汽車與變速箱隨著世界能源危機(jī)的持續(xù)，以及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和能源-----石油的消耗及汽車飽有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，終有一天它會(huì)消失的無(wú)影無(wú)蹤。石油不是在生資源。所以必須在石油耗凈之前找到一種代替品。隨著科技的發(fā)展社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，有人發(fā)明了電動(dòng)汽車。電動(dòng)汽車將成為人們最為理想的交通工具。 世界在發(fā)展各各方面都取得豐碩成果，尤其是隨著汽車電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)以及發(fā)展迅速的信息時(shí)代。電子控制技術(shù)在汽車上得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，汽車上應(yīng)用的電子裝置越來(lái)越豐富，電子技術(shù)不僅用來(lái)改善和提高傳統(tǒng)汽車電器的質(zhì)量和性能，而且還提高了汽車的動(dòng)力性、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、可靠性以及廢氣排放的凈化性。汽車上廣泛使用電子產(chǎn)品不僅降低了成本，并且減少維護(hù)的復(fù)雜性。從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃油噴射點(diǎn)火裝置、進(jìn)氣控制、廢氣排放控制、故障自診斷到車身輔助裝置都普遍采用了電子控制技術(shù)，可以說(shuō)今后汽車發(fā)展主要以機(jī)電一體化。汽車上廣泛采用的電子控制點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)主要有電子控制燃油噴射系統(tǒng)、電子控制點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動(dòng)變速器、電子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制懸架系統(tǒng)、電子控制動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、車輛動(dòng)力學(xué)控制系統(tǒng)、安全氣囊系統(tǒng)、主動(dòng)安全帶系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動(dòng)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)還有 GPS 等。有了這些系統(tǒng)汽車響應(yīng)敏捷，使用功能強(qiáng)，可靠性高，既保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又滿足排放法規(guī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 汽車是現(xiàn)代人必不可少的交通工具。而電動(dòng)汽車給我們帶來(lái)無(wú)限樂(lè)趣外還能給我們勞累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自動(dòng)變速器來(lái)說(shuō)吧，汽車在行駛時(shí)，可以不踩離合器踏板，就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)換檔而發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不會(huì)熄火，這樣有效的提高駕駛方便性減輕駕駛員的疲勞強(qiáng)度。自動(dòng)變速器主要由液力變矩器、齒輪變速器、油泵、液壓控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制系統(tǒng)、油冷卻系統(tǒng)等組成。電子控制的懸架主要是用來(lái)緩沖路面對(duì)車身的沖擊力以及減少振動(dòng)保證汽車平順性和操縱穩(wěn)定性。當(dāng)汽車行駛在不平坦的道路時(shí)汽車能能根據(jù)底盤和路面高度自動(dòng)調(diào)整。當(dāng)車高比設(shè)置的高度低時(shí)，就向氣室或油缸充氣或充油。如果是相反，就放氣或?yàn)a油。從而保證汽車的水平行駛，提高行駛穩(wěn)定性?？勺兞?dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)因能顯著改變駕駛員的工作效率和狀態(tài)，所以在電動(dòng)汽車上廣泛使用。VDC 對(duì)汽車性能有著至關(guān)重要的作用它能根據(jù)需要主動(dòng)對(duì)車輪進(jìn)行制動(dòng)來(lái)改變汽車的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)，使汽車達(dá)到最佳的行駛狀態(tài)和操縱性能，并增加了汽車的附著性，控制性和穩(wěn)定性。除了這些之外 4WS、4WD 的出現(xiàn)大大提高了電動(dòng)汽車的價(jià)值與性能同步提升。ABS 具有減少制動(dòng)距離并能保持轉(zhuǎn)向操作能力有效提高行駛方向的穩(wěn)定性同時(shí)減少輪胎的磨損。安全氣囊的出現(xiàn)在很大程序上保護(hù)了駕駛員和乘客的安全，大大降低汽車在碰撞時(shí)對(duì)駕駛員和乘客的緩沖，以過(guò)到保護(hù)生命安全的目的。 智能電子技術(shù)在汽車上得以推廣使得汽車在安全行駛和其它功能更上一層樓。通過(guò)各種傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)駕駛。除些之外智能汽車裝備有多種傳感器能充分感知交通設(shè)施及環(huán)境的信息并能隨時(shí)判斷車輛及駕駛員是否處于危險(xiǎn)之中，具備自主尋路、導(dǎo)航、避撞、不停車收費(fèi)等功能。有效提高運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中的安全，減少駕駛員的操縱疲勞度，提高乘客的舒適度。當(dāng)然蓄電池是電動(dòng)汽車的關(guān)鍵，電動(dòng)汽車用的蓄電池主要有：鉛酸蓄電池、鎳鎘蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鋰電池、鋅―空氣電池、飛輪電池、燃料電池和太陽(yáng)能電池等。在諸多種電池中，燃料電池是迄今為止最有希望解決汽車能源短缺問(wèn)題的動(dòng)力源。燃料電池具有高效無(wú)污染的特性，不同于其他蓄電池，其不需要充電，只要外部不斷地供給燃料，就能連續(xù)穩(wěn)定地發(fā)電。燃料電池汽車(FCEV)具有可與內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車媲美的動(dòng)力性能，在排放、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性方面明顯優(yōu)于內(nèi)燃機(jī)車輛。 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)和電子產(chǎn)品不斷開(kāi)級(jí)換代，電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)也在日趨成熟與完善，使得駕駛更安全、方便、靈活、舒適?