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2019版高考英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí) 話題版主題語境 Unit 8 學(xué)校生活(二)講義 Ⅰ.單詞拼寫 1.Thirty years later，a woman approached(靠近) me in a public place.(xx天津) 2.I have a full day of classes on Monday and a birthday party to attend(參加) on Tuesday. 3.I realized running was a battle against myself，not about petition(比賽) or whether or not I was athletic.(xx北京) 4.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage(勸阻) spending—“bad” tables，crowding，high prices—don’t necessarily.(xx江蘇) 5.I can solve the problems in working effectively(有效地). 6.The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents.But alternative explanations(解釋) are hard to find.(xx江蘇) 7.Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure(衰竭).(xx北京) 8.She had rich imagination(想象力) and she was brave. 9.This method(方法) provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.(xx全國Ⅰ) 10.I woke up sweating and nervous(不安的)，but ready to prove something to myself.(xx北京) Ⅱ.單句語法填空 1.The training schedule，apart from regular training，includes joining(join) in a variety of activities. (xx天津) 2.They arrive at the class in low spirits(spirit) and they leave with a smile.(xx全國Ⅲ) 3.There’s nothing more rewarding(reward) than putting smiles on the faces around you. 4.Our team will participate(participate) in a national petition on behalf of our school next Friday. 5.It sounds fine in theory，but will it work? 6.This task is very challenging(challenge). 7.It’s a science program on the origin of the universe.I’ll give a presentation(present) on it in my class tomorrow. 8.Anyway，we should spare no effort to protect(protect) our mother planet. 9.It was a major acplishment(acplish) for a player who had been injured so recently. 10.All checked-in baggage must be matched with a passenger travelling on the aircraft. Ⅲ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.Every means been tried in order to find a good solution till now. 2.We have made great towards meeting our goal. 3.Students must have access good resources. 4.The scientist that the manager to went to Shanghai last Monday. 5.She decided to adopt a different approach the problem. Ⅳ.選詞填空 1.Wang Shu won the xx Pritzker Architecture Prize—which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture—on February 28.(xx全國Ⅲ) 2.I will eventually pay off my debt with this check. 3.Jack has trouble keeping up with the rest of the class. 4.The nurse is attending to a sick man now. 5.Focusing on that goal helps me get through tough times. 6.Don’t lose heart.You’ll make it next time. Ⅴ.同義詞語替換 1.Along with your wonderful invitation，you need to hand in a report.turn in 2.Helen volunteered to have Thanksgiving at her house this year.offered 3.He often goes to the library in his free time to search for the information that he needs.in his spare time 4.He gave me a puzzled look.confused 5.She worked very hard and finally she passed the examination.got through approach vt.& vi.靠近，臨近；走近；接洽 n.方法；接近；通道，路徑 (1)an approach to...(做某事的)方法/途徑；接近，靠近 at the approach of在快到……的時候 (2)be approaching正在/將要接近 with...approaching在……快到的時候 (1)China’s approach to protecting(protect) its environment while feeding its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank’s Juergen Voegele.(xx全國Ⅱ) [句式升級] (2)The time for graduation is approaching and we are busy with our papers. ①At the approach of graduation，we are busy with our papers.(用approach n.改寫) ②With the time for graduation approaching，we are busy with our papers.(用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)改寫) ③As the time for graduation is approaching，we are busy with our papers.(用as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句改寫) 易錯點撥 (1)approach表示“……的方法/途徑”時，后常接介詞to；當(dāng)表示某人或某物的來臨時，其后常接介詞of。 (2)表示“……來臨”的表達(dá)有：be approaching，be drawing near，be (just) around the corner，be ing等。 award vt.授予；給予；判定 n.獎；獎品 award sth. to sb. ＝award sb. sth. 把某物頒發(fā)給某人 win/receive/get an award for...