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專題19 去偽存真 短文改錯 題型一 、詞法類錯誤 【題型特點】 一、動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)誤用 1．查時態(tài)是否一致 動詞時態(tài)的分析主要從兩個角度入手：動作與時間。在解題過程中，要著重分析動作是“正在進行、完成或經(jīng)常性”，時間是“現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)怼?，由此確定時態(tài)。短文改錯的首句或相關(guān)句也往往起提示作用，且特別注意一些不規(guī)則動詞的形式：burn(burnt)，learn(learnt/learned)，build( built)，pay(paid)，feel(felt)，catch(caught)，hold( held)，shoot(shot)，eat( ate)，ride (rode)，ring(rang)，sing(sang)，sink( sank)等。 2．查語態(tài)是否正確 動詞的語態(tài)主要分析句子主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系，且特別注意有關(guān)語態(tài)的一些特殊現(xiàn)象，如be worth doing(無被動形式)，不定式主動形式表被動含義，need/want/require doing(＝to be done)。 二、非謂語動詞形式誤用 1．辨別謂語與非謂語動詞。句中已有謂語動詞，若再出現(xiàn)動詞，又沒有連詞，就應(yīng)注意考慮非謂語動詞形式。再根據(jù)其在句中所作成分以及邏輯關(guān)系，來判斷其形式是否正確。 2．作主語或賓語不能用動詞原形，要改為動名詞形式。牢記只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞。 3．掌握介賓標(biāo)志。介詞后面一般需要跟名詞或動名詞，高考短文改錯對介詞的判定以及動名詞的使用問題則是“常客”。以下短語中to為介詞：be/get/bee used to(習(xí)慣于)，be addicted to，devote...to...，be engaged to，pay attention to，look forward to，stick to，when it es to...等。 4．注意動詞不定式符號to的多余或缺失。牢記動詞不定式的基本用法和習(xí)慣搭配，分清不定式與其他非謂語動詞形式的區(qū)別。 5．分清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別。根據(jù)非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。 三、形容詞和副詞誤用 1.明確形容詞、副詞的句法功能 形容詞用來修飾名詞，或者放在系動詞后面構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)或者用在賓語后作賓語補足語；副詞用來修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞或整個句子作狀語。 2.掌握形容詞、副詞的級 表示同級比較時，用as...as原級形式；表示兩者之間的比較(標(biāo)志詞than)用比較級；表示三者或以上的比較用最高級。需要特別注意必須避免比較級的重復(fù)使用問題。例如：She is more taller than I．本句中taller本身即是比較級形式，故應(yīng)該刪去more或者改為much。 3．牢記同源副詞的用法 在同源副詞中，一種副詞與其形容詞同形，另一種副詞是在形容詞后加-ly。和形容詞同形的副詞往往表示具體含義，加-ly的副詞多表示抽象意義，有時候甚至完全不同。例如：close“接近地”；closely“緊密地；親近地；嚴(yán)密地”。 四、名詞和冠詞誤用 1．區(qū)別可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞 根據(jù)名詞的修飾詞以及謂語動詞的形式來判定名詞是否可數(shù)。同時要特別關(guān)注“抽象名詞具體化”這一詞法 現(xiàn)象。 surprise 驚訝 a surprise一件(個)令人驚訝的事(消息等) success 成功 a success一個(件)成功的人/事 danger 危險 a danger一個(件)危險的人物/事 failure 失敗 a failure一件(個)失敗的事/人 honor 榮譽 an honor一個(件)引以為榮的人(事) disappointment 失望 a disappointment一件(個)失望的事(人) 2.冠詞的運用 (1)以輔音音素開頭的單詞前面用不定冠詞a；以元音音素開頭的單詞前面用不定冠詞an。 (2)常用固定搭配必須牢記。例如：all of a sudden，in a hurry，pay a visit to，by the way，in a word，to tell the truth，by accident，as a result，in a way，on the whole，at present，in peace，in advance，by accident，on purpose，by chance，ahead of time等。 五、介詞誤用 “三看”選介詞 1．看介詞的意義是否通順 多注意介詞用法的積累，如表示“具體某一天、某一天的上下午或晚上”用介詞on；表示“幾點鐘”用介詞at；表示“月份或者年”用介詞in。 2．看介詞的搭配是否符合習(xí)慣 ?？冀樵~搭配，如at night，be good at，do well in，devote...to...，set out for，leave for，insist on，search for，be famous for，at the age of，shoot at，with the help of，focus ones attention on，be buried in，get married to等。 3．看相似介詞的區(qū)別是否清晰 例如：between表示“在兩者之間”，among表示“在三者或三者以上之間”；besides表示“除了……之外還有”，except表示“除……之外”。 詞法錯誤“三要” 1．對重要詞類的功能用法要做到熟練掌握。 高考短文改錯在詞法類角度主要涉及名詞(單復(fù)數(shù)、可數(shù)與不可數(shù))，動詞(時態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、情態(tài)動詞)，形容詞和副詞(詞類誤用、原級、比較級和最高級)，介詞和冠詞搭配等內(nèi)容?？忌鷮σ陨显~類的用法、相關(guān)語法內(nèi)容要做到心中有數(shù)。 2．要特別關(guān)注改正詞的拼寫。 在改正過程中尤其注意改正詞的拼寫和選擇，如形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級形式是否需要雙寫最后一個字母，是用不定冠詞a還是an，某個名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是加－s還是－es，某個形容詞改為副詞時，是去掉最后一個字母再加－ly還是直接加－ly等。 3．對出題點要做到心中有數(shù)。 解決詞法類錯誤的關(guān)鍵在于熟練掌握相關(guān)詞類的易考點。考生要熟知短文改錯的出題點，對實虛詞的考查角度了如指掌。如動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、形容詞與副詞的誤用、介詞搭配等問題幾乎是每年高考的“必備餐”，考生只有熟悉這些出題點，在解答短文改錯的過程中牢牢抓住這條“思維線”，問題就會迎刃而解。 