220kV變電站電氣一次初步設計 金晶,220kV變電站電氣一次初步設計,金晶,kv,變電站,電氣,一次,初步設計 華 北 電 力 大 學 科 技 學 院 畢 業(yè) 設 計（論 文）附 件 外 文 文 獻 翻 譯 學 號： 071901010708姓 名： 金晶 所在系別： 電力工程系 專業(yè)班級： 電氣07k6 指導教師： 胡永強 原文標題： A survey of substation communications technology 2011 6 月3日 變電站通信技術的調查 原文出處及作者：IEEE Zawada. P.J. 電力變電站是電力發(fā)電中輸電和配電的一個附屬配置，在這里電壓從高壓變?yōu)榈蛪夯蛘哂傻妥兏?。電能生產和消費之間可能流經幾個變電站，并且可能改變幾次電壓等級。變電站裝有升壓變壓器的話會使電壓升高，同時減小了電流 ，而降壓變壓器降低電壓，同時提高了電流。變電站一詞在配電系統(tǒng)形成網絡以前就已經出現(xiàn)。第一個變電站只連接到一個獨立的屋內發(fā)電機，并屬于這個電站的子站。 變電站的要素 Substations generally contain one or more transformers, and have switching, protection and control equipment.變電站一般包含一個或多個變壓器，開關，保護和控制設備。In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short-circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network.在一個大型變電站中，斷路器是用來切斷任何可能出現(xiàn)的短路或過負荷電流。Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of branch circuits.規(guī)模較小的變電站站可使用重合斷路器或熔斷器保護電路。 Substations do not (usually) have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby.變電站通常沒有發(fā)電機，雖然電廠可能在變電站附近。A typical substation will contain line termination structures, high-voltage switchgear , one or more power transformers , low voltage switchgear, surge protection, controls, grounding (earthing) system, and metering.一個典型的變電站將包含線路終端結構，高壓開關，一個或多個電源變壓器 ，低壓成套開關設備，浪涌保護，控制，接地系統(tǒng)，和計量。Other devices such as power factor correction capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.其他設備，如功率因數(shù)校正電容器和穩(wěn)壓器也可設在變電站。Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-purpose buildings.變電站可建在地表上，地下，或位于特殊用途的建筑物。High-rise buildings may have indoor substations.高層建筑也可以建室內變電站。由于外觀，或保護開關，極端氣候或污染環(huán)境的因素，Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution conditions.室內變電站通常設在城市地區(qū)，以減少變壓器的噪音。 Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded (UK: earthed) to protect people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the transmission system.變電站必須有金屬圍欄，必須妥善接地，以便在發(fā)生故障時保護人們免受高電壓的威脅。Earth faults at a substation can cause ground potential rise at the fault location.接地故障可能造成地電位升高，電流流過地面，將會在人體兩腳之間產生跨步電壓，這是十分危險的事情。Currents flowing in the earth's surface during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution.電流流過地面 傳輸變電站 A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines.傳輸變電站連接兩個或兩個以上的輸電線路。 The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage.最簡單的情況是所有輸電線路具有相同的電壓。 In such cases, the substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for maintenance.在這種情況下，變電站包含高電壓開關，使線路連接或孤立進行維修。 A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, or equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems.傳輸變電站在兩個傳輸電壓或設備之間設有變壓器，如移相變壓器 ，控制功率流的兩個相鄰的電力系統(tǒng)。 Transmission substations can range from simple to complex.輸電站可以從簡單到復雜。 A small "switching station" may be little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers.一個小型的“開關站”可能在母線上加一些斷路器。 The largest transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, and a large amount of protection and control equipment (capacitors, relays, switches, breakers, voltage and current transformers).最大的輸電站可覆蓋大面積（幾畝/公頃）的多電壓水平，大量的保護和控制設備（電容器，繼電器，開關，斷路器，電壓和電流互感器） 。 配電站 加拿大斯卡伯勒，安大略省的配電站就偽裝成了一所房子，配有車道，步道、前院的草坪和灌木。在“前門”上可以清楚的看到警告標志。 一個區(qū)域的配電站在傳輸系統(tǒng)和配電系統(tǒng)之間傳輸電力。用戶直接接入高壓住輸電網是非常不經濟的，除非他們是用電大戶，因此，配電站降低電壓值以適合當?shù)胤峙淝闆r。 一個配電站的輸入通常至少有兩條傳輸線。輸入電壓可為115 千伏 ，或該地區(qū)的額定值。輸出為一些饋線。配電電壓通常為中壓，電壓值在2.4和33 千伏之間，其取決于該地區(qū)的范圍。 饋線沿街道上空（或在城市的街道下）運行 ，并最終為在客戶端或其附近的配電變壓器提供動力 。 除了改變電壓，配電變電站的工作還隔離輸電系統(tǒng)或配電系統(tǒng)中的故障。配電變電站也可能是點的電壓調節(jié) ，但對長期分配集成電路（幾公里/英里） ，電壓調節(jié)設備，也可安裝在沿線。 復雜的配電變電站一般在大型城市的市區(qū)，配有高壓開關，以及各種開關和低壓側的備用系統(tǒng)。更為典型的分布有一個變電站開關，一個變壓器，以及低壓側最小的設施。 集電式變電站 在分布式發(fā)電工程中，如風力發(fā)電場 ，有可能需要集電式變電站。它有點類似于配電雖然潮流是相反的方向發(fā)展，許多風力發(fā)電機成輸電。通常用于經濟建設的集電式系統(tǒng)運行約35千伏及集電式變電站臺階電壓輸電電壓的電網。集電極變電站還提供功率因數(shù)校正 ，測量和風電場控制。 設計 電力工程師面臨的主要問題之一就是可靠性和成本。一個好的設計圖要求達到這兩者之間的平衡，以實現(xiàn)在較低的成本下得到滿意的可靠性。如果有需要，設計也應該便于日后擴建。 變電站的選址必須考慮許多因素。安裝所需設備與必要的電氣安全的充足面積，并獲得維持大型儀器如變壓器。如在城市地區(qū)，土地是昂貴的，選用氣體絕緣金屬封閉開關設備可省錢。由于負荷增長或計劃傳輸補充，變電站必須有擴展的余地。變電站還需考慮環(huán)境的影響，如排水 ，噪音和道路交通的影響。接地（接地）和對地電位升高必須計算在傳輸系統(tǒng)的保護之內。當然，變電站必須要根據(jù)地區(qū)重點進行合理的分配。 布局 Tottenham Substation, set in wild parkland in North London托特納姆熱刺變電站，設置在倫敦北部野生公園，The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines.變電站布局規(guī)劃的第一步是編制一個線路圖顯示簡化形式的開關和保護的安排需要，以及即將選用的輸電線和即將選用的饋線。作為It is a usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams with principal elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers, transformers) arranged on the page similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station.作為作慣例，許多電力公司準備單行圖表主要內容（線，開關，斷路器，變壓器）安排在網頁上的同樣的方式將機器中所規(guī)定的實際站。Incoming lines will almost always have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker .傳入的生產線將幾乎總是有斷開開關和斷路器 。 In some cases, the lines will not have both; with either a switch or a circuit breaker being all that is considered necessary.在某些情況下，該行不會有兩個；帶有開關或斷路器被所有被認為是必要的。 A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since it cannot interrupt load current.脫節(jié)的開關是用來提供隔離的，因為它不能中斷負載電流。 A circuit breaker is used as a protection device to interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off.斷路器作為一種保護裝置故障電流自動中斷，并可能被用來開關負荷。 When a large fault current flows through the circuit breaker, this may be detected through the use of current transformers.