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外文文獻(xiàn)原文
The machining process and fixture is introduced
1.1 machining process definition
Machining process is to point to by machining methods to change the shape of the blank, size, and the relative position and properties, make it become the finished product or the whole process of semi-finished products. Machining process directly determine part and the quality of the products and the cost of the product performance, the production cycle, there are great influence, the whole process is an important part of the process.
1.2 the composition of the machining process
Composition machining process is the basic unit of the process. Process is installed, Labour, work by step and go up of the sword.
(1) process is to point to a or a group of workers in a work, the same or at the same time for the continuous finish by several that part of the process. Process is to develop work quota, equipped with workers and machine tool equipment, arrange work plan and conduct quality inspection of basic unit.
(2) is the installation work after a fixture that part of the complete process.
(3) when application inversion (or shift) processing of machine tools (or fixture) in a processing clamping, workpiece (or tool) relative to machine tools to go through several position in processing, in every work position finished that part of the process, called work station. The progressive process can reduce the number of clamping, reduce the clamping error and raise productivity.
(4) work step is processing cutting tool and surface in cutting dosages (refers to only spindle speed and feed) are unchanged under the situation of that part of the complete process technology.
⑸ in a work in step, if to cut off metal layer is very thick, can divide a few times each cutting a cutting, is called a walk the knife.
1.3 the machining process planning definition
Provisions products or components manufacturing process and operation method of process documents, called the technical process, it is the enterprise production guiding technical document.
1.4 the machining process planning role and content
1.4.1 machining process planning of the main role
(1) the machining process planning is the main basis of production preparation work. According to it to organize the supply of raw materials and blank, machine tool, the special craft equipment adjusted design and manufacturing, prepare production work plan, the deployment of labor, and production cost, etc.
(2) the machining process planning and organization production, or to the plan scheduling basis. It can make the product in the schedule and the corresponding scheduling plan, and can do it each working procedure, make scientific cohesion production equilibrium, smooth, high yield, high and low consumption.
(3) the machining process planning is the new factory of basic technical documents. According to it and production program, and to determine the amount and type of machine tool, the factory area, machine tool's layout, and the type of work of production workers, grades, and quantity, and the auxiliary department's arrangement.
1.4.2 mechanical processing procedure including content
Machining process card and machining process card, is two main process documents. Machining process card, is that in parts processing process process documents. In single or small batch production, machining process card to direct production, process card for all projects are detailed. Mechanical processing process card for each working procedure is formulated to directly, the detailed guidance for the production workers, more for mass production and mass production of the parts of the important parts.
1.5 make the machining process planning of the principles and steps
In certain production conditions, with minimal labor consumption and the lowest cost, is planned for the drawings of the request processing parts, is to make the machining process planning basic principles.
Make the machining process planning of the procedure is as follows:
(1) according to the production of parts production type; decision program
(2) analysis parts processing technology;
(3) choose the type of blank and manufacturing methods;
(4) the draft process;
(5) process design;
2. prepare process documents.
Second, clamp design
2.1 the concept and composition. Fixture
In the machine tool used by the jacket clip process equipment called machine tool fixtures. Fixture is mechanical processing indispensable component in the machine tool technology to speed, efficient, precision, composite, intelligent, environmental protection direction drive, the fixture technology is high precision, high efficiency, module toward, combination, general motors, and economic development direction. By positioning components, machine tool fixtures clamping device to the sword, and guide components, connections with concrete, other components, device or components. Positioning components, clamping device and clip concrete is the basic component of fixture.
2.2 the type of fixture and function
According to the application range of the fixture classification have general fixture, special jig, group clamps, modular fixture, etc.; According to the power source of the clamping fixture classification have manual fixture, pneumatic fixture, hydraulic clamp, electric fixture, magnetic fixture, vacuum clamp, cutting force and the centrifugal force fixture, etc.
The key role of the machine tool fixtures for:
(1) the processing accuracy and easy assurance that a group of workpiece machining precision of the stability;
(2) the assistant time shorten, improve labor productivity, reduce production cost;
(3) to reduce the operating intensity, lowering the technical requirements of the workers;
(4) to expand the scope of machine tools, machine can realize process;
(5) reduce production preparation time, shorten new product production cycle.
2.3 the orientation and clamping fixture
Positioning refers to make work in machine or occupies the correct position of fixture process. Clamping workpiece is to point to to secure its position, to make the work in the machining process keep constant operation position positioning.
The fixture in positioning of the usually have the following four conditions: complete orientation, part of the orientation, owe orientation, repeat positioning. In the clamping fixture workpiece is by the fixture clamping device finish. Clamping device by power device and usually clamping organization composed of two. The typical clamping institutions are inclined wedge clamp institutions, spiral clamping institutions, circular eccentric clamping institutions, centering clamping institutions, hinge clamping institutions, linkage clamping institutions, etc. Clamping power device has a pneumatic clamping device, hydraulic clamping device, electromagnetic clamping device, vacuum clamp device etc.