例1、(2018全國Ⅰ) During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and another animals.Last winter when I went here again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.They also had a small pond which they raised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years，but he agreed. 答案： During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I a big change there.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and animals.Last winter when I went again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of .They also had a small pond they raised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish.I felt that their life had improved.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years， he agreed. 文章大意：本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者的爺爺奶奶生活的巨大變化。 4.　解析：here→there　詞法錯誤。去鄉(xiāng)下看望爺爺奶奶，應(yīng)該是“遠(yuǎn)指”而非“近指”，故用there。 5.　解析：chicken→chickens　詞法錯誤。dozens of許多，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 6.　解析：which→where/在which前面加in　句法錯誤。pond是表示地點的名詞，后面的定語從句主、謂、賓成分齊全，故用where或“介詞＋which”引導(dǎo)定語從句；表達(dá)“在池塘里”用介詞in。 7.　解析：sell→selling　詞法錯誤。by是介詞，后接動詞時要用其動名詞形式。 8.　解析：happily→happy　詞法錯誤。feel此處是連系動詞，后接形容詞作表語。 9.　解析：去掉for　詞法錯誤。every two years是時間狀語，可獨立使用，不需要介詞。 　解析：but→and　行文邏輯錯誤?！懊績赡昊剜l(xiāng)下的爺爺奶奶家一次”與“他同意”是順承關(guān)系，故用并列連詞and。 【變式探究】 (2017全國Ⅰ) In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday，I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructors orders，so once I started the car，my mind goes blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes late，the instructor asked me to stop the car.It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road. 答案： In the summer holiday following my birthday，I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructors orders， once I started the car，my mind blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the ，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “ left！” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes ，the instructor asked me to stop the car.It was a relief and I came to a stop just in the middle the road. 4.　解析：goes改為went?？疾闀r態(tài)。本文講述作者18歲生日后的那個暑假發(fā)生的事情，且通篇以過去時為主。此處應(yīng)用一般過去時，故把goes改為went。 5.　解析：word改為words?？疾槊~的數(shù)。根據(jù)下文可知，教練發(fā)出了很多指令，故用word的復(fù)數(shù)形式words。 6.　解析：Turning改為Turn?？疾橹^語動詞。此處為祈使句，并和上文中的“Speed up”和“Slow down”并列，故改為動詞原形Turn。 7.　解析：刪除so后的much?？疾楣潭ň湫?。此處含有“so...that...”引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句，句中的much多余，故刪除。 8.　解析：late改為later。考查副詞。late意為“遲，晚”?！耙欢螘r間＋later”表示“一段時間之后”，故把late改為later。 9.　解析：suddenly改為sudden?？疾樾稳菰~。該句中的名詞stop應(yīng)用形容詞修飾，所以把suddenly改為sudden。 10.　解析：on改為of?？疾楣潭ù钆洹n the middle of意為“在……的中間”，故把on改為of。 【變式探究】(2016全國Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.Though not very big，but the restaurant is popular in our area.It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even had to wait outside.My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking.My uncle says that he never dreams being rich in the short period of time.Instead，he hopes that our business will grow steady. 答案： My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to I live.Though not very big，but the restaurant is popular in our area.It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even to wait outside.My uncle tells me that the key to his success is .Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables high quality oil are for cooking.My uncle says that he never dreamsbeing rich in short period of time.Instead，he hopes that business will grow . 4.　解析：honest→honesty?？疾槊~。根據(jù)語境“我叔叔告訴我他成功的關(guān)鍵在于誠實”可知，此處該用名詞形式作表語。 