因……而贏得/得到/獲得獎項 (1)The gold medal will be awarded(award) to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race. (xx天津) (2)She was one of the three scientists awarded(award) the xx Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in developing effective drugs against parasitic diseases. (3)She won an award for her outstanding performance. 易錯點撥 (1)要表示多少獎金，通常用“an award of＋錢數(shù)”。 (2)表示“授予”時可接雙賓語。 cheat v.欺騙；作弊；舞弊 n.欺詐行為；騙子 cheat sb. (out) of sth. 騙取某人某物 cheat sb. into doing...欺騙某人做…… (1)Two young men cheated the old lady of her necklace and then got away. 兩個年輕人騙走了老太太的項鏈，然后逃走了。 (2)He cheated me into believing that he was rich. 他騙我相信他很有錢。 易錯點撥　cheat用作及物動詞表示“欺騙”時，其賓語通常是人而不能是物，且不能接雙賓語，要表示“騙取某人的某物”，通常用cheat sb. (out) of sth. 。 (1)discourage doing sth. 阻止做某事 discourage sb. from doing sth. 勸阻/阻止/不鼓勵某人做某事 (2)discouraged adj.泄氣的，沮喪的，灰心喪氣的 discouraging adj.令人泄氣的，令人沮喪的 discouragement n.勸阻；泄氣；使人泄氣的事；挫折，氣餒 (1)It’s discouraging(discourage) that so many students have failed. (2)Parents should discourage their children from smoking. (3)Unfortunately，dealing with the rising water does not make the natives discouraged(discourage). (xx四川廣安二模) (4)Being confident can help us overe difficulties when we’re encountered with adversity and discouragement(discourage). 易錯點撥　discourage是及物動詞，所以當(dāng)沒有賓語的時候，要考慮使用被動結(jié)構(gòu)，如將“不要氣餒”譯成英語，不可譯為“Don’t discourage.”，而應(yīng)譯為“Don’t be discouraged.”。discourage后面不接不定式作賓語，也不接不定式作賓補。 (1)involve sth. /sb. 包括，牽連某物/某人 involve sb. in (doing) sth. 使某人卷入(做)某事 involve doing...包括/牽扯到做…… (2)involved adj.有關(guān)的；卷入的；復(fù)雜的 be involved in參與；卷入；專注于…… be involved with涉及；與……有關(guān) (3)involvement n.連累；牽連；卷入 (1)We’ll make our decision and contact the people involved(involve). (2)Being a soldier can involve getting(get) killed. (3)More than 30 software firms were involved in(參與) the project last month. 易錯點撥 (1)involve是及物動詞，后跟動詞時要用動名詞形式。 (2)involved作前置定語時，意為“復(fù)雜的”；作后置定語時意為“有關(guān)的；涉及的”。the involved problem復(fù)雜的問題；the problem involved所涉及的問題。 match n.比賽；對手；敵手；相配者；火柴 v.敵得過；和……相匹配；使成對 (1)match...against讓……同……較量；拿……與……比較 match...with...使……與……相配 (2)be no match for比不上……，不是……的對手 meet one’s match遇到對手 [寫出下列句子中match的漢語意思] (1)Did you watch the basketball match yesterday？比賽 (2)I was his match at tennis.對手 (3)You can’t match him in knowledge of wild plants.敵得過，比得上 (4)Then I noticed that he was wearing shoes that did not match.和……相配 [單句語法填空] (5)I was no match for him at chess. (6)We try to match the entertainments with the preferences of the holidaymakers. [用suit，fit，match的正確形式填空] (7)The size of the shirt fits me well and its color matches my tie，so it suits me. [易混辨析]　suit，fit，match ※suit側(cè)重合乎條件、身份、口味、需要等；指衣服時，指在色調(diào)、顏色、花樣等方面適合某人。 ※fit側(cè)重尺寸、大小合適，因而引申為“吻合”。 ※match指大小、色調(diào)、形狀、性質(zhì)等方面的搭配，相當(dāng)于go with。 by means of用……辦法；借助…… by all means盡一切方法；當(dāng)然可以 by no means＝not by any means絕不，一點也不(位于句首時，句子用部分倒裝語序 (1)So far，every possible means has been tried(try)，but none worked. (2)He got into the house by means of(借助于) an open window. [句式升級] (3)I’ll forgive you this time，but you shall by no means make the mistake again.(改為倒裝句) I’ll forgive you this time，but by no means shall you make the mistake again. 易錯點撥　means表示“方式”“方法”“手段”時，單復(fù)數(shù)同形。表示做某事的方法，means后常接of doing sth. ，一般不接不定式。 (1)in reality事實上，實際上 reality n.[U]現(xiàn)實，真實；[C]事實，現(xiàn)實的事物 e into reality(夢想)實現(xiàn) bee a reality成為現(xiàn)實 (2)realistic adj.現(xiàn)實的；現(xiàn)實主義的 (1)He seems self-confident，but in reality(實際上) he is very shy. (2)[一句多譯]　他上大學(xué)的夢想已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了。 ①His dream of going to college has been realised. ②His dream of going to college has e true. ③His dream of going to college has bee a reality. ④His dream of going to college has e into reality. spare adj.空閑的；剩下的；備用的 vt.抽出；勻出；節(jié)約；赦免 (1)spare sb. sth. (＝spare sth. for sb. )為某人抽出…… spare no effort to do...