Mechanical Engineering EnglishLesson 1 Modern Manufacturing EngineeringA.What Is Manufacturing Maybe you’ve never thought about it before, but it is all around you. It affects every part of your life. What is it? In this case, “it” is manufacturing. Actually “manufacturing” is not all around you. But manufactured products are. Look around you right now. Name some things you see that were manufactured. Chairs, notebooks, blue jeans, books, floor tile, chalkboards, light bulbs, pencils, eyeglasses—nearlyeverything around you was manufactured.The manufacturing industry is important to our society. It’s essential to our economy. An economy is a system for producing and distributing products and services. Many people work in manufacturing. They help produce products. And they buy products with the money they earn. The more products people buy, the more products are manufactured. And this allows more people to work.Manufacturing is also important to the economy in another way. A piece of material is worth more after it’s been changed into a useful product. That’s added value. Value is increased by the manufacturing process.B. Modern ManufacturingA manufacturing industry needs three basic types of resources: Material resources, Human resources, Capital resources.The elements of industry are seven key steps for organizing production: Research and Development, Production Tooling, Production Planning and Control, Quality Control, Personnel Management, Manufacturing, Marketing. R&D is the planning of new products, processes, or materials and the improvement of old skill. R&D is such a large, important part of the industrial world and requires many people with different talents.Production Tooling is the element of industry concerned with these tools. The PT obtains the tools, machines, and equipment needed to make a product.The most important parts of Production Planning and Control are routing, scheduling, dispatching, and plan layout. The machinery and equipment must be arranged so that production can take place smoothly, without wasted time and effort.Quality Control can be defined as those activities which prevent defective articles. In this way management tries to insure that a product will be acceptable to the buyer. Marketing is the process of getting products from those who make them to those who use them and it helps to deliver the right kinds of goods to us, in the right form and amount, at the time and price.Lesson 2 Mechanical Engineering DesignMechanical engineering design is a major segment of engineering, it deals with the conception, design, development, refinement, and application of machines and mechanical apparatus of all kinds. For many students, mechanical engineering design is one of their first professional engineering courses. Professional engineering is concerned with obtaining solutions to practical problems, and the engineers are able to devise better solutions to practical problems. The most problems in mechanical engineering design do not have a single right answer. Hence, modern mechanical engineers are able to produce distinctly better solutions to meet today’s needs. The engineer must use the best available scientific understanding together with empirical information, good judgment. When considering a complete machine, the engineer invariably finds that the requirements and constraints of the various components are interrelated. The modern engineer has become increasingly concerned with the broader considerations of safety, ecology, and overall “quality of life.”Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expanded. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new design can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted.Mechanical Engineering EnglishLesson 1 Modern Manufacturing EngineeringA.What Is Manufacturing Maybe you’ve never thought about it before, but it is all around you. It affects every part of your life. What is it? In this case, “it” is manufacturing. Actually “manufacturing” is not all around you. But manufactured products are. Look around you right now. Name some things you see that were manufactured. Chairs, notebooks, blue jeans, books, floor tile, chalkboards, light bulbs, pencils, eyeglasses—nearlyeverything around you was manufactured.The manufacturing industry is important to our society. It’s essential to our economy. An economy is a system for producing and distributing products and services. Many people work in manufacturing. They help produce products. And they buy products with the money they earn. The more products people buy, the more products are manufactured. And this allows more people to work.Manufacturing is also important to the economy in another way. A piece of material is worth more after it’s been changed into a useful product. That’s added value. Value is increased by the manufacturing process.B. Modern ManufacturingA manufacturing industry needs three basic types of resources: Material resources, Human resources, Capital resources.The elements of industry are seven key steps for organizing production: Research and Development, Production Tooling, Production Planning and Control, Quality Control, Personnel Management, Manufacturing, Marketing. R&D is the planning of new products, processes, or materials and the improvement of old skill. R&D is such a large, important part of the industrial world and requires many people with different talents.Production Tooling is the element of industry concerned with these tools. The PT obtains the tools, machines, and equipment needed to make a product.The most important parts of Production Planning and Control are routing, scheduling, dispatching, and plan layout. The machinery and equipment must be arranged so that production can take place smoothly, without wasted time and effort.Quality Control can be defined as those activities which prevent defective articles. In this way management tries to insure that a product will be acceptable to the buyer. Marketing is the process of getting products from those who make them to those who use them and it helps to deliver the right kinds of goods to us, in the right form and amount, at the time and price.Lesson 2 Mechanical Engineering DesignMechanical engineering design is a major segment of engineering, it deals with the conception, design, development, refinement, and application of machines and mechanical