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附錄2 外文譯文
虛擬制造技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用
摘要：闡述了虛擬制造的基本概念，虛擬制造的核心技術(shù)，以及虛擬制造技術(shù)應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞：制造業(yè) 虛擬制造 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)
0 引言
當(dāng)今的制造業(yè)基本技術(shù)日臻成熟，其市場(chǎng)處于以消費(fèi)者為導(dǎo)向的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下，產(chǎn)品品種、上市時(shí)間和用戶滿意度成為企業(yè)取得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的主要因素。制造業(yè)這種全球化的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不斷催生了各種先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和新的制造哲理，虛擬制造技術(shù)將會(huì)在本世紀(jì)涌向潮頭，其樸素的思想和高新的技術(shù)手段都為研究領(lǐng)域和業(yè)界所推崇。
虛擬制造就是根據(jù)企業(yè)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的需求，在強(qiáng)調(diào)柔性和快速的前提下，美國(guó)80年代提出的，隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，在90年代得到人們的重視，并獲得迅速的發(fā)展。
1 虛擬制造
虛擬制造的基本思想是在產(chǎn)品制造過(guò)程的上游——設(shè)計(jì)階段就進(jìn)行對(duì)產(chǎn)品制造全過(guò)程的虛擬集成，將全階段可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題解決在這一階段，通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)的最優(yōu)化達(dá)到產(chǎn)品的一次性制造成功。
虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)是使用感官組織仿真設(shè)備的真實(shí)或虛幻環(huán)境的動(dòng)態(tài)模型生成或創(chuàng)造出人能夠感知的環(huán)境或現(xiàn)實(shí)，使人能夠憑借直覺(jué)作用于計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)生的三維仿真模型的虛擬環(huán)境?；谔摂M現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)的虛擬制造技術(shù)在一個(gè)統(tǒng)一模型之下對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)和制造等過(guò)程集成，它將與產(chǎn)品制造相關(guān)的各種過(guò)程與技術(shù)集成在三維的、動(dòng)態(tài)的仿真真實(shí)過(guò)程的實(shí)體數(shù)字模型之上。其目的是在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)階段，借助建模與仿真技術(shù)及時(shí)地、并行地、模擬出產(chǎn)品未來(lái)制造過(guò)程乃至產(chǎn)品全生命周期的各種活動(dòng)對(duì)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的影響，預(yù)測(cè)、檢測(cè)、評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品性能和產(chǎn)品的可制造性等等。從而更加有效的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、柔性的組織生產(chǎn)，增強(qiáng)決策與控制水平，有力地降低由于前期設(shè)計(jì)給后期制造帶來(lái)的回溯更改，達(dá)到產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)周期和成本最小化、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量的最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)效率的最大化。
虛擬制造系統(tǒng)是各制造功能的虛擬集成，它的可視化集成范圍包括與設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的各項(xiàng)子系統(tǒng)的功能，如用戶支持、工程分析、材料選用、工藝計(jì)劃、工裝分析、快速原型，甚至包括制造企業(yè)全部功能（如計(jì)劃、操作、控制）的集成。
虛擬制造系統(tǒng)擁有產(chǎn)品和相關(guān)制造過(guò)程的全部信息，包括虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、制造和控制產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)、知識(shí)和模型信息。虛擬控制制造系統(tǒng)按照功能歸集為三種不同類型的子環(huán)境，共同構(gòu)成中心三元耦合的系統(tǒng)模式：
（1）虛擬制造設(shè)計(jì)中心：給設(shè)計(jì)者提供各種工具以便虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、虛擬制造，設(shè)計(jì)出符合設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則（如DFX）的產(chǎn)品模型；
（2）虛擬制造加工中心：研究開發(fā)產(chǎn)品制造過(guò)程模型和環(huán)境模型及其分析各種可行的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和工藝規(guī)劃；
（3）虛擬制造控制中心：評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、產(chǎn)品原型、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃、制造模擬和控制策略等等。
2 虛擬制造技術(shù)支持