當一個大故障電流流經斷路器，這可能是由于使用電流互感器。電流互感器輸出The magnitude of the current transformer outputs may be used to 'trip' the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection of the load supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point.巨大的電流可使斷路器跳開并導致斷開負載。 This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with minimal impact.此舉旨在孤立故障點的其他制度，并允許其他的系統(tǒng)繼續(xù)運作，將故障影響降到最低。 Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally (within the substation) or remotely from a supervisory control center.這兩個開關和斷路器可經營本地（在變電站）或遠程監(jiān)控中心。 Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or more buses .一旦過去的開關元件，按照特定的電壓連接到一條或多條母線。These are sets of bus bars , usually in multiples of three, since three-phase electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world.這是兩套母線 ，通常是在3的倍數(shù)，因為世界各地普遍使用三相電力。 The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and reliability of the substation.開關，斷路器和母線使用影響到變電站的成本和可靠性。 For important substations a ring bus , double bus , or so-called "breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit breaker does not interrupt power to branch circuits for more than a brief time, and so that parts of the substation may be de-energized for maintenance and repairs.變電站重要的一種“一個半斷路器”接線方式，可以使任何一個跳閘的斷路器不會中斷供電，所以這部分變電站可帶電保養(yǎng)和維修。 Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for small installations.變電站喂養(yǎng)只有一個單一的工業(yè)負荷開關可能最小的規(guī)定，尤其是對小型設施。Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be connected between the voltage levels.一旦建立了母線的各種電壓等級，變壓器可以連接之間的電壓水平。These will again have a circuit breaker, much like transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault (commonly called a 'short circuit').這將再次有斷路器，就像輸電線路的情況下，變壓器的故障 （通常稱為短路）。Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to command the various breakers to open in case of the failure of some component.與此同時，變電站始終控制電路所需的各種違法命令打開的情況下失敗的一些組成部分。 切換功能 變電站開關的An important function performed by a substation is switching , which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system.一項重要的職能是連接和斷開輸電線路或其他部件和系統(tǒng)。A transmission line or other component may need to be deenergized for maintenance or for new construction; for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a transformer.傳輸線或其他部分可能需要進行維修，或新添設備，例如，添加或刪除輸電線路或變壓器。 To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its whole system for maintenance.為了維持可靠的電力供應，每一家公司都帶來了其整個系統(tǒng)進行維修。All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whole system running.所有從事的工作，從日常測試，到增加新的變電站，只有這樣做，才能保持整個系統(tǒng)的運行。 Perhaps more importantly, a fault may develop in a transmission line or any other component.也許更重要的是，故障可能發(fā)生在傳輸線或任何其他部分，例如：一條線被雷電擊中，并引起了電弧 ，或使高塔被風刮倒。The function of the substation is to isolate the faulted portion of the system in the shortest possible time.變電站的功能是在盡可能短的時間內支持孤立的部分系統(tǒng)。 There are two main reasons: a fault tends to cause equipment damage; and it tends to destabilize the whole system.主要有兩個原因：故障往往造成設備損壞；另外它往往破壞整個系統(tǒng)。For example, a transmission line left in a faulted condition will eventually burn down, and similarly, a transformer left in a faulted condition will eventually blow up.例如，處于故障狀態(tài)的輸電線路可能燒毀，類似的，發(fā)生故障的變壓器將可能最終炸毀。While these are happening, the power drain makes the system more unstable. Disconnecting the faulted component, quickly, tends to minimize both of these problems.故障元件需快速的斷開，以盡量減少這些問題。 鐵路 Electrified railways also use substations which may also include rectifier equipment to change alternating current from the utility power distribution network to direct current for use by traction motors.電氣化鐵路變電站也使用變電站，而且可能還包括整流設備，以改變交流電從實用的配電網絡，以直流電使用牽引電機。 A survey of substation communications technology An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. The first substations were connected to only one power station where the generator was housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station. Elements of a substation Substations generally contain one or more transformers, and have switching, protection and control equipment. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short-circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of branch circuits. Substations do not (usually) have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. A typical substation will contain line termination structures, high-voltage switchgear, one or more power transformers, low voltage switchgear, surge protection, controls, grounding (earthing) system, and metering. Other devices such as power factor correction capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation. Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have indoor substations. Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution conditions. Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded (UK: earthed) to protect people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the transmission system. Earth faults at a substation can cause ground potential rise at the fault location. Currents flowing in the earth's surface during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution. Transmission substation A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, the substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, or equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, and a large amount of protection and control equipment (capacitors, relays, switches, breakers, voltage and current transformers). Distribution substation A distribution substation in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada disguised as a house, complete with a driveway, front walk and a mown lawn and shrubs in the front yard. A warning notice can be clearly seen on the "front door". A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the high-voltage main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a value suitable for local distribution. The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or subtransmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 and 33 kV depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders will then run overhead, along streets (or under streets, in a city) and eventually power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. Besides changing the voltage, the job of the distribution substation is to isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations may also be the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (several km/miles), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line. Complicated distribution substations can be found in the downtown areas of large cities, with high-voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side. Collector substation In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be required. It somewhat resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid. Usually for economy of construction the collector system operates around 35 kV, and the collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector substation also provides power factor correction, metering and control of the wind farm. Design The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design attempts to strike a balance between these two, to achieve sufficient reliability without excessive cost. The design should also allow easy expansion of the station, if required. Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. Where land is costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may save money overall. The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions. Environmental effects of the substation must be considered, such as drainage, noise and road traffic effects. Grounding (earthing) and ground potential rise must be calculated to protect passers-by during a short-circuit in the transmission system. And of course, the substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served. Layout Tottenham Substation, set in wild parkland in North London The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines. It is a usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams with principal elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers, transformers) arranged on the page similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station. Incoming lines will almost always have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker. In some cases, the lines will not have both; with either a switch or a circuit breaker being all that is considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since it cannot interrupt load current. A circuit breaker is used as a protection device to interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off. When a large fault current flows through the circuit breaker, this may be detected through the use of current transformers. The magnitude of the current transformer outputs may be used to 'trip' the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection of the load supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with minimal impact. Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally (within the substation) or remotely from a supervisory control center. Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or more buses. These are sets of bus bars, usually in multiples of three, since three-phase electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world. The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and reliability of the substation. For important substations a ring bus, double bus, or so-called "breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit breaker does not interrupt power to branch circuits for more than a brief time, and so that parts of the substation may be de-energized for maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for small installations. Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be connected between the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much like transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault (commonly called a 'short circuit'). Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to command the various breakers to open in case of the failure of some component. Switching function An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Switching events may be "planned" or "unplanned". A transmission line or other component may need to be reenergized for maintenance or for new construction; for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whole system running. Perhaps more importantly, a fault may develop in a transmission line or