apparatus of all kinds. For many students, mechanical engineering design is one of their first professional engineering courses. Professional engineering is concerned with obtaining solutions to practical problems, and the engineers are able to devise better solutions to practical problems. The most problems in mechanical engineering design do not have a single right answer. Hence, modern mechanical engineers are able to produce distinctly better solutions to meet today’s needs. The engineer must use the best available scientific understanding together with empirical information, good judgment. When considering a complete machine, the engineer invariably finds that the requirements and constraints of the various components are interrelated. The modern engineer has become increasingly concerned with the broader considerations of safety, ecology, and overall “quality of life.”Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expanded. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new design can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯學(xué) 生 姓 名: 學(xué) 院: 專 業(yè) 及 班 級(jí) : 學(xué) 號(hào): 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 : 2011 年 4 月 25 日機(jī)械工程英語(yǔ) 第 1 課現(xiàn)代制造工程 A.什么是制造業(yè) 也許你從來(lái)沒(méi)有想過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題之前,但它是你周圍的一切。它影響著你生活的一部分。是什么呢?在這種情況下, “它” 是制造業(yè)。其實(shí)“制造”是不是你周圍的一切。而是人為制造的產(chǎn)品?,F(xiàn)在看看你周圍。名稱有些事情你看到這些制造。椅子,筆記本電腦,藍(lán)色牛仔褲,書(shū)籍,地板磚,黑板,燈泡,鉛筆,眼鏡,近周圍的一切你是制造。 制造業(yè)是香港的重要的社會(huì)。這對(duì)于我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)。一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體是生產(chǎn)和銷售的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)體系。許多人工作在制造業(yè)。他們幫助生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。他們用這些錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)他們賺的產(chǎn)品。人們購(gòu)買(mǎi)的產(chǎn)品越多,越產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)。這讓更多的人來(lái)工作。制造業(yè)也是重要的另一種方式的經(jīng)濟(jì)。甲片的材料后,更是值得它被改變成一個(gè)有用的產(chǎn)品。這就是附加值。價(jià)值是增加了生產(chǎn)過(guò)程。 二現(xiàn)代制造 一個(gè)制造業(yè)的資源需要三個(gè)基本類型:物質(zhì)資源,人力資源,資本資源。 工業(yè)的七個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素是組織生產(chǎn)步驟:研究,開(kāi)發(fā),生產(chǎn)模具,生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃與控制,質(zhì)量控制,人事管理,制造,營(yíng)銷。 研發(fā)新產(chǎn)品,工藝或材料,舊技術(shù)的改進(jìn)計(jì)劃。 R&D 是這么大,工業(yè)世界的重要組成部分,需要與不同的人才很多人。 生產(chǎn)工具是工業(yè)元素與這些工具有關(guān)。在 PT 獲得的工具,機(jī)器和設(shè)備需要做出的產(chǎn)品。 生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃與控制最重要的部分是路由,調(diào)度,調(diào)度,并規(guī)劃布局。機(jī)械及設(shè)備,必須使生產(chǎn)安排,可以進(jìn)行順利,沒(méi)有浪費(fèi)時(shí)間和精力。 質(zhì)量控制可以被定義為那些活動(dòng),防止缺陷的文章。在嘗試這種方式管理,以確保產(chǎn)品將可以接受的買(mǎi)家。 營(yíng)銷是讓那些誰(shuí)使他們對(duì)那些誰(shuí)使用它們,有助于提供各種貨物的權(quán)利給我們,在正確的方式和數(shù)額,時(shí)間及價(jià)格,產(chǎn)品的過(guò)程。第 2 課機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì) 機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)是工程的主要部分,它涉及的概念,設(shè)計(jì),開(kāi)發(fā),改進(jìn)和應(yīng)用機(jī)器及各種機(jī)械設(shè)備。對(duì)于許多學(xué)生,機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)是他們的第一個(gè)專業(yè)的工程課程之一。專業(yè)工程關(guān)注的是獲得解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題,工程師們能夠設(shè)計(jì)出更好的解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題。