虛擬制造技術(shù)是多學(xué)科綜合的系統(tǒng)技術(shù)，需要研究開發(fā)相應(yīng)的硬件集成系統(tǒng)與軟件，就軟件技術(shù)而言，相關(guān)的研究支持如下：
可視化：真實(shí)、直觀地再現(xiàn)主觀產(chǎn)品與客觀制造過(guò)程；
基本環(huán)境：增強(qiáng)可視化和其它虛擬制造功能的集成系統(tǒng)平臺(tái)；
信息描述：表達(dá)各種信息，包括數(shù)據(jù)、知識(shí)和模型的統(tǒng)一的方法、語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)法；
中介模型：構(gòu)造、定義、開發(fā)對(duì)過(guò)程易于中斷介入的模型；
基層集成組織結(jié)構(gòu)：硬件與軟件的基層組織結(jié)構(gòu)；
仿真模型：在計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中設(shè)計(jì)的真實(shí)系統(tǒng)模型；
應(yīng)用方法：產(chǎn)品多樣性與過(guò)程動(dòng)態(tài)性的共同特征的抽象提??；
制造特征：各種材料在虛擬制造環(huán)境中的變化過(guò)程；
虛擬制造系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)：可制造性、工藝性、可靠性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性、質(zhì)量、工期等等。
2.1建模技術(shù)
虛擬制造系統(tǒng)是現(xiàn)實(shí)制造系統(tǒng)在虛擬環(huán)境下的映射，是RMS的模型化、形式化和計(jì)算機(jī)化的抽象描述和表示。VMS的建模應(yīng)包括：生產(chǎn)模型、產(chǎn)品模型和工藝模型的信息體系結(jié)構(gòu)。
（1）生產(chǎn)模型歸納為靜態(tài)描述和動(dòng)態(tài)描述兩個(gè)方面。靜態(tài)描述是指系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)能力和生產(chǎn)特性的描述。動(dòng)態(tài)描述是指在已知系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)和需求特性的基礎(chǔ)上預(yù)測(cè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的全過(guò)程。
（2）產(chǎn)品模型是制造過(guò)程中，各類實(shí)體對(duì)象模型的集合。對(duì)VMS來(lái)說(shuō)，要使產(chǎn)品實(shí)施過(guò)程中的全部活動(dòng)集成，就必須具有完備的產(chǎn)品模型，所以虛擬制造下的產(chǎn)品模型不再是單一的靜態(tài)特征模型，它能通過(guò)映射、抽象等方法提取產(chǎn)品實(shí)施中各活動(dòng)所需的模型。
（3）工藝模型將工藝參數(shù)與影響制造功能的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)屬性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，反應(yīng)生產(chǎn)模型與產(chǎn)品模型之間的交互作用。工藝模型必須具備以下功能：計(jì)算機(jī)工藝仿真、制造
數(shù)據(jù)表、制造規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)計(jì)模型以及物理和數(shù)學(xué)模型。
2.2仿真技術(shù)
仿真就是應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實(shí)系統(tǒng)經(jīng)過(guò)抽象和簡(jiǎn)化形成系統(tǒng)模型，然后在分析的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)行此模型，從而得到系統(tǒng)一系列的統(tǒng)計(jì)性能。
仿真的基本步驟為：研究系統(tǒng)——收集數(shù)據(jù)——建立系統(tǒng)模型——確定仿真算法——建立仿真模型——運(yùn)行仿真模型——輸出結(jié)果并分析。
產(chǎn)品制造過(guò)程仿真，可歸納為制造系統(tǒng)仿真和加工過(guò)程仿真。虛擬制造系統(tǒng)中的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)涉及到產(chǎn)品建模仿真、設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程規(guī)劃仿真、設(shè)計(jì)思維過(guò)程和設(shè)計(jì)交互行為仿真等，以便對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程早期反饋，減少或避免產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)錯(cuò)誤。加工過(guò)程仿真，包括切削過(guò)程仿真、裝配過(guò)程仿真，檢驗(yàn)過(guò)程仿真以及焊接、壓力加工、鑄造仿真等。目前上述兩類仿真過(guò)程是獨(dú)立發(fā)展起來(lái)的，尚不能集成，而VM中應(yīng)建立面向制造全過(guò)程的統(tǒng)一仿真。
2.3虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)
虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)是在為改善人與計(jì)算機(jī)的交互方式，提高計(jì)算機(jī)可操作性中產(chǎn)生的，它是綜合利用計(jì)算機(jī)圖形系統(tǒng)、各種顯示和控制等接口設(shè)備，在計(jì)算機(jī)上生成可交互的三維環(huán)境（稱為虛擬環(huán)境）中提供沉浸感覺(jué)的技術(shù)。
由圖形系統(tǒng)及各種接口設(shè)備組成，用來(lái)產(chǎn)生虛擬環(huán)境并提供沉浸感覺(jué)，以及交互操作的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)稱為虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)系統(tǒng)。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)系統(tǒng)包括操作者、機(jī)器和人機(jī)接口3個(gè)基本要素。利用VRS可以對(duì)真實(shí)世界進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)模似，通過(guò)用戶的交互輸入，并及時(shí)按輸出修改虛擬環(huán)境，使人產(chǎn)生身臨其境的沉浸感覺(jué)。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)是VM的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一。