，F(xiàn)在，電動(dòng)汽車離普通消費(fèi)者的距離還很遙遠(yuǎn)，只有少數(shù)人在趕趕時(shí)髦而已。電動(dòng)汽車真正能夠與傳統(tǒng)的燃油汽車相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，今后汽車市場(chǎng)終會(huì)被電動(dòng)汽車和智能汽車所取代。這只是時(shí)間性的問(wèn)題這一天終究會(huì)來(lái)到的。ABS、GPS、4WS、4WD 以及各種新時(shí)代的電子產(chǎn)品與現(xiàn)代高性能汽車默契組合、絕妙搭配，帶給我們無(wú)與倫比的精準(zhǔn)駕駛舒適性和行駛安全性。1、變速器的作用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的轉(zhuǎn)速區(qū)出現(xiàn)。為了發(fā)揮發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的最佳性能，就必須有一套變速裝置，來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速和車輪的實(shí)際行駛速度。變速器可以在汽車行駛過(guò)程中，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車輪之間產(chǎn)生不同的變速比，通過(guò)換擋可以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在其最佳的動(dòng)力性能狀態(tài)下。變速器的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是越來(lái)越復(fù)雜，自動(dòng)化程度也越來(lái)越高，自動(dòng)變速器將是未來(lái)的主流。2、變速器的型式汽車自動(dòng)變速器常見(jiàn)的有三種型式：分別是液力自動(dòng)變速器 (AT)、機(jī)械無(wú)級(jí)自動(dòng)變速器(CVT)、電控機(jī)械自動(dòng)變速器(AMT)。目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的是 AT，AT 幾乎成為自動(dòng)變速器的代名詞。AT 是由液力變扭器、行星齒輪和液壓操縱系統(tǒng)組成，通過(guò)液力傳遞和齒輪組合的方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)變速變矩。其中液力變扭器是最重要的部件，它由泵輪、渦輪和導(dǎo)輪等構(gòu)件組成，兼有傳遞扭矩和離合的作用。與 AT 相比，CVT 省去了復(fù)雜而又笨重的齒輪組合變速傳動(dòng)，而是兩組帶輪進(jìn)行變速傳動(dòng)。通過(guò)改變驅(qū)動(dòng)輪與從動(dòng)輪傳動(dòng)帶的接觸半徑進(jìn)行變速。由于取消了齒輪傳動(dòng)，因此其傳動(dòng)比可以隨意變化，變速更加平順，沒(méi)有換擋的突跳感。AMT 和液力自動(dòng)變速器（AT）一樣是有級(jí)自動(dòng)變速器。它在普通手動(dòng)變速器的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)加裝微電腦控制的電動(dòng)裝置，取代原來(lái)由人工操作完成的離合器的分離、接合及變速器的選擋、換擋動(dòng)作，實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)換擋。3、汽車變速器一般結(jié)構(gòu)3.1.簡(jiǎn)單式變速器的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：由殼體、傳動(dòng)部分和操縱部分組成。3.1.1.殼體：殼體是基礎(chǔ)件，用以安裝支承變速器全部零件及存放潤(rùn)滑油。其上有安裝軸承的精確鏜孔。變速器承受變載荷，所以殼體應(yīng)有足夠的剛度，內(nèi)壁有加強(qiáng)，形狀復(fù)雜，多為鑄件(材料為灰鑄鐵，常用 HT200)。為便于安裝，傳動(dòng)部分和操縱部分常做成剖分式，箱蓋與殼體用螺栓聯(lián)接并可靠定位。殼體上有加油、放油口，油面檢查尺口，還應(yīng)考慮散熱。3.1.2.傳動(dòng)部分：是指齒輪、軸、軸承等傳動(dòng)件。軸的幾何尺寸通過(guò)強(qiáng)度、剛度計(jì)算確定。因主要決定于剛度，而碳鋼與合金鋼彈性模量近乎相等，所以一般用碳鋼(常用45 鋼)。只有齒輪與軸制成一體或軸載荷嚴(yán)重才用合金鋼。軸與齒輪多為花鍵聯(lián)接(對(duì)中性好，能可靠傳遞動(dòng)力，擠壓應(yīng)力小等)。軸的花鍵部分和放軸承處經(jīng)表面淬火處理。軸多用滾動(dòng)軸承支承，潤(rùn)滑簡(jiǎn)單，效率高、徑向間隙小，軸向定位應(yīng)可靠。潤(rùn)滑方式多用飛濺(υ25m／s，只要粘度適宜可甩到壁上)。3.1.3.操縱部分：主要零件位于變速器蓋內(nèi)。4、組成式變速器結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：簡(jiǎn)單式變速器有效率高、構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單使用方便鈞優(yōu)點(diǎn)礦但檔數(shù)少，i 變化范圍小(牽引力、速度范圍小)，只宜在檔數(shù)不多的某些車工采用。若增加 i 的范圍，則使變速器尺寸加大，軸跨度增加，為了既增加檔數(shù)又不使軸跨度過(guò)大，可采用組成式變速器。所謂組成式變速器，通常由兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單式變速器組合而成，其中檔數(shù)較多的稱為主變速器，較少的稱為副變速器。4.1.組成式變速器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：4.1.1.可以減少齒輪個(gè)數(shù)，而且檔數(shù)越多減少齒輪個(gè)數(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)愈明顯。同簡(jiǎn)單式變速器相比，它可縮短軸的長(zhǎng)度，減少整個(gè)變速器的外部尺寸和重量，并且能方便地得到不止一個(gè)倒檔。所以當(dāng)前進(jìn)檔數(shù)超過(guò)六個(gè)檔時(shí)，幾乎都用組成式變速器。4.1.2.傳動(dòng)：比變化率 Ω 大：若主變速器傳動(dòng)比變化率 Ωzu=3，副變速器 Ωfu=4則 Ω=12；若使簡(jiǎn)單式變速器 Ω=12，結(jié)構(gòu)往往很難合理。4.2.組成式變速器的缺點(diǎn)：4.2.1.檔組間傳動(dòng)比有對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，不易使每檔的 2，(速度及牽引力)都很理想。4.2.2.換檔操縱麻煩，有時(shí)要操縱兩個(gè)變速部分，若為插花換檔還不便記憶。為了減少操縱動(dòng)作，最好能順序換檔。為此要求重視檔次編排十使第滅檔組傳動(dòng)比全部大于第 11 檔組，達(dá)到多數(shù)相領(lǐng)排檔的變換只需操縱主變速的目的，這樣才最為方便。5、中國(guó)汽車變速器市場(chǎng)中國(guó)汽車變速器市場(chǎng)正處于高速發(fā)展期。