5.　解析：or→and?？疾椴⒘羞B詞。根據(jù)語境可知，此處不是表示選擇關(guān)系，而是表示“新鮮的蔬菜和優(yōu)質(zhì)的油”，故把or改為and。 6.　解析：using→used?？疾楸粍诱Z態(tài)。fresh vegetables和high quality oil與use之間存在被動關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)。 7.　解析：being前加of?？疾榻樵~。dream of doing sth.是固定搭配，意為“夢想做某事”。 8.　解析：the→a?？疾楣谠~。此處表示泛指，故用不定冠詞a，in a short period of time意為“短期內(nèi)”。 9.　解析：our→his?？疾榇~。由語境及主語he可知，此處指的是叔叔的生意，故將our改為his才合乎語境。 10.　解析：steady→steadily?？疾楦痹~。修飾動詞grow該用副詞，所以應(yīng)用steady的副詞形式steadily。 【舉一反三】(2016浙江卷) When I was a very young children，my father created a regular practice I remember well years late.Every time he arrived home at end of the day，wed greet her at the door.He would ask who we was and pretend not to knowing us.Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.While they chat，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.It was both excited and frightening to be up there！My sister and I thought he was so cool for putting us there. 答案： When I was a very young ，my father created a regular practice I remember well years .Every time he arrived home at end of the day，wed greet at the door.He would ask who we and pretend not to us.Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.While they ，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit the top of the fridge.It was both and frightening to be up there! My sister and I thought he was so cool for putting us there. 4.　解析：her改為him?？疾榇~。根據(jù)上文的he可知，此處應(yīng)改為him。 5.　解析：was改為were?？疾橹髦^一致。根據(jù)we可知，謂語動詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故改為were。 6.　解析：knowing改為know?？疾閯釉~。pretend (not) to do sth.“假裝(不)做某事”，此處是不定式，后面需要用動詞原形，故改為know。 7.　解析：去掉had?？疾閯釉~。根據(jù)語境和下文的“would talk”可知，此處應(yīng)該用would do結(jié)構(gòu)。 8.　解析：chat改為chatted?？疾闀r態(tài)。根據(jù)全文的整體時態(tài)可知，應(yīng)用一般過去時，故改為chatted。 9.　解析：in改為on?？疾榻樵~。on the top of是固定詞組，表示“在……上面”。 10.　解析：excited改為exciting。考查形容詞。根據(jù)語境和主語It可知，此處表示“令人激動的”，故用－ing形式的形容詞。 題型二、句法類錯誤 【題型特點】 一、主謂一致誤用 1．判定主語和謂語是解題的關(guān)鍵 要解決主謂一致問題，判定主語是先決條件。either...or，neither...nor，not...but，not only...but also，or等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞與靠近的那個名詞或代詞保持一致；倒裝句和there be句型中，謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語保持一致；定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語，謂語動詞與它所指代的先行詞保持一致；強調(diào)句中，連接代詞在句中作主語，這時它應(yīng)與被強調(diào)的主語保持一致。 2．掌握主謂一致的常考點 ①主語與謂語動詞之間插入along with，with，as well as，together with，except，but，including時，謂語動詞不受這些插入語的干擾，依然和主語保持一致。 ②從句、不定式、動名詞等作主語時謂語動詞一律視作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；兩個以上的名詞組成一個整體概念作主語時，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)。 ③表示時間、距離、金額、度量等詞語作主語時，通常被視作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 二、定語從句和名詞性從句誤用 1．確定從句類型、搞清句子結(jié)構(gòu)是關(guān)鍵 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞(副詞)的選擇和名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)詞的選擇取決于句子缺少何種成分和意義是否完整。此時需要從分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)入手，同時掌握關(guān)系代詞(副詞)和引導(dǎo)詞在句中的句法功能。which可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代表主句的內(nèi)容；where在定語從句中充當(dāng)(抽象)地點狀語；what在名詞性從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語等。 2．重點關(guān)注定語從句與名詞性從句中的易考點 ①that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句； ②that在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，沒有含義，只能在賓語從句中省略； ③名詞性從句中，if只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句，但whether可引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句； ④that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)成分，沒有含義，一般不能省略，但在定語從句中可充當(dāng)主語和賓語，且充當(dāng)賓語時可省略。 ⑤what是連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句并在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。 三、強調(diào)句型、虛擬語氣和特殊句式誤用 1．掌握強調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法 強調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“It’s...that/who”．判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在于去掉基本結(jié)構(gòu)后，剩余部分仍然邏輯完整，使用that可強調(diào)人或物，who只能用于強調(diào)人。 2．分辨虛擬語氣的情境 “句意”是判斷是否為虛擬語氣的重要一環(huán)，解答這類問題要重點考慮時間、主從句結(jié)構(gòu)兩個方面。 3．關(guān)注特殊句式的易錯點 There be結(jié)構(gòu)的含義及be動詞的選擇、倒裝句中助動詞的選擇和時態(tài)的運用、省略句中動詞形式的運用以及祈使句中句首為動詞原形，后半句往往用將來時等需考生重點關(guān)注。 句法錯誤“兩不要” 1．以“語法分析”為依據(jù)，不要“茫無頭緒”。 高考短文改錯句法類錯誤主要涉及復(fù)合句、主謂一致、特殊句式等內(nèi)容，具體有： ①關(guān)系代詞/副詞和引導(dǎo)詞的使用；②主謂搭配是否一致；③特殊句容中助動詞和時態(tài)的使用； ④there be結(jié)構(gòu)中系動詞be的選擇以及there be結(jié)構(gòu)have/has的重復(fù)使用；⑤強調(diào)句式的使用。 2．以句子為單位，不要“一葉障目”。 在解答句法類錯誤的時候，切勿過多關(guān)注某一個或幾個單詞，而是應(yīng)該首先從整體上判斷句子所表達(dá)的含義，然后摸清所使用的句式結(jié)構(gòu)、語法現(xiàn)象等問題，做到“從整體理解到局部分析”，如同“一覽眾山小”。 例1、(2018全國Ⅱ) When I was little，F(xiàn)riday’s night was our family game night.After supper，we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.As the kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watching them，my parents would not to let me.They would say to us that play－ing card games would help my brain.Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life. 答案： When I was little， night was our family game night.After supper，we would play card games of all in the sitting room.As kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to them，my parents would not to let me.They would say to that playing card games would help my brain.Still I unwilling to play the games them sometimes.I didn’t realize how right my parents until I entered high school.The games my parents taught me I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life. 文章大意：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者小時候父母不愿意讓他看動畫片，而是鼓勵他參與玩紙牌游戲的故事。 6.　解析：us→me　詞法錯誤。根據(jù)行文邏輯可知，此處說的是“我”的事情，所以用對應(yīng)的賓格代詞me作介詞to的賓語。 7.　解析：在I后面加was　句法錯誤。be unwilling to do sth.不愿意做某事。此處說的是過去的事情，主語是I，所以連系動詞用was。 8.　解析：for→with　詞法錯誤。for為了，表示目的，而此處表示“和某人一起玩某物”，故用play sth.with sb.。 9.　解析：are→were　句法錯誤。根據(jù)主句的謂語didn’t realize和until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語entered可知，此處說的是過去的事情，所以are應(yīng)改為were。 　解析：where→when　句法錯誤。I was a child表示的是時間而非地點，故應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。 【變式探究】(2017全國Ⅱ) Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for some gardening tools.Beside，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.When summer came，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables! 答案： Mr.and Mrs.Zhang work in our school.They live far from the school，and it takes them about hour and a half to go to work every day.In their spare time，they are in planting vegetables in their garden， is on the rooftop of their house.They often get up and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for some gardening tools.，they often get some useful from the Internet.When summer ，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables! 3.　解析：interesting改為interested?？疾樾稳菰~。因為是描述主語they的心理狀態(tài)，所以使用interested“對……感興趣的”。 4.　解析：that改為which?？疾殛P(guān)系代詞。此處是非限制性定語從句，且關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語，指代上文的garden，所以用which來引導(dǎo)該定語從句。 5.　解析：earlier改為early。考查副詞。此處沒有比較的含義，所以用early的原級。 6.　解析：去掉for。考查介詞。buy為及物動詞，其后直接跟賓語，而buy sth. for sb.意為“為某人買某物”。 7.　解析：Beside改為Besides?？疾楦痹~。beside意為“在……旁”，而besides意為“此外”。 8.　解析：informations改為information?？疾槊~。information為不可數(shù)名詞，無復(fù)數(shù)形式。 9.　