不遺余力地做…… spare no expense不惜工本 to spare剩余的 (2)in one’s spare time在某人業(yè)余時間 (1)In my spare time，I often go to the English Corner. (2)I will spare no effort to help(help) you with your English. (3)I’m sorry I have no time to spare(spare) at the moment. (4)They started off late and got to the airport with minutes to spare. 他們動身晚了，到達(dá)機場時只剩下幾分鐘了。 (5)Now parents spare no expenses on their children’s education. 現(xiàn)在父母在孩子的教育上不吝惜花費。 be due to do sth. 預(yù)期/預(yù)定要做某事 be due for sth. 期望得到某物 (1)The meeting isn’t due to start(start) until three. 會議直到三點才開始。 (2)Raynor Winn and her husband Moth became homeless due to their wrong investment. (xx江蘇) 雷諾韋恩和她的丈夫莫斯因為他們的錯誤投資而無家可歸。 (3)The wages due to him will be paid tomorrow. 他應(yīng)得的工資明天付給他。 (1)concentrate on (doing) sth. 專心于(做)某事 concentrate one’s mind/attention on集中注意力于；致力于；專心于 (2)concentrated adj.濃縮的；密集的 concentration n.集中；專心 (1)Because the places where wildlife is accessible are few in number，tourist traffic can bee concentrated(concentrate) in specific areas，putting Arctic vegetation at risk.(xx安徽六安模擬) (2)With his attention concentrated(concentrate) on his study，he didn’t notice me ing in. (3)The boy found it hard to concentrate his attention on(集中注意力于) his study. get through通過；設(shè)法聯(lián)系上(尤指打通電話)，接通；用完，耗盡；完成；到達(dá)；(使某人)熬過困難時期 get away from從……脫離；逃脫；擺脫 get across解釋清楚，使人了解；傳達(dá) get over克服；恢復(fù) get round/around/about走動；(消息等)傳開 [寫出下列句子中g(shù)et through的漢語意思] (1)We got through a fortune while we were in New York！用完 (2)I tried to ring my girlfriend but I couldn’t get through.接通電話 (3)Let’s start；there’s a lot of work to get through.完成 (4)Every confusion seemed like a barrier I had to get through to reach my goal. (xx北京海淀區(qū)二模) 通過 易錯點撥　表示“用電話接通到(聯(lián)系到)某人”用get through to sb. 。 keep it up保持優(yōu)秀成績；繼續(xù)干下去 keep back隱瞞；抑制 keep off(使……)不接近；遠(yuǎn)離；減去 keep up堅持；維持；沿襲(風(fēng)俗、傳統(tǒng)等) keep away from使不接近；使遠(yuǎn)離 [根據(jù)語境用keep短語的正確形式填空] (1)They lit a fire to keep off wild animals. (2)Neither of them is telling the whole truth.Invariably，they keep something back. (3)Even well-established panies can scarcely keep up with demand. (4)If you’re eating a healthy diet，keep it up. pay back償還；報復(fù)；回報 pay for花錢買；付出代價 pay a visit to參觀；拜訪 pay attention to注意；留心 (1)That I can pay back the help people gave me makes me happy. 我可以回報別人給我的幫助，這讓我很高興。 (2)He had to work part-time so as to pay for his school fee. 他得做兼職工作以支付學(xué)費。 (3)The efforts made by Jack and his parents paid off. 杰克和他父母的努力奏效了。 (1)refer...to...把……提交給…… refer to...as...把……稱為…… (2)in/with reference to關(guān)于…… for reference以備查閱；以供參考 [寫出下列句子中refer to的漢語意思] (1)plete the exercise without referring to a dictionary.查閱 (2)When I said some people were stupid，I wasn’t referring to you.指的是 (3)Your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.參考 (4)The new law does not refer to the land used for farming.涉及；提到 [單句語法填空] (5)The book referred(refer) to is not in the library. (6)The Chinese refer to their language as Han，as it became popular among the people during the Han Dynasty. [聯(lián)想發(fā)散]　“查詞典”的各種表達(dá)形式： turn to a dictionary，refer to a dictionary，consult a dictionary，look...up in a dictionary。 Please actively take part in afterclass activities，which will not only make our school life colorful，but also improve your learning. 請積極參加課外活動，這不僅可以使你的學(xué)校生活豐富多彩，而且還可以促進(jìn)你的學(xué)習(xí)。 (1)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句其先行詞可以是單個的名詞或代詞，也可以是句子的一部分或整個句子，當(dāng)先行詞是主句時，which從句只能放在主句后，在從句中作實義動詞的主語時，只能用which。 (2)as也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其先行詞只能是主句。as引導(dǎo)的從句既可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，還可插在主句中間。 (1)He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true. (2)Einstein，as we all know，is a famous scientist. [單句改錯] (3)He didn’t e to the meeting， made the boss angry. (4) we all know，heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back. (5)She is always careless， we should not be. In response to the Sunshine Sports Activities launched by our school，we have organized longdistance running in the morning. 