2007 年中國(guó)汽車銷售 879.15 萬(wàn)輛，2008年汽車產(chǎn)銷量將突破 900 萬(wàn)，2010 年汽車銷售規(guī)模將達(dá)到 1263 萬(wàn)輛。在汽車行業(yè)市場(chǎng)規(guī)模高速增長(zhǎng)的情況下，中國(guó)變速器行業(yè)面臨著重大機(jī)遇。2006 年我國(guó)汽車變速器市場(chǎng)規(guī)模達(dá) 300 億元人民幣，并且以每年超過(guò) 20%的速度增長(zhǎng)，預(yù)計(jì) 2010 年有望達(dá)到 600 億元Motors and gearboxes As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles. Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.1、The role of transmission The output of the engine speed is very high, maximum power and maximum torque at a certain speed area. Engine in order to exert the best performance, it is necessary to have a variable-speed devices, to coordinate the engine speed and the actual wheel speed. Transmission process in the car, in between the engine and the wheels have a different gear ratio, by shifting the engine can work at their best performance of state power. Transmissions are the development trend of more and more complex, increasingly high degree of automation, automatic transmission will be the mainstream of the future. 2、Transmission type Automotive automatic transmission has three common forms: namely, Automatic Transmission (AT), mechanical stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electric-controlled mechanical automatic transmission (AMT). At present, the most widely used is the AT, AT almost become synonymous with automatic transmission. AT Torque by Torque, and planetary gear and hydraulic control system components, through the hydraulic transmission and gear portfolio approach to achieve variable-speed torque variation. One of Hydraulic Torque is the most important parts, which pump wheels, turbines and components, such as guide pulley of the transmission of both torque and the role of clutch. AT compared with, CVT save the complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, but the two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley. By changing the driving wheel and driven wheel contact belt speed radius. Canceled because of gear, so the transmission ratio can change speed more smoothly, without shifting sense of the sudden jump. AMT and Automatic Transmission (AT) are the same class has automatic transmission. It is in general based on the manual transmission, through the installation of microcomputer-controlled electric device to replace the original finish by the manual operation of the clutch of separation, joint, and block transmission of the election, motion shift, automatic shift implementation. 3、The general structure of automobile transmission 3.1.Easy transmission of the basic structure: the shell, transmission and manipulation of some parts. 3.1.1.Shell: Shell is the basic pieces of support for the installation of transmission and storage of all parts lubricants. Has installed its bearing on the precision boring. Transmission under varying load, so the stiffness of the shell should be enough, there is to strengthen the wall, the shape of the complex, as many castings (gray cast iron materials, commonly used HT200). In order to facilitate the installation, transmission and manipulation of some Split parts are frequently made, cover with the housing connected by bolts and reliable positioning. Shell has come on up, I put the oil, check oil foot mouth, should also be taken into heat dissipation. 