3 VM在制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用
雖然在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過(guò)程中應(yīng)用建模和仿真可以大大縮短開發(fā)周期，改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能和可靠性，但在工業(yè)界的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中實(shí)際應(yīng)用并不多。目前的仿真系統(tǒng)還不能適應(yīng)工業(yè)界在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中進(jìn)行分析和驗(yàn)證等的要求。
高級(jí)工程仿真系統(tǒng)應(yīng)具有下列特點(diǎn)：
三維的復(fù)雜零件”零件接口；本質(zhì)上不同響應(yīng)特性的多元材料；材料重要的非線性性質(zhì)，諸如：非牛頓行為、塑料變形、斷裂；多相現(xiàn)象；帶有化學(xué)反應(yīng)的多相能量轉(zhuǎn)移；移動(dòng)或自由邊界；非線性動(dòng)力學(xué)。
在以模型為基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計(jì)中，實(shí)現(xiàn)高級(jí)工程仿真的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)可歸納如下：
用戶接口；分析式立體造型；對(duì)殼體和實(shí)體的先進(jìn)網(wǎng)格生成算法（有限元分析用）；解的誤差分析和改進(jìn)；材料模型；優(yōu)化目標(biāo)函數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)；面向?qū)ο蟮能浖こ?；海量并行?jì)算；可視化。
把這些技術(shù)集成起來(lái)，可以幫助設(shè)計(jì)者進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，了解設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的產(chǎn)品的性能。應(yīng)用上述先進(jìn)的網(wǎng)格生成算法、誤差分析及計(jì)算，可組成自適應(yīng)算法，使僅懂得機(jī)構(gòu)、不懂得分析的設(shè)計(jì)者也能設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品及設(shè)計(jì)這一產(chǎn)品的制造過(guò)程。自適應(yīng)能力可以保證分析的精度。由于重要的幾何性質(zhì)可以參數(shù)化，因此可以進(jìn)行形狀的優(yōu)化等。
虛擬制造技術(shù)首先在飛機(jī)、汽車等領(lǐng)域獲得成功的應(yīng)用。目前VMT應(yīng)用在以下幾個(gè)方面：
3.1虛擬企業(yè)
虛擬企業(yè)建立，其中有一條最重要的原因是因?yàn)楦髌髽I(yè)本身無(wú)法單獨(dú)滿足市場(chǎng)需求，迎接市場(chǎng)挑戰(zhàn)。因此，為了快速響應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需求，圍繞新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，利用不同地域的現(xiàn)有資源、不同的企業(yè)或不同地點(diǎn)的工廠，重新組織一個(gè)新公司。該公司在運(yùn)行之前，必須分析組合是否最優(yōu)，能否協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)行，并對(duì)投產(chǎn)后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、利益分配等進(jìn)行評(píng)估。這種聯(lián)作公司稱為虛擬公司，或者叫作動(dòng)態(tài)聯(lián)盟，是一種虛擬企業(yè)，它具有集成性和實(shí)效性兩大特點(diǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體。
3.2虛擬產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)
例如飛機(jī)、汽車的外形設(shè)計(jì)，其形狀是否符合空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)原理，運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的阻力，其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)布局的合理性等。在復(fù)雜管道系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中，采用虛擬技術(shù)，設(shè)計(jì)者可以”進(jìn)入其中0進(jìn)行管道布置，并可檢查能否發(fā)生干涉。在計(jì)算機(jī)上的虛擬產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，不但能提高設(shè)計(jì)效率，而且能盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的問(wèn)題，從而優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)。例如美國(guó)波音公司投資40億美元研制波音777噴氣式客機(jī)，從1990年10月開始到1994年6月僅用了3年零8個(gè)月時(shí)間就完成了研制，一次試飛成功，投入運(yùn)營(yíng)。波音公司分散在世界各地的技術(shù)人員可以從777客機(jī)數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的零部件中調(diào)出任何一種在計(jì)算機(jī)上觀察、研究、討論，所有零部件均是三維實(shí)體模型?？梢娞摂M產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)給企業(yè)帶來(lái)的效益。
3.3虛擬產(chǎn)品制造
應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)，對(duì)零件的加工方法、工序順序、工裝的選用、工藝參數(shù)的選用，加工工藝性、裝配工藝性、配合件之間的配合性、連接件之間的連接性、運(yùn)動(dòng)構(gòu)件的運(yùn)動(dòng)性等均可建模仿真，可以提前發(fā)現(xiàn)加工缺陷，提前發(fā)現(xiàn)裝配時(shí)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，從而能夠優(yōu)化制造過(guò)程，提高加工效率。