為了響應(yīng)學(xué)校發(fā)起的“陽光體育活動”，我們在早晨組織了長跑活動。 過去分詞(短語)作定語，和被修飾的詞之間往往是被動關(guān)系，并且表示動作已經(jīng)完成。單個的過去分詞作定語常放在被修飾的詞前面；過去分詞短語作定語則放在被修飾詞的后面。 (1)At that time，such a thing was a forbidden(forbid) topic to be talked about. 那時，這樣的事情是一個被禁止談?wù)摰脑掝}。 (2)[同義句改寫]　To return to the problem of water pollution，I’d like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in xx.(用定語從句改寫) →To return to the problem of water pollution，I’d like you to look at a study which/that was conducted in Australia in xx. Not only did it get us close to nature and give us relaxation from heavy schoolwork，but it also promoted the friendship among us. 它不僅可以使我們接近大自然，在繁忙的學(xué)習(xí)中得以放松，而且促進(jìn)了我們之間的友誼。 (1)not only...but also...意為“不但……而且……”，連接兩個分句時，若not only置于句首，not only所在的分句要部分倒裝，but also后面的分句不倒裝。 (2)not only...but also...連接兩個并列主語時，謂語動詞要遵循“就近一致”的原則。 (3)not only只能連用，而but also既可以連用也可以分開用，also可省略也可被as well代替。 (1)Not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你，他也得離開。 (2)Not only the students but also the teacher was(be) against the plan. 不僅學(xué)生反對這個計劃，老師也反對。 [句式升級] (3)The workers want to reduce working hours as well as increase their pay.(用not only...but also...改寫為倒裝句) Not only do the workers want to increase their pay，but they also want to reduce working hours. (xx全國Ⅱ，B) Five years ago，when I taught art at a school in Seattle，I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student，and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys.You have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.” A few students hesitated to start.They waited to see what the rest of the class would do.Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations. Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.I was delighted at the presence of such a student.Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare，“But I’m just not creative.” “Do you dream at night when you’re asleep？” “Oh，sure.” “So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative.Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“That’s pretty creative.Who does that for you？” “Nobody.I do it.” “Really—at night，when you’re asleep？” “Sure.” “Try doing it in the daytime，in class，okay？” 25.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to . A.know more about the students B.make the lessons more exciting C.raise the students’ interest in art D.teach the students about toy design 答案　A 解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句中的“...I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.”可知，作者使用Tinkertoys是為了更多地了解自己的學(xué)生。故選A。 26.What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3? A.He liked to help his teacher. B.He preferred to study alone. C.He was active in class. D.He was imaginative. 答案　D 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.”可知，他是一個很有創(chuàng)造力的人。 27.What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A.Mistake. B.Drawback. C.Difficulty. D.Burden. 答案　B 解析　詞義猜測題。畫線詞所在句為段落主題句。結(jié)合后面的句子“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”可知這里指的是：鼓勵這種思維方式也有缺點。drawback缺點，符合語境。 28.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams? A.To help them to see their creativity. B.To find out about their sleeping habits. C.To help them to improve their memory. D.To find out about their ways of thinking. 答案　A 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后的對話內(nèi)容可知，作者讓孩子們談?wù)撍麄兡切└挥邢胂罅Φ膲?，是為了幫助他們看到自己的?chuàng)造力。 Ⅰ.宏觀把握——抓住主旨大意，理清文章脈絡(luò) 通過閱讀文章可知這是一篇記敘文。本文主要講述的是作為一名老師，作者讓學(xué)生拼裝玩具以便更多地了解他們，從中發(fā)現(xiàn)并鼓勵他們的創(chuàng)造力和想象力。 文章的脈絡(luò)如下： Ⅱ.微觀排障——長難句分析 His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. 句式分析：該句中that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，whose又引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，修飾先行詞an unexpected teaching assistant。 翻譯：他的存在意味著我在班級中有一位意想不到的助手。他的創(chuàng)造力會感染其他的學(xué)生。 Ⅲ.詞匯積累 1.art n.藝術(shù) 2.test n.測試 3.term n.學(xué)期 4.model n.模型 5.imagination n.想象力 6.experimentally adv.實驗(性)地 7.creative adj.具有創(chuàng)造力的 8.creativity n.