外文文獻(xiàn)中文翻譯
機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具介紹
1.1 機(jī)械加工工藝過程的定義
機(jī)械加工工藝過程是指用機(jī)械加工方法改變毛坯的形狀，尺寸，相對位置和性質(zhì)等，使其成為成品或半成品的全過程。機(jī)械加工工藝過程直接決定零件及產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和性能，對產(chǎn)品的成本、生產(chǎn)周期都有較大的影響，是整個工藝過程的重要組成部分。
1.2 機(jī)械加工工藝過程的組成
組成機(jī)械加工工藝過程的基本單元是工序。工序又是由安裝、工位、工步及走刀組成的。
⑴ 工序是指一個或一組工人，在一個工作地對同一個或同時對幾個工件所連續(xù)完成的那一部分工藝過程。工序是制定勞動定額、配備工人及機(jī)床設(shè)備、安排作業(yè)計劃和進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的基本單元。
⑵ 安裝是工件經(jīng)一次裝夾后所完成的那一部分工序。
⑶ 當(dāng)應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)位（或移位）加工的機(jī)床（或夾具）進(jìn)行加工時，在一次裝夾中，工件（或刀具）相對于機(jī)床要經(jīng)過幾個位置依次進(jìn)行加工，在每一個工作位置上所完成的那一部分工序，稱為工位。采用多工位加工可以減少裝夾的次數(shù)，減少裝夾誤差，提高生產(chǎn)率。
⑷ 工步是加工表面在切削刀具和切削用量（僅指主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和進(jìn)給量）都不變的情況下所完成的那一部分工藝過程。
⑸ 在一個工步中，如果要切掉的金屬層很厚，可分幾次切削，每切削一次就稱為一次走刀。
1.3 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的定義
規(guī)定產(chǎn)品或零部件制造過程和操作方法等的工藝文件，稱為工藝規(guī)程，它是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的指導(dǎo)性技術(shù)文件。
1.4 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的作用及內(nèi)容
1.4.1機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的主要作用
①機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程是生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備工作的主要依據(jù)。根據(jù)它來組織原材料和毛坯的供應(yīng)，進(jìn)行機(jī)床調(diào)整，專用工藝裝備的設(shè)計與制造，編制生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計劃，調(diào)配勞動力，以及進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)成本核算等。
②機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程也是組織生產(chǎn)、進(jìn)行計劃調(diào)度的依據(jù)。有了它就可以制定生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)度計劃和相應(yīng)的調(diào)度計劃，并能做到各工序科學(xué)地銜接，使生產(chǎn)均衡、順利，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)和低消耗。
③機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程是新建工廠的基本技術(shù)文件。根據(jù)它和生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)，才能確定所需機(jī)床的種類和數(shù)量、工廠的面積、機(jī)床的平面布置、生產(chǎn)工人的工種、等級和數(shù)量、以及各輔助部門的安排等。
1.4.2機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程包括的內(nèi)容
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片和機(jī)械加工工序卡片，是兩個主要的工藝文件。機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片，是說明零件加工工藝過程的工藝文件。在單件、小批量生產(chǎn)中，以機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)，過程卡的各個項(xiàng)目編制較為詳細(xì)。機(jī)械加工工序卡片是為每個工序詳細(xì)制定的，用于直接指導(dǎo)工人進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，多用于大批量生產(chǎn)的零件和成批生產(chǎn)中的重要零件。
1.5 制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的原則及步驟
在一定的生產(chǎn)條件下，以最少的勞動消耗和最低的費(fèi)用，按計劃加工出符合圖紙要求的零件，是制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的基本原則。
制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的步驟如下：
①根據(jù)零件的生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)決定生產(chǎn)類型；
②分析零件加工的工藝性；
③選擇毛坯的種類和制造方法；
④擬訂工藝過程；
⑤工序設(shè)計；
⑥編制工藝文件。
二、夾具設(shè)計
2.1 夾具的概念及組成
在機(jī)床上裝夾工件所使用的工藝裝備稱為機(jī)床夾具。夾具是機(jī)械加工不可缺少的部件，在機(jī)床技術(shù)向高速、高效、精密、復(fù)合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動下，夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟(jì)方向發(fā)展。
機(jī)床夾具由定位元件、夾緊裝置、對刀及導(dǎo)引元件、連接元件、夾具體、其他裝置或元件組成。定位元件、夾緊裝置和夾具體是夾具的基本組成部分。
2.2 夾具的類型及作用
按夾具的應(yīng)用范圍分類有通用夾具、專用夾具、成組夾具、組合夾具等；按夾具上的動力源分類有手動夾具、氣動夾具、液壓夾具、電動夾具、磁力夾具、真空夾具、切削力及離心力夾具等。
機(jī)床夾具的主要作用為：
①易于保證加工精度，并使一批工件的加工精度穩(wěn)定；
②縮短輔助時間，提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，降低生產(chǎn)成本；
③減輕工人操作強(qiáng)度，降低對工人的技術(shù)要求；
④擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝范圍，實(shí)現(xiàn)一機(jī)多能；
⑤減少生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備時間，縮短新產(chǎn)品試制周期。
2.3 夾具的定位和夾緊
定位是指確定工件在機(jī)床或夾具中占有正確位置的過程。夾緊是指工件定位后將其固定，使工件在加工過程中保持定位位置不變的操作。
工件在夾具中的定位通常有以下四種情況：完全定位、部分定位、欠定位、重復(fù)定位。工件在夾具中的夾緊是由夾具的夾緊裝置完成的。夾緊裝置通常由動力裝置和夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)兩大部分組成。典型的夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)有斜楔夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)、螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)、圓偏心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)、定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)、鉸鏈夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)、聯(lián)動夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)等。夾緊動力裝置有氣動夾緊裝置、液壓夾緊裝置、電磁夾緊裝置、真空夾緊裝置等。
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