3.4虛擬生產(chǎn)過(guò)程
產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的合理制定、人力資源、制造資源、物料庫(kù)存、生產(chǎn)調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)等，均可通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)仿真進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，同時(shí)還可對(duì)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行可靠性分析，對(duì)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的資金進(jìn)行分析預(yù)測(cè)，對(duì)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行分析預(yù)測(cè)等，從而對(duì)人力資源、制造資源的合理配置，對(duì)縮短產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期，降低成本意義重大。
4 虛擬制造系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)
CIM集成是通過(guò)物理的、邏輯的聯(lián)系以便在制造設(shè)備之間傳遞信號(hào)，以龐大的信息流為“網(wǎng)線”粘連起企業(yè)活動(dòng)的全部活動(dòng)“節(jié)點(diǎn)”，共同澆結(jié)成一整塊“企業(yè)機(jī)器”，實(shí)際上從各個(gè)方面降低了企業(yè)的柔性。而虛擬制造則完全是數(shù)字模型的集成，提供了有別于CIMS“物理集成”的虛擬集成方案，將相互孤立的制造技術(shù)如CAD、CAM、CAPP等等集成在一個(gè)虛擬產(chǎn)品制造環(huán)境下，以現(xiàn)實(shí)對(duì)制造過(guò)程的一一對(duì)應(yīng)的模型化映射關(guān)系，它相對(duì)于物理世界有功能一致性、結(jié)構(gòu)相似性的特點(diǎn)，是對(duì)實(shí)體制造企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品、作業(yè)、環(huán)境及其評(píng)價(jià)行為等等四個(gè)特征的虛擬實(shí)現(xiàn)。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)在的制造系統(tǒng)如CAD、CAPP、CAM，能夠大大增強(qiáng)各個(gè)子系統(tǒng)之間的協(xié)調(diào)與并行。面向模型集成各個(gè)子系統(tǒng)功能是虛擬制造技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵之一，由于產(chǎn)品的多樣性與制造過(guò)程的動(dòng)態(tài)性，虛擬制造環(huán)境是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)多變的集成環(huán)境，其過(guò)程會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的各種數(shù)據(jù)，虛擬過(guò)程的數(shù)據(jù)管理變得非常復(fù)雜。面向產(chǎn)品與過(guò)程的虛擬制造系統(tǒng)需要對(duì)產(chǎn)品、作業(yè)、環(huán)境和評(píng)價(jià)的數(shù)據(jù)、知識(shí)、模型進(jìn)行共同特征抽取與異型制造過(guò)程創(chuàng)建。
擬實(shí)制造的基礎(chǔ)是對(duì)制造過(guò)程（即把各種材料變成產(chǎn)品的過(guò)程）的理論和方法進(jìn)行深入的了解。有了這些了解，才有可能在計(jì)算機(jī)上進(jìn)行擬實(shí)制造，從而揭示一個(gè)產(chǎn)品制造全過(guò)程的種種復(fù)雜問(wèn)題。隨著擬實(shí)制造的發(fā)展，它將為工程師們提供一個(gè)從產(chǎn)品的概念形成、設(shè)計(jì)、制造到實(shí)現(xiàn)的全過(guò)程三維可視及交互的環(huán)境；它將促使實(shí)現(xiàn)制造驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)，要求設(shè)計(jì)者在設(shè)計(jì)階段把一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思、設(shè)計(jì)、制造統(tǒng)統(tǒng)考慮好。目前，電子類產(chǎn)品，特別是大規(guī)模集成電路，相對(duì)地比機(jī)械類產(chǎn)品簡(jiǎn)單，制造過(guò)程具有通用性，發(fā)展得較成熟；機(jī)械類產(chǎn)品相對(duì)較復(fù)雜，進(jìn)展得較慢。另外，擬實(shí)制造的實(shí)現(xiàn)是建筑在一個(gè)企業(yè)內(nèi)外實(shí)行計(jì)算機(jī)集成基礎(chǔ)上的，只有在大范圍采用計(jì)算機(jī)集成后，才能有效地實(shí)行擬實(shí)制造，并在這基礎(chǔ)上過(guò)渡到敏捷制造時(shí)代。因此，今天我們?cè)诖蠓秶鷥?nèi)推廣CIMS的應(yīng)用，是有很深遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義的。它將為我國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)跳躍式發(fā)展，打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
附錄3 外文原文
Virtual Manufacturing Technology and Its Application
Abstract：This paper describes the fundamental conception，the key virtual technology of virtual manufacturing and its application.
Keywords：Manufacturing industry Virtual manufacturing Virtual reality
0 preface
