測】Scientists have found living organisms trapped incrystals（晶體）that could be 50,000 years old. The organisms were found in a hot, but beautiful cave system in Naica, Mexico. These ancient life forms can be seen only with a microscope. Penelope Boston, who leads the Astrobiology Institute at NASA, the space agency of the United States, says the ancient microbes were able to live by eating minerals such as iron. She spoke about the discovery recently at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. If the findings are confirmed, they will show how microbes can survive in extreme conditions. Forty different kinds of microbes and some viruses were found in the underground area. The genetic structures of these organisms are 10 percent different from those of their nearest relatives. The caves in Naica are 800 kilometers deep. They were once used for mining lead. Before the miners began working in the caves, the area was separatedfrom the surface and the outside world. Some of the caves are as big as the large religious centers built during Europe’s Middle Ages. There are crystals covering the walls. The caves are so hot that scientists must wear special clothing to keep cool. The clothing keeps the crystals safe from human germs（病菌）or other damage. Boston said the researchers could only work for about 20 minutes at a time before they had to go to a room that was 38 degrees Celsius to cool down. NASA officials would not let Boston share her findings with scientific experts before last week’s announcement. So scientists could not say much about the findings. But Norine Noonan, a biologist with the University of South Florida, said she believed them. "Why are we surprised?" Noonan asked. "As a biologist, I would say life on Earth is extremely tough and extremely colorful." Boston is also studying microbes commonly found inside caves in other countries, such as Ukraine and the United States. These microbes appear to be impossible to kill. Boston said they show how difficult life on Earth can be. 30. The existence of the ancient microbes relies on _______. A. surrounding insects B. diverse plants C. eating minerals D. absorbing air 31.What can we infer about the caves in Naica from the passage? A. The temperature in the caves is quite low. B. The caves have been explored since they were formed. C. The walls are covered by crystals. D. The environment in the caves is difficult to adapt to. 32.What is the biologist Norine Noonan’s attitude towards the findings? A. Neutral. B. Positive. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent. 33. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Living organisms bring hope to scientific research. B. Scientists discover 50,000-year-old “super life” in Mexico. C. Microbes show great power to survive in terrible conditions. D. Caves provide living environment for living organisms. 五、七選五 【2016年北京高考試題】The Science of Risk——Seeking Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth tasking._34__Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work. The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring._35__As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk. So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today.So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it._36_ No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years._37__To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well. _38__For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active. As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool. A. It all depends on your character. B. Those are the risks you should jump to take. C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival. D. Thus, these well－equipped people survived because they were the fittest. E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world. F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards. G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.  