解析：came改為es?？疾閯釉~時態(tài)。因為主句部分為一般將來時態(tài)，所以此處的時間狀語從句應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來意義。 10、　解析：在students后加to?？疾閯釉~的固定用法。短語invite sb.to do sth.意為“邀請某人做某事”。 【變式探究】(2016全國Ⅱ) The summer holiday is ing.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.We can chose between staying at home and take a trip.If we stay at home，it is fortable but there is no need to spend money.But in that case，we will learn little about world.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.I thought that it is a good idea.It does not cost many，yet we can still learn a lot. 答案： The summer holiday is ing.My classmates and I are talking about to do during the holiday.We can between staying at home and a trip.If we stay at home，it is fortable there is no need to spend money.But in that case，we will learn little about world.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden view and gain we cannot get from books.Some classmates suggest we can/go to places of interest nearby.I that it is a good idea.It does not cost ，yet we can still learn a lot. 4.　解析：but改為and。考查連詞。前后句之間為并列關(guān)系，故將but改為and。 5.　解析：在world前加the?？疾楣谠~。根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示特指，故應(yīng)用定冠詞the。 6.　解析：your改為our?？疾榇~。因為句子的主語為“we”故此處用our。 7.　解析：knowledges改為knowledge?？疾槊~的數(shù)。knowledge為不可數(shù)名詞，只能用單數(shù)形式。 8.　解析：刪除can或?qū)an改為should?？疾樘摂M語氣。suggest意為“建議”時，其后的賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用should＋動詞原形，should可以省略。 9.　解析：thought改為think。考查動詞的時態(tài)。全文的時態(tài)均以一般現(xiàn)在時為主，故此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。 10. 解析：many改為much?？疾榇~。表示“錢”的多少時，要用much而不是many。 【舉一反三】 It is Mothers Day today.Though its a western festival，its popular in China now. Mom has a full－time job，so she has to do most of the houseworks.She is a great mother.Both Dad or I planned to do something on Mothers Day.We get up early in the morning.Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her hand.I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.The dishes what I cooked were Moms favoritest.At dinner，we said to her，“Happy Mothers Day！”Mom was grateful and moving. 答案： It is Mothers Day today.Though its a western festival，its popular in China now. Mom has a full－time job， she has to do most of the .She is a great mother.Both Dad I planned to do something on Mothers Day.We up early in the morning.Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in hand.I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.The dishes what / I cooked were Moms .At dinner，we said to her，“Happy Mothers Day！”Mom was grateful and . 4.　解析：get改為got。本文講述的是在母親節(jié)發(fā)生過的事，所以用一般過去時。 5.　解析：去掉on。go shopping”購物”，是固定用法。go on doing sth.意為“繼續(xù)做某事”，不符合語境。 6.　解析：her改為his。此處指父親，所以用物主代詞his。 7.　解析：kitchen前加the。此處特指”我”家的廚房，故加the。 8.　解析：what改為that/which或去掉what。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為定語從句，先行詞為The dishes，關(guān)系詞在從句中作動詞cooked的賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時也可以省略。 9.　解析：favoritest改為favorite。favorite作名詞時，意為“特別喜愛的東西”，該詞作形容詞時沒有比較級和最高級。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞favorite。 10.　解析：moving改為moved。母親既感激又感動。moved修飾人，moving修飾物，根據(jù)主語為Mom可知，要用moved。 題型三、邏輯類錯誤 【題型特點】 一、連接詞誤用 1．重點關(guān)注句意的連貫性和邏輯性 解決短文改錯中連接詞類錯誤，要重點關(guān)注上下句(并列句)之間的邏輯關(guān)系，弄清楚句子與句子之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。 ①句間無連詞，增加連詞。若兩個句子之間沒有句號、分號，又沒有連詞時，需要增加連詞。 ②句間多連詞，刪除連詞。一些受漢語影響的錯誤，如although/though...but，because/since/as...so等，一般刪除后面的連詞but和so。 ③遇到連詞需考慮是否用錯。常見的如or，but，and等。 2．