Nowadays the manufacturing industry basic technique is attain mature, its market be placed in with consumer for direction of market environment descend, product species, the time appear on market and the customer satisfaction to become main factor that the business enterprise obtains the competitive advantage. The manufacturing industry fierce competition of this kind of globalization urges to born various of the manufacturing technique and new manufacturing philosophies forerunners continuously, Virtual manufacturing technique will flow out toward the tide head in this century, it’s simple thought and high and new technique means are all worshiped by studying realm and industries .
Virtual manufacturing just according to the need of the business enterprise market competition, while emphasize the gentle and fast premise, in the 80's the United States put forward of, along with the development of the computer technique and the information networks technical, get the people's value in 90's, and acquire the quick development.
1 virtual manufacturing
The basic thought of the virtual manufacturing is in the upper stream of the product process- the design stage carry on the conjecture to the product making of the whole process gather, resolving the problem that may appear in the whole stage in this stage, passing to design superior to turn once manufacturing success of attain the product.
The virtual realistic technique is a dynamic state model that uses the sense organs organization to imitate the true or vain environment of true equipments born or create a person can the feeling know of environment or actuality, make person can with borrow the intuition function in three D that calculator produce imitates the true model of virtual environment. According to realistic technical virtual manufacturing technique of conjecture at an unifies the model under gather to the processes such as design and manufacturing etc., it will make with product related various process and techniques gather in three D of, imitate the true true process dynamic state of numerical model of entity on. Its purpose designs the stage in the product, asking for help to set up the mold with imitate the true technique in time, abreast, imitate to produce the article to make in the future the process is to go to various activity of the product whole life cycle to the influence that product design, estimate, examination, evaluate the product function and products can make the sex etc.. Thus and more valid of, economy of, the gentle organization produce, strengthenning decision and controling the level, lowering emolliently because of expecting to design before to behind expected to make to bring of returned to change, attain the development period and cost minimums, products of the product design quantity superior to turn and produced the efficiency to maximize.
The conjecture manufacturing system is the conjecture of each manufacturing function to gather, it can see to turn to gather the scope includes and designs various functions of related sub- system, if customer support, engineering analysis, the material chooses to use, the craft plan, work pack analysis, fast prototype, even include to make all functions( such as plan, operation, control) of business enterprise to gather.
