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Unit 3 Inventors and inventions ***閱讀理解。 Can exercise during childhood protect you against memory loss many decades later? Exercise early in life seems to have lifelong benefits for the brain，in rats at least. “This is an animal study，but it shows that physical activity at a young age is very important—not just for physical development，but for the whole lifelong track of cognitive(認知的)development during ageing，”says Martin Wojtowicz of the University of Toronto，Canada. “In humans，it may delay the appearance of Alzheimers disease(阿爾茨海默病)，possibly to the point of preventing it.” Wojtowiczs team divided 80 young male rats into two equal groups，and placed running wheels in the cages of one group for a period of six weeks.Around four months later—when the rats had reached middle age—the team taught all the rats to connect an electric shock with being in a specific box.When placed in the box，they froze with fear. Two weeks later，the team tested the rats in three situations：exactly the same box in the same room，the same box with the room arranged differently，and a pletely different box in a different room. The rats without access to a running wheel when they were young now froze the same percentage of times in each of these situations，suggesting they couldnt remember which one was dangerous.But those that had been able to run in their youth froze 40 to 50 percent less in both changed box settings. “The results suggest the amount of physical activity when were young，at least for rats，has influence on the brain and cognitive health—in the form of better memories—when were older，” says Arthur Kramer of Northeastern University in Boston，who has found that，in humans，exercise promotes the growth of new brain cells. 1．The study shows that ________. A．physical activity is important for physical health B．using the running wheels is of benefit to the rats growth C．physical activity can prevent humans Alzheimers disease D．the more exercise a rat has when young，the better memory it will possess when older 2．How are Paragraph 3 and 4 mainly developed? A．By analyzing causes. B．By giving an example. C．By describing the process. D．By showing differences. 3．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Exercise.　　　　　B．Development. C．Benefit. D．Study. 4．What is the authors attitude towards the animal study? A．Negative. B．Objective. C．Critical. D．Doubtful. 【解題導語】本文為說明文，介紹了一項科學研究，從而得出早期鍛煉對大腦終身有好處的結(jié)論。 1．D　考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容尤其是第二句“Exercise early in life seems to have lifelong benefits for the brain, in rats at least”可知，早期鍛煉似乎對大腦終身有好處，至少對老鼠來說是這樣的。故選D項。 2．C　考查寫作手法。根據(jù)第三段的“Wojtowiczs team divided 80 young male rats into two equal groups...Around four months later...they froze with fear”和第四段的“Two weeks later，the team tested the rats in three situations”可知，本文第三、四段描述了Wojtowicz的研究小組對老鼠進行實驗的過程。C項意為“通過描述過程”，故選C項。A項意為“通過分析原因”；B項意為“通過舉例子”；D項意為“通過展示不同點”。這三項均不符合第三、四段的發(fā)展脈絡。 3．A　考查代詞指代。根據(jù)第二段的“but it shows that physical activity at a young age is very important”及“In humans，it may delay the appearance of Alzheimers disease(阿爾茨海默病)”可知，身體活動很重要，對人類來說，它可能會推遲阿爾茨海默病的出現(xiàn)。因此“it”在文中指的是“physical activity”， A項與其同義，故選A項。 4．B　考查觀點態(tài)度。通讀全文可知，作者介紹了對老鼠進行實驗的過程及其結(jié)果，并引用數(shù)據(jù)進行說明，由此可知作者對動物研究的態(tài)度是很客觀的。B項意為“客觀的”，故選B項。 ***語法填空。 They survive in some of the coldest environments in the world—but even penguins appreciate a warm woolly jumper (套頭毛衣) once in a while. The mini knitted garments have helped save hundreds of flightless birds caught __1__oil leaks, providing protection from the elements and stopping them from swallowing __2__(poison) pollution. Knits for Nature, a program run by the Penguin Foundation, __3__ conserves the little penguin population of Phillip Island, 140 km southeast of Melbourne, __4__(create) up to 300 different designs over the years—and it is all thanks to talented volunteers. “Theres a lot of __5__ (hide) creativity out there，” said Lyn Blom, of Phillip Island Nature Park. “People love to know that theyre helping the penguins __6__ theyre so cute and small and they waddle up the beach and theyre so strong. But they need to be, for they live in __7__pretty tough sort of environment.” A thumbnail－sized patch of oil can kill little penguins, the __8__ (small) of the species, measuring just 13 inches (33 cm) and weighing 2.2 lbs (1kg). The oil separates and mats their feathers, breaking natural waterproof and heating functions. Ms Blom estimates __9__she has knitted between 200 and 300 penguin jumpers over the years, including __10__in the colours of every Australian football team in the country. 