在機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)中的大多數(shù)問(wèn)題沒(méi)有唯一正確的答案。因此,現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工程師能夠產(chǎn)生顯著更好的解決方案,以滿足今天的需要。工程師必須使用現(xiàn)有的最佳科學(xué)信息的理解以及經(jīng)驗(yàn),良好的判斷力。當(dāng)考慮一個(gè)完整的機(jī)器,工程師都認(rèn)為,要求和約束是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的各個(gè)組成部分?,F(xiàn)代工程師已越來(lái)越多地安全,生態(tài),更廣泛的考慮和整體有關(guān)“生活質(zhì)量 ”。 好的設(shè)計(jì)需要嘗試新的想法并愿意采取了一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)樗麄冎廊绻碌挠^點(diǎn)并不工作中存在的方法可以恢復(fù)。因此,設(shè)計(jì)者必須要有耐心,因?yàn)闆](méi)有時(shí)間和擴(kuò)大的努力取得成功的保證。創(chuàng)建一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì),通常需要許多舊的和行之有效的方法,將重點(diǎn)放在一邊。這并不容易,因?yàn)樵S多人抱著熟悉的想法,技巧和態(tài)度。設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須不斷尋找方法來(lái)改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品,必須決定哪些舊的,成熟的概念,應(yīng)使用什么新的,未經(jīng)試驗(yàn)的想法應(yīng)該被納入。 新的設(shè)計(jì)通常有“錯(cuò)誤 ”或之前,必須制定新設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的優(yōu)良特性,可享有不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題。因此,有一個(gè)優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品的機(jī)會(huì),但只有在較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,如果設(shè)計(jì)不保證激進(jìn)的新方法,這種方法不能申請(qǐng)的改變而而已。 在設(shè)計(jì)的開(kāi)始階段,創(chuàng)意應(yīng)該允許繁榮沒(méi)有大量的約束。盡管許多不切實(shí)際的想法可能發(fā)生時(shí),通常很容易消除在設(shè)計(jì)的早期階段,他們之前是由公司生產(chǎn)所需的細(xì)節(jié)。通過(guò)這種方式,創(chuàng)新的思想不是抑制。很多時(shí)候,一個(gè)以上的設(shè)計(jì),開(kāi)發(fā),到那里他們可以相互比較點(diǎn)。這是完全可能的是,最終設(shè)計(jì)將接受使用心得在被拒絕的設(shè)計(jì),沒(méi)有太多的整體表現(xiàn)為一個(gè)現(xiàn)有的承諾。 另一項(xiàng)重要的一點(diǎn),應(yīng)該承認(rèn)的是,設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠與其他人交流意見(jiàn),如果他們要納入。傳達(dá)給其他人設(shè)計(jì)的最后,在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的重要一步。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),許多偉大的設(shè)計(jì),發(fā)明和創(chuàng)新工程已失去了人類僅僅是因?yàn)閯?chuàng)始人是無(wú)法或不愿解釋他們的成就給其他人。演講是一個(gè)銷售的工作。這位工程師,當(dāng)提出一個(gè)新的解決方案,行政,管理或監(jiān)督人,正試圖出售或向他們證明這個(gè)解決方案是一個(gè)更好的。除非這是可以做到成功,獲得的時(shí)間和精力花在解決方案已經(jīng)在很大程度上浪費(fèi)了。購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 13 噸叉車的液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)摘 要:隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展,叉車的使用越來(lái)越普遍。叉車的使用不僅可實(shí)現(xiàn)裝卸搬運(yùn)作業(yè)的機(jī)械化,減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,節(jié)約大量勞力,提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力,而且能夠縮短裝卸、搬運(yùn)、堆碼的作業(yè)時(shí)間,加速汽車和鐵路車輛的周轉(zhuǎn),提高倉(cāng)庫(kù)容積的利用率,減少貨物破損,提高作業(yè)的安全程度。本課題主要是介紹叉車液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。本章以叉車工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)為例,介紹叉車工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法及步驟,包括叉車工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)主要參數(shù)的確定、原理圖的擬定、液壓元件的選擇以及液壓系統(tǒng)性能驗(yàn)算等。