創(chuàng)造力 9.encourage vt.鼓勵，激勵 10.wildly adv.極其；非常；失控地，激動地 11.imaginative adj.富于想象力的 12.free time自由時間，業(yè)余時間 根據(jù)上下文語境和前后句邏輯關(guān)系做好詞義猜測題 近幾年高考閱讀中猜測詞義的考查方法多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語境推測將會越來越多。根據(jù)上下文語境做出判斷：有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義域解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如本篇27題，我們可以根據(jù)后句“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”中的“risk”說明我的教育方法也有不足之處，故畫線詞意為“drawback(缺點，不足)”。本題屬于典型的根據(jù)上下文語境來推測詞義的題。 除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。 還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：俗話說，“有因必有果，有果必有因”。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如： The biggest power failure in the city’s history...All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系，停電只能導(dǎo)致冰激凌和冷凍食品“融化”，也就是melted意為“融化”。 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 (xx河北武邑中學(xué)五模) Many people have long dreamed of being able to fly around as simply as riding a bicycle.Yet the safety and strength of a flying bike was always a big problem.Over the past 10 years，development in technology has moved the dream of personal flying vehicles closer to reality.Now，two groups of inventors say such vehicles may be available soon. The British pany Malloy Aeronautics has developed a prototype(原型) of its flying bicycle.Grant Stapleton，marketing sales director of Malloy Aeronautics，says the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly.“It can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed，” he adds. Mr Stapleton says safety was the pany’s main concern.He says the designers solved the safety issue by using overlapping rotors(交疊式旋翼) to power the vehicle. The pany is testing a full-size prototype of the Hoverbike，which will most likely be used first by the police and emergency rescue teams. In New Zealand，the Martin Aircraft pany is also testing a full-size prototype of its personal flying device，called Jetpack(噴氣背包).It can fly for more than 30 minutes，up to 1,000 meters high and reach a speed of 74 kilometers per hour. Peter Coker is the CEO of Martin Aircraft pany.He said Jetpack “is built around safety from the start”.In his words，“reliability is the most important element of it.We have safety built into the actual structure itself，very similar to a Formula One racing car.” Jetpack uses a gasoline-powered engine that produces two powerful jet streams.Mr Coker says it also has a parachute(降落傘) that can be used should there be an emergency.“It starts to work at very low altitude and actually saves both the aircraft and the pilot，” he adds.Mr Coker says Jetpack will be ready for sale soon. 語篇解讀　本文為一篇說明文。飛行器能夠像騎自行車一樣飛來飛去一直是許多發(fā)明家長期以來的夢想，文中介紹了兩家研發(fā)飛行器的公司的最新產(chǎn)品，他們有可能促使這個夢想成為現(xiàn)實。 1.We can learn from the passage that the Hoverbike . A.can hardly get in and out of small spaces quickly B.can fly for over 30 minutes，up to 1,000 meters high C.has been used by the police and emergency rescue teams D.can be transported quickly after being folded and packed 答案　D 解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly.‘It can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed’”可知，Hoverbike能夠很快地進(jìn)出小空間。它可以快速地跨洲移動，因為它可以折疊和包裝。分析選項可知，D項正確。 2.The writer uses the example of Formula One racing car to show that . A.Jetpack is very safe and reliable B.Jetpack’s engine is powerful C.Jetpack’s actual structure is unique D.Jetpack can reach a great speed and height 答案　A 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中的“...reliability is the most important element of it.We have safety built into the actual structure itself...”可知，安全性、可靠性是最重要的考慮因素，故選A項。 3.The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to “ ”. A.the jet stream B.the engine C.Jetpack D.the parachute 答案　D 解析　代詞指代題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Mr Coker says it also has a parachute(降落傘) that can be used should there be an emergency.‘It starts to work at very low altitude...’”可知，由此可知it指的是parachute(降落傘)