1．________2.________3.________4.________5.________ 　6.________7.________ 8.________ 9.________ 10.________ 篇章導讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Ms Blom編織的迷你毛衣成功拯救了數(shù)百只企鵝，能防止它們接觸到石油中的微量元素，甚至誤食有毒的污染物。 1．in 考查介詞。這里是“be caught in”的固定搭配，意思為“被困于……中”。文中是過去分詞短語作定語修飾flightless birds。 2．poisonous 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。poisonous作為形容詞修飾其后面的名詞。 3．which 考查定語從句的引導詞?？仗幰龑Х窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句，指代先行詞the Penguin Foundation，并在從句中作主語，故用which。 4．has created 考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)時間狀語“over the years”可知這里用現(xiàn)在完成時，句子的主語是一個名為Knits for Nature的項目，故謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。 5．hidden 考查非謂語動詞。creativity是名詞，其前要用形容詞修飾，動詞hide與creativity之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故用過去分詞。此處為過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的形容詞作定語。 6．because 考查連詞。“theyre so cute and small and they waddle up the beach and theyre so strong”是“People love to know that theyre helping the penguins”的原因，故用because引導原因狀語從句。 7．a(chǎn) 考查冠詞。此處表示泛指，且pretty的讀音是以輔音音素開頭的，故用a。a pretty tough sort of environment表示的是“一種相當惡劣的環(huán)境”。 8．smallest 考查形容詞的最高級。根據(jù)上下文語境和空前的the可知這里應該用最高級。 9．that 考查賓語從句的連接詞。分析句子成分可知，空處引導賓語從句作estimates的賓語，賓語從句中句意和成分完整，故用that。 10．those　考查代詞。those指代前面所說的penguin jumpers。 ***完形填空。 It was a day in late June, gray and depressing, with clouds hanging low. My husband and I were driving to Nova Scotia, Canada, for a much-needed vacation. We traveled tiredly, hoping to 1 rest and dinner before the rain came. Suddenly, on a lonely stretch of highway, the storm 2 . Cascades of water shut us in, making driving impossible. We 3 onto the shoulder of the road and stopped. Then, as though someone had turned off a celestial tap, it 4 . A thin radiance, like a spray of gold, 5 from the clouds. Every blade of grass was crystalline as the sun flashed on 6 drops. The very road shone, and a rainbow arched across the sky. It was as though this beam of color had been built for us 7 . We could hardly speak for awe and joy. A friend of mine has described a 8 experience. She had walked out on a lonely beach at twilight. It was a time of grief for her, and 9 was what she wanted. Offshore, across the darkening sea, she made out the 10 of an anchored fishing boat, and in it the figure of a man. My friend told me that after a while, she felt an intense and glowing sense of oneness with that 11 figure. It was as though sea and sky and night and those two solitary human beings were united in a kind of profound identity. “I was 12 by joy,” she said. 13 almost anything may serve as the motivation of such a feeling—stars shine on new snow; a sudden field of daffodils; a moment in marriage when hand reaches out to hand in the 14 that this other person speaks as you speak, feels as you feel. Joy may wait, too, just 15 danger when you have enough to face a situation and live it out. 16 the source, such experiences provide the most memorable moments of life. What if these moments of joy are given to us to 17 that this is the way we are meant to live? What if the clarity of joy is the way we should be seeing all the time? To many people, it seems almost wicked to feel this radiance in a world 18 as ours is. But most generations have known uncertainty and 19 . The more damaged the world, the more we need to remember the luminous beauty at the center of life. Our moments of joy are 20 that at the heart of darkness an unquenchable(不可遏制的)light shines. Joy is the feeling that we have touched the edge of something far beyond ourselves. 語篇解讀：作者通過旅行中的經(jīng)歷感悟到人生的快樂比人們想象的更容易獲得的道理，并要學會珍惜人生的快樂。 1. A. afford B. purchase C. reach D. offer 【答案】C 2. A. fell B. attacked C. struck D. covered 【答案】C 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示的是 “下起了暴風雨”，C項的“strike”可以表示“大雨襲擊”的意思；A項是“倒下”；B項是“襲擊，攻擊”，為及物動詞；D項表示的“覆蓋”之意，故C項適合。 