關(guān)鍵詞:叉車;電液控制;液壓元件3 Ton Forklift Truck Hydraulic System DesignAbstract:With he development of industry, forklift is used more and more widely. The use of forklift trucks can be realized not only the mechanization of loading and unloading operations, reduce labor intensity, save a lot of labor, improve labor productivity, and can shorten the operating time of loading and unloading, handling, stacking, and accelerate the turnover of the automotive and railway vehicles, improve the utilization of warehouse volumerate and reduce the damaged goods, improve the degree of job security.The main subject is to introduce the forklift hydraulic system design. This chapter, for example, describes the forklift hydraulic system design methods and procedures, including the forklift hydraulic system to determine the parameters forklift hydraulic system design, the formulation of the schematic, select hydraulic components and hydraulic system performance checkingKey words: Forklift; Electro-hydraulic control; Hydraulic components購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 2目 錄摘要 1關(guān)鍵詞 .11 前言 .21.1 課題背景 .21.2 叉車發(fā)展概況 .42 液壓元件 .62.1 液壓閥塊簡(jiǎn)介 .62.2 集成塊的設(shè)計(jì)步驟 .83.1 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)概述 .93.2 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 113.2.1 原理圖 113.2.2 起升油缸最大工作壓力及流量 123.2.3 求液壓系統(tǒng)最大壓力 133.2.4 液壓泵站及液壓泵的規(guī)格及選用 133.2.5 油泵功率及電機(jī)選擇 143.2.6 選擇換向閥 153.2.7 管道設(shè)計(jì)與管件的選擇 193.2.8 液壓油選取 213.2.9 濾油器及油箱選取 213.2.10 壓力損失的計(jì)算 .223.2.11 節(jié)流閥的設(shè)計(jì) .234 液壓站結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 254.1 液壓站的結(jié)構(gòu)型式 254.2 液壓泵的安裝方式 25購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 34.3 液壓油箱的設(shè)計(jì) 274.3.1 液壓油箱有效容積的確定 274.3.2 液壓油箱的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 274.4 液壓泵結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的注意事項(xiàng) 285 傾斜機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 285.1 傾斜機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)概述 295.2 傾斜機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 295.2.1 傾斜油缸受力分析及負(fù)荷計(jì)算 305.2.2 計(jì)算傾斜油缸缸徑和活塞桿直徑 305.2.3 計(jì)算油缸行程 305.2.4 計(jì)算油缸作用時(shí)間 315.2.5 穩(wěn)定性校核 31 5.2.6 油缸壁厚的計(jì)算 325.2.7 活塞桿強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 335.2.8 缸體螺紋連接計(jì)算 335.2.9 缸底厚度及缸底的焊縫強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 33結(jié)論 34參考文獻(xiàn) 35購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 4購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 5購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 6購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 7購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 81 前言1.1 課題背景叉車最先出現(xiàn)在上世紀(jì) 20 年代,由工作裝置完成垂直方向作業(yè),由車輪行駛系統(tǒng)完成水平方向作業(yè),是室內(nèi)搬運(yùn)的首選工具。目前歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和日本的電動(dòng)叉車的產(chǎn)量已經(jīng)占有了國(guó)際上 80%以上的市場(chǎng)。目前,科技先進(jìn)的國(guó)家已經(jīng)廣泛采用負(fù)荷傳感,變量系統(tǒng),并利用先導(dǎo)控制技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了液壓系統(tǒng)的高效節(jié)能和遠(yuǎn)程控制等。但傳統(tǒng)叉車的液壓系統(tǒng)仍采用定量泵,使得整機(jī)流量大、壓力高,引起了系統(tǒng)油溫過(guò)高,液壓元件泄露,所以可靠性差。與此同時(shí)其制動(dòng)節(jié)能,轉(zhuǎn)向動(dòng)力提高等方面也都已經(jīng)不能滿足要求,所以叉車行業(yè)也正面臨著改革與創(chuàng)新。我國(guó)的機(jī)械制造行業(yè)起步較晚,原有的基礎(chǔ)比較薄弱,與工業(yè)先進(jìn)國(guó)家相比,差距不小。國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)叉車的技術(shù)更是比國(guó)外落后很多,如何提高叉車技術(shù)是我們大家共同努力的目標(biāo)。