The conjecture manufacturing system owns all informations of the product and related manufacturing process, including the conjecture design and making and controling the output data, knowledge and model informations.The virtual control manufacturing system returns to gather to three kinds of sub- environments of different type according to the function, the system mode that the common composing center three dollar match:
(1)Conjecture manufacturing design center: the one who give design provides various tool for the purpose of conjecture design, the conjecture manufacturing, design to match the product model of design the standard( such as DFX);
(2)Conjecture the manufacturing processes the center: Study to develop the product manufacturing process model and the environment models and its nalytical various viable production plan and craft programmingses;
(3)Conjecture manufacturing control centre:Evaluate the product design, product prototype, produce the plan and make to imitate and control the strategy etc..
2 conjecture manufacturing technique support
The conjecture manufacturing technique is the system technique that many course synthesize, the hardware that needs to study the development to correspond gather system and software, in regard to the software technique, the related research support is as follows:
Can see to turn: True, keep the view ground to reappear the subjective product and objective manufacturing processes;
Basic environment: The to build up can see to turn to gather with other conjecture manufacturing function system terrace;
Information description: Express various information, include data, knowledge and the united method, language righteousness, phrasing of the models;
Win to lie the model: Structure, definition, the model that develop to be easy to to the process break off to get involved;
The basic level gather the organization structure: Grass-roots organization structure of the hardware and software;
Imitate the true model: True system model of the design in the calculator system;
Applied method: The product abstraction of diverse sex and process dynamic state and common characteristic withdraw;
Make the characteristic: Various material makes the variety process in the environment in the conjecture;
Conjecture manufacturing system evaluation: Can make sex, craft, credibility, economy, quantity, the work period...etc..
2.1 set up the mold technique
The conjecture manufacturing system is an actuality manufacturing system under the virtual environment of reflect to shoot, is a RMS model to turn, the formalization and calculators turn abstract description and mean. The VMS set up the mold and should include: Produce the information system structure of the model, the product model and the craft model.
(1)Produce the model induces to describe to describe two aspects with dynamic state for the static state. The static state description mean the system production ability and produce the description of the characteristic .The dynamic state description mean on the foundation that have already known the system appearance and the need characteristic the whole process that the estimate product produce.
(2)The product model is to make in the process, each kind of entity object model gather. To VMS, to make all activities within the product implement processes gather, must have the complete product model, so virtual manufacturing under of product model is not the single static state characteristic model any more, it can pass to reflect to shoot, abstract etc. the method withdraw the product implement in the model that each activity need.
(3)The craft model hand over the product design that the craft parameter and influences make the function belongs to sex to contact, respond the of produce the model and the product model with each other function.The craft model must have the following function:The calculator craft imitate true, manufacturing
Data form, manufacturing programming, the covariance model and physicses and mathematics models.
2.2 imitate the true technique
Imitate is really applied calculator to complicated of realistic system becomes the system model through abstraction and simplifications, then circulate this model on the analytical foundation, thus getting the covariance function of the system a series.
Imitate the really basic step is: Study the system- collections data- establishment the system model- the assurance imitates the true calculate way- build up imitating the true model- circulate imitate the true model- output the result is also analytical.
The product manufacturing process really imitate, can induce for make the system to imitate true and really process the process to imitate. Conjecture manufacturing product within system development involve the product to set up the mimicry true, design process programming imitate true, design the thinking process and designs hand over with each other the behavior imitates true etc., in order to as a result carry on the evaluation to the design, realization design process earlier period feedback, reduce or avoid the product design mistake. Process the process really imitate, including to slice to pare the process to imitate true, really assemble the process to imitate, examine the process to imitate true and weld, the pressure process, casts to imitate true etc..Above-mentioned currently two the types imitate the true process to develop independently of, can't gather still, but VM in really should build up face to make the whole process to unify to imitate.