3.1.2.Transmission parts: is the gear, shaft, bearings and other transmission parts. Geometry axis through strength, stiffness calculation. Mainly due to decide on the stiffness, while the carbon steel and alloy steel elastic modulus almost equal, so the general use of carbon steel (commonly used 45 steel). Only one gear with the shaft or axle load made serious only by steel. Shaft and gear for many spline connection (for neutral good, reliable transmission of power, a small compressive stress, etc.). Spline shaft bearing parts and let the surface hardening treatment by the Department. Shaft with rolling bearing supports many, easy lubrication, high efficiency, small radial clearance, axial positioning should be reliable. Many ways to use splash lubrication (υ 25m / s, as long as the appropriate viscosity apparently succumbed to the wall). 3.1.3. to manipulate parts: the main components located inside the transmission cover. 4、The composition of the structural characteristics of transmission:There is easy and efficient transmission, the advantages of simple easy-to-use-Jun mine but a few files, i changed the scope of small (traction, speed small), file number should be taken only at certain limited Cut used. If the increase in the scope of i, then increase the size so that transmission, axle span increase, both in order to increase the file-axis span of a few do not make too large, transmission can be formed. The composition of the so-called transmission, usually from both a combination of easy transmission, one of a few more files as the main transmission, less transmission known as the deputy.4.1.Transmission component of advantages: 4.1.1. can reduce the number of gears, and a few more files to reduce the number of gear the more obvious advantages. Easy compared with the transmission, it can shorten the length of shaft to reduce the transmission of the external size and weight, and can easily be more than one reverse. Into the file so the current number of files more than six hours, almost all transmission components. 4.1.2. transmission: the rate of change of Ω than large: if the main transmission gear ratio change rate Ωzu = 3, Vice transmission Ωfu = 4 is Ω = 12; easy transmission arrangement Ω = 12, the structure is often difficult to reasonable. 4.2.Composed of transmission of disadvantage: 4.2.1.file groups have correspondence between the transmission ratio, so that each file is not 2, (the speed and traction) are ideal. 4.2.2. manipulation of trouble shifting, and sometimes both want to manipulate some speed, if not for the flower arrangement will shift memory. In order to reduce the control action, it is best to shift the order. Calling attention to the grade for this presentation ten out files so that the first group of transmission ratio is greater than all of the first file group 11 to the majority of phase transformation from the stall speed of just fixing the main purpose of this is the only way most convenient.5、Chinese car market gearbox China's auto market is in a transmission period of rapid development. 2007 Chinese sales of 8,791,500 motor vehicles, motor vehicle production in 2008 will exceed nine million sales, car sales in 2010 will reach 12.63 million. Size of the market in the automotive industry's rapid growth, China is faced with a major transmission industry opportunities. In 2006 the market scale of China's automobile transmission up to 300 billion yuan and more than 20% annual growth is expected in 2010 is expected to reach 60 billion yuan.