為此,本文主要進(jìn)行叉車的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,重點(diǎn)在于液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,已經(jīng)完成了油箱、動(dòng)力元件、控制元件、執(zhí)行元件以及各種液壓元器件的選型和設(shè)計(jì)、校核等,將液壓系統(tǒng)各部分組成按流程逐步設(shè)計(jì)后,以此為依據(jù),設(shè)計(jì)了液壓系統(tǒng)布置圖。本設(shè)計(jì)還將論述設(shè)計(jì)方案的合理性,以合力叉車為原型集中研究現(xiàn)今國(guó)內(nèi)叉車技術(shù)發(fā)展的實(shí)際情況,學(xué)習(xí)叉車總體設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)合所學(xué)汽車、機(jī)械和液壓知識(shí),將其融會(huì)貫通,力求設(shè)計(jì)能夠達(dá)到技術(shù)上的創(chuàng)新同時(shí)又能兼顧經(jīng)濟(jì)性 [1]。1.2 叉車發(fā)展概況隨著社會(huì)化生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步,勞動(dòng)力與機(jī)械的專業(yè)分工也越來(lái)越細(xì),各種專業(yè)設(shè)備的配套與銜接,使得整個(gè)物流系統(tǒng)運(yùn)作井然有序,效率得到成倍提高。而叉車作為裝卸搬運(yùn)車輛的一種,因?yàn)榫哂心芰哭D(zhuǎn)換效率高、噪聲小、無(wú)廢氣排放、控制方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而成為室內(nèi)搬運(yùn)的首選工具。為了作業(yè)方便,通常工作裝置放在叉車的前方,其主要工作屬具是貨叉,叉車由此得名。叉車主要用于成件貨物的裝卸,實(shí)現(xiàn)了裝卸作業(yè)的機(jī)械化?,F(xiàn)階段電動(dòng)叉車在車體、門(mén)架、液壓系統(tǒng)以及底盤(pán)技術(shù)方面與傳統(tǒng)叉車相比均取得了一定成就。車體一般 5mm 以上鋼板制成,無(wú)大梁車體強(qiáng)度高,可承受重載.此外流線型設(shè)計(jì)也將叉車的護(hù)頂架,車身,配重及其各種裝飾融為一體。寬視野的兩節(jié)或三節(jié)型門(mén)架,起升高度在 2-6m。目前門(mén)架下降還采用負(fù)載勢(shì)能回收的原理,實(shí)現(xiàn)門(mén)架下降的無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速。將勢(shì)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能對(duì)蓄電池充電,從而達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的。新型液壓系統(tǒng)采用了負(fù)荷傳感、變量系統(tǒng)、先導(dǎo)控制技術(shù)等實(shí)現(xiàn)了液壓系統(tǒng)的高效節(jié)能和遠(yuǎn)程控制,系統(tǒng)油溫顯著降低,整機(jī)性能先進(jìn),操作舒適,安全可靠。由單購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 9獨(dú)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的油泵又能為門(mén)架工作系統(tǒng)的提升和傾斜機(jī)構(gòu)提供液壓動(dòng)力。同時(shí)在工作裝置回路上增設(shè)了單向閥,作用是當(dāng)油泵側(cè)壓力比工作油缸側(cè)壓力低的情況下?lián)Q向時(shí)油液不會(huì)倒流。目前國(guó)外品牌叉車還采用液壓脈沖控制技術(shù),可自動(dòng)平衡電機(jī)速度與用油量,電源利用率高,無(wú)電壓峰值,噪聲低,液壓元件磨損低,大大提高了整車的可靠性,節(jié)能性和使用壽命。隨著電子技術(shù)漸漸融入機(jī)械制造技術(shù),電動(dòng)叉車要求能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高效、節(jié)能、環(huán)保、安全及智能化。各種新方案的推出讓電動(dòng)叉車在性能、結(jié)構(gòu)方面取得了長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)步,配置也變得更優(yōu)化 [3]。1.3 叉車的液壓系統(tǒng)叉車液壓系統(tǒng)是叉車的重要組成部分,其工作裝置、助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)甚至行走傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等都需要由液壓系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)完成。因此,叉車液壓系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)劣直接影響著叉車的性能。某型號(hào)叉車工作裝置的液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖如圖 1 所示,該液壓系統(tǒng)有起升液壓缸4、傾斜液壓缸 9 和屬具液壓缸 10 三個(gè)執(zhí)行元件,由定量泵 6 供油,多路換向閥(屬具滑閥 1、起升液壓缸滑閥 7、傾斜液壓缸滑閥 8)控制各執(zhí)行元件的動(dòng)作,單向節(jié)流閥 3 調(diào)節(jié)起升和屬具動(dòng)作速度,從而驅(qū)動(dòng)工作裝置完成相應(yīng)的工作任務(wù)。1-屬具滑閥 2-分配閥 3-單向節(jié)流閥 4-起升液壓缸 5-安全閥 6-液壓泵 7-起升液壓缸滑閥 8-傾斜液壓缸滑閥 9-傾斜液壓缸 10-屬具液壓缸圖 1 工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)Fig 1 Implement hydraulic system由于叉車原動(dòng)機(jī)(內(nèi)燃機(jī)和電動(dòng)機(jī))的轉(zhuǎn)速高,扭矩小,而叉車的行駛速度較低,購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 10驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的扭矩較大,因此在原動(dòng)機(jī)和驅(qū)動(dòng)輪之間必須有起減速增矩作用的傳動(dòng)裝置,當(dāng)叉車在不同載荷和不同作業(yè)條件下工作時(shí),傳動(dòng)裝置必須要保證叉車具有良好的牽引性能。對(duì)于內(nèi)燃叉車,由于內(nèi)燃機(jī)不能反轉(zhuǎn),叉車要想倒退行駛,必須依靠傳動(dòng)裝置來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。