2.3 virtual realistic technique
Virtual realistic technique is at for improve the person to hand over with calculator with each other way, output in the exaltation calculator maneuverability, it is to synthesize to make use of the calculator sketch system, various manifestation and control etc. to connect a people's equipments, providing to sink the technique of immerse the felling in compute on board born lternant three D environment ( be called the virtual environment)
From the sketch system and various connect a people's equipments to constitute, use to produce the virtual environment and provide to sink to immerse the felling, and the calculator department that hand over to operate with each other knows together as the virtual realistic system.The virtual realistic system includes the operation the , machine and person's machine connects 3 essential elements of.Make use of the VRS can carry on the dynamic state mold to the real world, hand over through a customer to input with each other, and modify the virtual environment according to the exportation in time, make person the creation body faces its band to sink to immerse the felling.The virtual realistic technique is one of the VM key techniques.
3 the VM is applied in the manufacturing industry
Although in product develop process the application set up the mold and imitate and really can shorten to develop the period consumedly, the function and credibilities of the improvement product, in the design process of the industry field the actual application combine not much.Imitate the request that the true system can't still adapt the industry field to carry on the analysis and verification etc. in design process currently.
The deluxe engineering imitate the true system and should have the following characteristics:
Three complicated spare parts of the D the spare parts connects; Essentially different respond to diverse material of the characteristic; The material is important not the line property, such as: Not Newton's behavior, plastics transform, splits; Have another mutually phenomenon; Take to have the chemical reaction much and mutually the energy transfer; Move or free boundary; Not line dynamics.
In taking model as basal design, carry out the deluxe engineering to imitate the true key technique and can induce as follows:
The customer connects; Stereoscopic shape of analytical type; To the born calculate way of the hull body and the advanced mesh of the entities;( an analysis use)The error margin of the solution analysis and improvement; Material model; Excellent turn the design of the target function; Face to the software engineering of the object; The sea quantity proceeds together the calculation; Can see to turn.
These techniques the one who gather get up, can in aid of design carries on the design, the function of the product that the understanding design come out. Apply the mesh born calculate way, the error margin analysis and calculations of the above-mentioned forerunner, can compose of to adapt the calculate way, making know only the organization and don't know the analytical design also can design the product and design the manufacturing process of this product. Can guarantee the analytical accuracy from the orientation ability. Important several properties can turn with the parameter, so can carry on the shape excellent to turn etc..
The application that the conjecture manufacturing technique achieve success in the realms, such as airplane and automobile...etc. first. Currently the VMT application at following few aspects:
3.1 virtual business enterprise
Virtual business enterprise establishment, among them have the most important reason is because each business enterprise can't satisfy the market need alone, greeting the market challenge.Therefore, for responding to the need of the market quickly, surround the new product development, make use of the existing resources, different business enterprise of the different region or the factory of different locations, re- organize a new company.That company must analyze whether combination is superior or not before movement, can moderate the movement, and to hurl the risk, the benefits allotment...etc. of the postnatal period carry on the valuation.This kind of the parter company to be called the virtual company, or be called the dynamic state alliance, is a kind of virtual business enterprise, it has to gather economic entity of sex and real results two greatest characteristicses.
3.2 virtual product design
For example the shape design of the airplane, automobile, whether its shape match the aerodynamicist principle or not, the sport resistance within process, rationality etc. that its internal structure layout.In the complicated piping system design, the one who adopt virtual technique, design can" enter among them 0 carry on piping's arrange, and can check and can take place the interference. At compute the on board virtual product design, not only can raise to design the efficiency, but also can discover the problem in the design as early as possible, thus excellent turn the design of the product. For example the American company of Boeing invests USD 4,000,000,000 to research to manufacture 777 blow out gas type aerobuses of Boeing, using zero 8 month times of 3 years to complete to research to manufacture only from since October of 1990 to June of 1994, trying to fly the success once, devotion luck camp.The Boeing company dispersion adjusts to serve as HE2 YI to sow in to compute the on board observation, research, discussion in the technical personnel of the world-wide locations can from millions zero parts of 777 aerobuses, all zero partses are three D entity models all. It is thus clear that the virtual product designs the performance that brings for business enterprise.
3.3 virtual product manufacturing
The applied calculator imitates the true technique, processing the method, the work preface to the spare parts in proper order, the work pack of choose to use, the craft parameter chooses to use, processing the craft, assembling the craft, matching with the match between piece, linking the conjunction between piece and exercising a piece of sport etc. really all can
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