3. A. pulled off B. pulled through C. pulled up D. pulled down 【答案】A 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“把車停到路邊”，A項短語適合；B項表示的是“度過難關(guān)”；C項表示“拔起，阻止”；D項是“摧毀，掀翻”之意，故選A適合。 4. A. started B. disturbed C. paused D. ended 【答案】D 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“雨停了”故D項適合。 5. A. broadcast B. unfolded C. spread D. reflected 【答案】C 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“一道金色的光從云中散播(spread)下來”，故C項正確。A項是“廣播，播報”；B項是“打開”；D項是“反映” 6. A. trembling B. shrinking C. bright D. thick 【答案】A 7. A. only B. lonely C. alone D. together 【答案】C 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“仿佛這種美妙的場景就是專為我們兩人的”，A項是“只是，僅僅”；B項表示“孤單的，孤寂的”；C項表示“獨自地”，能體現(xiàn)出專為二人的感覺；D項表示“一起”，故選C適合。 8. A. similar B. different C. contrary D. strange 【答案】A 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“我的朋友也有過類似的經(jīng)歷”，故A項適合。 9. A. disfort B. pain C. despair D. loneliness 【答案】D 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“當時她所需要的就是那種一個人的獨處”，D項符合此處的意思；A項表示“不舒適”；B項是“傷痛”；C項是“絕望”。 10. A. image B. scene C. view D. picture 【答案】A 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“在漆黑的海面上她辨別出一艘漁船的景象”，A項適合；B項表示的是“場景，布景”；C項是“在遠處或高處從個人角度看到整個風景的一部分”而D項表示的是“圖畫”；用A項更能體現(xiàn)和突出夜晚海面上的景象，故選A適合。 11. A. harmonious B. peaceful C. silent D. calm 【答案】C 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“夜晚海面上的那種寂靜”故C項正確；A項是“和諧的，友好和睦的”；B項是“平靜”而D項是“鎮(zhèn)靜”之意，故選C正確。 12. A. overtaken B. overe C. overlooked D. overdone 【答案】A 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“我非常開心”即“被開心接管”之意，A項適合；B項是“克服”之意；C項是“忽視”而D項表示的是“把…做的過分”。 13. A. Accidentally B. Purposely C. Apparently D. Fortunately 【答案】C 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“很明顯幾乎所有的事物都可以充當喜悅之情的動力”故C項正確；A項是“偶然地”；B項表示“有目的地”；D項是“幸運地”。 14. A. imagination B. realization C. innovation D. reputation 【答案】B 15. A. against B. without C. within D. beyond 【答案】D 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“開心快樂超越了危險”之意，故D項適合。 16. A. Whatever B. However C. Whichever D. Whenever 【答案】A 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“不管開心的來源是什么”之意，故A項適合。 17. A. represent B. reveal C. resemble D. announce 【答案】B 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“開心的時刻是揭示或反映出一種我們要怎樣去生活的方式”之意，A項表示“代表”；B項是“揭示”；C項是“像”；D項是“宣布”；故B項適合。 18. A. cursed B. destroyed C. threatened D. buried 【答案】C 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“生活中的開心受到影響”，A項是“詛咒”之意；B項是“摧毀”；C項表示“威脅，影響”；D項是“埋，埋葬”之意，故C項正確。 19. A. challenge B. schedule C. opportunity D. harmony 【答案】A 【解析】依據(jù)上下文可知此處表示是“許多人也已經(jīng)明白了生活中的不確定性和挑戰(zhàn)”，選項A“挑戰(zhàn)”之意，符合語境。B項是“計劃，日程表，時間表，進度表”；C項表示“機會，機遇”；D項是“和諧，協(xié)調(diào)，融洽”之意。 20. A. foundation B. version C. proof D. prehension 【答案】C ***短文改錯。 School English Drama Club was selecting actors and actresses for the drama The Million Pound Bank Note. It is famous short story writing by the American author Mark Twain. The selection, that is in the charge of Mr Smith, will be made at the school hall in May 20th, 2018. Any student at our school who meets with the following criteria will be offered a chance to bee an actor or actress. Firstly, he or she should love creative and interested performances. Secondly, he or she should be able to speak fluent English. More important, he or she should have read the short story and is familiar with the whole story. Thank you for your attentions. 答案： School English Drama Club selecting actors and actresses for the drama The Million Pound Bank Note. It is famous short story by the American author Mark Twain. The selection, is in the charge of Mr Smith, will be made at the school hall May 20th, 2018. Any student at our school who meets the following criteria will be offered a chance to bee an actor or actress. Firstly, he or she should love creative and performances. Secondly, he or she should be able to speak fluent English. More ， he or she should have read the short story and familiar with the whole story. Thank you for your . 難項分析： 第三處：writing→written考查非謂語動詞。write與story之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故此處需用過去分詞作后置定語，表示“由Mark Twain所著/所寫”。 第四處：that→which考查非限制性定語從句的引導詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應用which引導非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞The selection。注意：that不能引導非限制性定語從句。 第九處：is→be考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。and連接的兩個并列成分均位于情態(tài)動詞should后，需用動詞原形，故此處改為be。 ***