叉車的傳動(dòng)裝置有機(jī)械式、液力式、液壓式和電動(dòng)機(jī)械式幾種。機(jī)械式傳動(dòng)只能具有有限數(shù)目的傳動(dòng)比,因此只能實(shí)現(xiàn)有級(jí)變速。液力傳動(dòng)效率較機(jī)械式低,液壓傳動(dòng)能夠使傳動(dòng)系大大簡(jiǎn)化,取消機(jī)械式和液力式傳動(dòng)中的傳動(dòng)軸和差速器。某型號(hào)叉車行走驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓系統(tǒng)的原理圖如圖 2 所示,該液壓系統(tǒng)由變量主液壓泵1 供油,執(zhí)行元件為液壓馬達(dá) 7,主液壓泵的吸油和供油路與液壓馬達(dá)的排油和進(jìn)油路相連,形成閉式回路。雙向安全閥 5 保證液壓回路雙向工作的安全,梭閥 6 和換油溢流閥 8 使低壓的熱油排回油箱,輔助液壓泵 2 把油箱中經(jīng)過(guò)冷卻的液壓油補(bǔ)充到系統(tǒng)中,起到補(bǔ)充系統(tǒng)泄漏和換油的作用,溢流閥 4 限定補(bǔ)油壓力,單向閥 3 保證補(bǔ)油到低壓油路中。1- 主泵 2-輔助液壓泵 3-補(bǔ)換油溢流閥 4-單向閥 5-雙向安全閥 6-梭閥 7-液壓馬達(dá) 8-換油溢流圖 2 行走驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓系統(tǒng)Fig 2 Travel drive hydraulic system叉車作業(yè)時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)向頻繁,轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑小,有時(shí)需要原地轉(zhuǎn)向。叉車空載時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)向橋負(fù)荷約占車重的 60%。為了減輕駕駛員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,現(xiàn)在起重量 2 噸以上的叉車多采用助力轉(zhuǎn)向——液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向或全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向。液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向操作輕便,動(dòng)作迅速,有利于提高叉車的作業(yè)效率,油液還可以緩沖地面對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向的沖擊。某叉車液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)原理圖如圖 3 所示,該轉(zhuǎn)向液壓系統(tǒng)和叉車工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)屬各自獨(dú)立的液壓系統(tǒng),分別由單獨(dú)的液壓泵供油。系統(tǒng)中流量調(diào)節(jié)閥 2 可保證轉(zhuǎn)向助力器穩(wěn)定供油,并使系統(tǒng)流量限制在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)液壓泵流量的 1.5 倍。隨動(dòng)閥 3 與普通的三位四通換向閥基本相同,只不過(guò)該閥的閥體與轉(zhuǎn)向液壓缸缸筒連接為一體,隨液壓缸缸筒的動(dòng)作而動(dòng)作。叉車直線行駛時(shí),方向盤(pán)處于中間位置,隨動(dòng)閥 3 的閥芯也處于中間位置,轉(zhuǎn)向液壓缸 4 不動(dòng)作,叉車直線行駛。當(dāng)叉車轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤(pán),聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)帶動(dòng)隨動(dòng)閥 4 的閥芯動(dòng)作,使轉(zhuǎn)向液壓缸的兩腔分別與購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 11液壓泵或油箱連通,液壓缸動(dòng)作,驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向輪旋轉(zhuǎn),叉車轉(zhuǎn)向,直到液壓缸缸筒的移動(dòng)距離與閥芯的移動(dòng)距離相同時(shí),閥芯復(fù)位,轉(zhuǎn)向停止。1-液壓泵 2-調(diào)速閥 3-隨動(dòng)閥 4-轉(zhuǎn)向液壓缸 5-濾油器6-單向閥 7-安全閥 8-油箱圖 3 叉車助力轉(zhuǎn)向液壓系統(tǒng)Fig 3 Forklift hydraulic power steering system叉車液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要能夠保證叉車正常安全地完成工作任務(wù),對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)的工作要求包括:(1)超載保護(hù),多路換向閥殼體無(wú)裂紋、滲漏;工作性能應(yīng)良好可靠;安全閥動(dòng)作靈敏,在超載 25%時(shí)應(yīng)能全開(kāi),調(diào)整螺栓的螺帽應(yīng)齊全堅(jiān)固。操作手柄定位準(zhǔn)確、可靠,不得因震動(dòng)而變位。叉車在裝卸運(yùn)輸作業(yè)時(shí)不允許貨物的重量大于叉車本身的重量。在叉車試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目中,有一項(xiàng)是允許叉車以 110%的起重量載荷進(jìn)行聯(lián)合操作,即一邊起升載荷一邊向前運(yùn)行,以檢驗(yàn)叉車各部件的協(xié)調(diào)性和動(dòng)作的可能性,此時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率、轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)達(dá)到額定的參數(shù),液壓系統(tǒng)應(yīng)能夠承壓、無(wú)滲油。對(duì)超載起升保護(hù)的性能檢驗(yàn)是以 125%的起重量載荷進(jìn)行起升動(dòng)作。此時(shí),液壓系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)設(shè)置相應(yīng)的超載保護(hù)裝置,例如多路換向閥中安全閥。超載時(shí),雖然多路換向閥閥桿動(dòng)作,但貨叉和 125%起重量載荷不得離開(kāi)地面或離開(kāi)地面不超過(guò) 300mm,即叉車應(yīng)呈現(xiàn)出起升速度下降或起升動(dòng)作失靈。