寒假訓(xùn)練01 Unit1 Great Scientists 一、單詞拼寫 【答案】 1.characteristic 2.defeat 3.cure 4.absorb 5.foresee 6.suspect 7.challenge 8.cautious 9.contribute 10.expose 二、完成句子 【答案】 11. cure their children of bad habits 12. has made great contributions 13. under the control of 14. was instructed 15. （should）join in 三、單項選擇 【答案】 16-20ACCAC 21-25CBCAC 【解析】 16. be to blame 該受到責(zé)備，主動表被動含義。 17. contribute捐獻；control 控制；conduct 引導(dǎo)，傳導(dǎo)；construct 修建。 18. lead to導(dǎo)致；result from由......產(chǎn)生；come about 發(fā)生；make up 彌補，編造。這是個強調(diào)句，句意：是嚴重的水污染導(dǎo)致了這幾千條魚的死亡。 19. leave sth. exposed 使某物處于被暴露的狀態(tài)。exposed是過去分詞作賓語補足語，與賓語是被動關(guān)系。 20. make sense 表示“有意義，講得通”。 21. set about 著手；set off 出發(fā)；put forward 提出；put out 撲滅。 22. cure sb. of sth. 治好某人的……，此句中引申為“糾正某人的……”。 23. 句意：每次你同別人談話或?qū)懶畔r，你就把你的技巧呈現(xiàn)給別人了。every time “每當(dāng)……的時候”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句；其他三項都不能引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，故可排除。 24. be absorbed in 全神貫注于，專心于，也可以用be lost in，此處去掉be，用過去分詞作狀語，表示狀態(tài)；attract表示“被……吸引”多用“be attracted by”； be addicted to表示“癡迷，上癮”。 25. sb. is to blame意為“某人該受責(zé)備，是某人的過錯”。 四、閱讀理解 A 【語篇解析】文章大意：文章向我們介紹了傳奇科學(xué)家霍金。 【答案】26-29 ACBB 【解析】 26.細節(jié)理解題。由第三段的“But my classmates gave me the nickname Einstein，so presumably they saw signs of something better.”可知綽號“愛因斯坦”是同學(xué)給起的，但并不意味著他就是第二個愛因斯坦。故A項不符合文意。 27.細節(jié)理解題。由第二段最后一句“...only the diagnosis that he might die young from motor neurone disease made him concentrate on his work.”可知，是“運動神經(jīng)元疾病”促使他有所作為。故選C項。 28.段落大意題。由最后一段，特別是信息句He said，“When you are faced with the possibility of an early death, it makes you realize that life is worth living and there are lots of things you want to do.”可知，他有可能要面對英年早逝的不幸事實。故選B項。 29.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后霍金的話可知，盡管老師不看好他，同學(xué)們?nèi)越o他“愛因斯坦”的綽號，他們從他身上看到好的一面。 B 【語篇解析】本文報道科學(xué)家在墨西哥發(fā)現(xiàn)50000歲的“超級生命”。 【答案】30-33CDBB 【解析】 30.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“the ancient microbes were able to live by eating minerals such as iron”可知，古老的微生物的存在依賴于吃礦物質(zhì)。故選C。 31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“The caves are so hot that scientists must wear special clothing to keep cool.”和“the researchers could only work for about 20 minutes at a time”可推知，洞穴內(nèi)的環(huán)境很糟糕，不適合進入。因此D選項“The environment in the caves is difficult to adapt to（很難適應(yīng)）”正確，故選D。選項A中的“l(fā)ow”與原文不符，故排除A。選項B中的“have been explored since they were formed”意為“自從成形以來已經(jīng)被探索”與原文第四段的“Before the miners began working in the caves, the area was separated from（與…隔離）the surface and the outside world.”不符，故排除B。選項C中的“The walls are covered by crystals”在原文第四段的“There are crystals covering the walls”直接表現(xiàn)出來，不屬于推斷出來的，故排除C。故選D。 32.觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“she believed them”和她說的話“Why are we surprised?”以及“l(fā)ife on Earth is extremely tough and extremely colorful”可推知，Norine Noonan對這個發(fā)現(xiàn)的態(tài)度是正面肯定的，故B選項“Positive（積極的）”正確。選項A“Neutral”意為“中立的”，選項C“Doubtful”意為“懷疑的”，選項D“Indifferent”意為“漠不關(guān)心的”，均不符合文意，排除A，C和D。故選B。 33.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中心段和整篇文章的描述，文章第一段由“Scientists have found living organisms（生物體）trapped in crystals that could be 50，000 years old.”引入，接下來五個段落都圍繞這個生物體和研究發(fā)現(xiàn)展開描述，故選項B正確。A選項“bring hope toscientific research.（給…帶來希望）”在文中沒有體現(xiàn)，故排除A；C選項“show great power to survive”偏離文章討論的中心，故排除C；D選項“Caves provide living environment for living organisms”沒有點出文章主要討論的這項研究，故排除D。故選B。 五、七選五 【語篇解析】文章大意：這是一篇說明文，作者講的是有關(guān)冒險的科學(xué)的探索方面的內(nèi)容。 【答案】34-38 FCAEG 【解析】 34. 選項F中的“weigh risks and rewards”與上文的“weigh the risk and the reward”相呼應(yīng)，故F項符合語境。 35. 選項C中的“Being better at those things”與上文的“were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring”相呼應(yīng)，因此選C。 36. 前文說人們有各種不同的性格，因此你可能喜歡賽車，或者討厭賽車，故A項“這完全是由你的性格決定的”符合語境。 37. 根據(jù)上文的“your willingness...teenage years”及下文的“hunger for new experiences...”可知E項符合語境。 38. 根據(jù)空后的“For the risk-seekers...becomes active”可知，此處講的是面對緊張的局面時我們的大腦會有不同的反應(yīng)，故G項符合語境。