掌握常用連接詞的含義和用法 ①and“和、而且”，表遞進、并列或順承關(guān)系；but“但是”，表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系；or“或者、否則”，表選擇或結(jié)果。 ②not only...but also...“不僅……而且……”．both...and...“……和……兩者都”；not...but...“不是……而是……”。 ③either...or...“或者……或者……”；neither...nor...“既不……也不……”。 ④ while“而、然而”，表對比；when“就在那時”，并列連詞。 ⑤狀語從句中從屬連詞：the moment/minute/as soon as/immediately/directly“一……就……”；where“……地方”；because/as/since“由于……”；so/such...that“如此……以至于……”；in case( of)“以防，以免……”；though/although“即使”；as a result/consequence (of)“結(jié)果/由于……”；what if“若是……又怎樣”。 ⑥therefore“因此”；besides“況且、而且”；but/except“除了”；anyway無論如何；however然而；whats more況且，而且。 二、代詞誤用 1．人稱代詞的前后一致性 人稱代詞的前后一致性包括指代的一致性和單復(fù)數(shù)的一致性。 2．人稱代詞的主格與賓格變化 主格人稱代詞在句中作主語，賓格人稱代詞多在句中作賓語。 3．物主代詞的數(shù)與格 物主代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與所代替的名詞一致。形容詞性物主代詞多在句中作定語，修飾名詞；而名詞性物主代詞多在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。 4．反身代詞的?？键c 反身代詞多用作介詞或動詞的賓語；此外，反身代詞指代的一致性也是重要考點。 5．一些常見不定代詞、指示代詞的用法 如one...the other表示兩者的“一個……另一個”；neither表示“兩者都不”；either表示“兩者中的一個”；none表示“三者或三者以上都不”；others＝other＋可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。 以點帶面，關(guān)注語篇 1．以邏輯關(guān)系為抓手，重點關(guān)注文意。 有些考生不注重整體把握，不關(guān)注句與句之間的關(guān)系是失分的一個重要因素。 解決語篇類錯誤的關(guān)鍵在于弄清楚短文文脈發(fā)展，研究透句與句之間的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系?？忌獜恼w上把握作者的寫作思路、謀篇布局和邏輯關(guān)系。 從整體著眼，關(guān)注句意和情節(jié)發(fā)展是解決連接詞類和代詞類問題的關(guān)鍵。 2．掌握常用代詞與連接詞的含義和用法。 部分考生失分在于對某些代詞或連接詞的含義及用法把握不到位，平時應(yīng)注意積累易混代詞或連接詞的區(qū)別。 例1、(2018全國Ⅲ) It was Monday morning，and the writing class had just begin.Everyone was silent，wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity；others were nervous and anxious.I had done myself homework，but I was shy.I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger group of people.At that moment，I remembered that my father once said，“The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks，and mistake as well.” Immediate，I raised my hand. 答案： It was Monday morning，and the writing class had just .Everyone was silent， to see who would be called upon to read his her paragraph aloud.Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity；others were nervous and anxious.I had done homework，but I was shy.I was afraid that to speak in front of a group of people.At that moment，I remembered that my father once said，“The classroom is a place for learning and that learning from textbooks，and as well.” ，I raised my hand. 文章大意：本文是一篇記敘文，描寫了作者在寫作課上的心理活動。作者雖然完成了作業(yè)，但還是害羞，不敢在很多人面前讀文章。作者突然想起父親曾經(jīng)說過的話，受到了鼓舞，于是舉起了手。 3.　解析：and→or　行文邏輯錯誤。his與 her之間為選擇關(guān)系，而非并列關(guān)系，故用or。 4.　解析：eager后加to　詞法錯誤。(be) eager to do sth.渴望做某事，為固定搭配。 5.　解析：myself→my/the　詞法錯誤。do one’s/the homework 為固定搭配，意為“做家庭作業(yè)”。 6.　解析：去掉afraid后的that　句法錯誤。be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事。 7.　解析：larger→large　詞法錯誤。由語境可知，前后沒有比較的意味，故用原級。 8.　解析：include→includes　句法錯誤。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾place，關(guān)系代詞替代place在從句中作主語，從句謂語動詞的數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致。 9.　解析：mistake→mistakes　詞法錯誤。句意：……從書本和錯誤中學(xué)習(xí)。mistake是可數(shù)名詞，此處所指的“錯誤”不止一個，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 10.　解析：Immediate→Immediately　詞法錯誤。放于句首，作句子狀語，要用副詞。 【變式探究】 (2017全國Ⅲ) When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.I had grown not only physically，and also mentally in the past few years.About one month after this photo was took，I entered my second year of high school and bee a new member of the school music club.Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference kings of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. 答案： When I look at thi