(2)最大下降速度控制,為了提高裝卸效率,如果叉車起升速度增大,滿載下降速度也增大,下降速度過(guò)大是危險(xiǎn)的,因此叉車液壓系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)設(shè)置下降限速閥,既要控制貨叉的下降速度不超過(guò)限定的速度值,又要防止起升液壓缸的高壓橡膠軟管突然爆破時(shí),起升在一定高度的載荷不會(huì)和貨叉一起突然落下,損傷貨物或傷人。(3)液壓系統(tǒng)管路接頭牢靠、無(wú)滲漏,與其它機(jī)件不磨碰,橡膠軟管不得有老化、變質(zhì)、腐蝕等現(xiàn)象。購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 12(4)液壓系統(tǒng)中的傳動(dòng)部件在額定載荷、額定速度范圍內(nèi)不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)爬行、停滯和明顯的沖動(dòng)現(xiàn)象。(5)其它為節(jié)省叉車攜帶電動(dòng)機(jī),減少叉車附屬設(shè)備,從而減小液壓系統(tǒng)的整體尺寸,叉車工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)可以由叉車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)直接驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓泵來(lái)提供油源。為適應(yīng)叉車有可能工作在具有粉塵和沙粒的廠房環(huán)境中,應(yīng)考慮為液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)置合適的過(guò)濾器,液壓油的工作溫度應(yīng)限定在合適的范圍內(nèi),叉車的工作環(huán)境溫度一般為-10~45°C。1.3.1 本設(shè)計(jì)要求及技術(shù)參數(shù)(1)起升裝置液壓系統(tǒng)技術(shù)參數(shù)本設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例所設(shè)計(jì)的叉車主要用于工廠中作業(yè),要求能夠提升 5000kg 的重物,最大垂直提升高度為 2m,叉車桿和導(dǎo)軌的重量約為 200kg,在任意載荷下,叉車桿最大上升(下降)速度不超過(guò) 0.2m/s,要求叉車桿上升(下降)速度可調(diào),以實(shí)現(xiàn)叉車桿的緩慢移動(dòng),并且具有良好的位置控制功能。要求對(duì)叉車桿具有鎖緊功能,無(wú)論在多大載荷作用下,或者甚至在液壓油源無(wú)法供油,油源到液壓缸之間的液壓管路出現(xiàn)故障等情況下,要求叉車桿能夠被鎖緊在最后設(shè)定的位置。叉車桿在上升過(guò)程中,當(dāng)液壓系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí),要求安全保護(hù)裝置能夠使負(fù)載安全下降。本設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例所設(shè)計(jì)叉車工作裝置中叉車桿起升裝置示意圖如圖 4 所示,由起升液壓缸驅(qū)動(dòng)貨叉沿支架上下運(yùn)動(dòng),從而提升和放下貨物 [4]。圖 4 起升裝置Fig 4 Lifting device2 液壓元件2.1 液壓閥塊簡(jiǎn)介油路塊的結(jié)構(gòu)油路塊是一塊較厚的液壓元件安裝板,用螺釘將板式液壓元件安裝購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 13在油路板的正面或者各個(gè)側(cè)面(保持底面或某一個(gè)面為安裝固定面) ,在正面對(duì)應(yīng)的孔與液壓閥的各孔相通,各孔間按照液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖的通路要求,在油路板內(nèi)部鉆縱、橫孔道,在孔口開(kāi)有螺紋,安裝管接頭用以接管。為避免孔道過(guò)長(zhǎng)、過(guò)多而不便于加工,在一塊油路板上安裝元件的數(shù)量一般不超過(guò) 10-12 個(gè)。油路板邊長(zhǎng)不宜大于400mm。油路板內(nèi)部孔道數(shù)量較多且又互相交叉時(shí),為了便于設(shè)計(jì)和制造,減少工藝孔,可將油 路板的厚度分為三層,第一層為泄露油和控制油孔的通道( L 層) ,其孔徑較??;第二層為壓力油孔通道( P 層) ;第三層為回油孔通道( O 層) 。如果元件數(shù)量并不多,盡可能將壓力油孔通道和回油孔通道布置在同一層內(nèi),以減小油路板的厚度。把液壓元件分別固定在幾塊集成塊上,再把各集成塊按設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律裝配成一個(gè)液壓集成回路,這種方式與油路板比較,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化程度高,互換性能好,維修、拆裝方便,元件更換容易;集成塊可進(jìn)行專業(yè)化生產(chǎn),其質(zhì)量好、性能可靠而且設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)周期短。使用近年來(lái)在液壓油路板和集成塊基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的新型液壓元件疊加閥組成回路也有其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)點(diǎn),它不需要另外的連接件,由疊加閥直接疊加而成。其結(jié)構(gòu)更為緊湊,體積更小,重量更輕,無(wú)管件連接,從而消除了因油管、接頭引起的泄漏、振動(dòng)和噪聲。本次設(shè)計(jì)采用系統(tǒng)由集成塊組成,由于本液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力比較大,所以調(diào)壓閥選擇 DB/DBW 型直動(dòng)溢流閥,而換向閥等以及其他的閥采用廣州機(jī)床研究所的 GE 系列閥。2.2 集成塊的設(shè)計(jì)步驟(1)制作液壓元件樣板。根據(jù)產(chǎn)品樣本,對(duì)照實(shí)物繪制液壓元件頂視圖輪廓尺寸,虛線繪出液壓元件底面各油口位置的尺寸,按照輪廓線剪下來(lái),便是液壓元件樣板。若產(chǎn)品樣本與實(shí)物有出入,則以實(shí)物為準(zhǔn)。若產(chǎn)品樣本中的液壓元件配有底板,則樣板可按底板提供的尺寸來(lái)制作。若沒(méi)有底板,則要注意,有的樣本提供的是元件的俯視圖,做樣板時(shí)應(yīng)把產(chǎn)品樣本中的圖翻成 180°。(2)決定通道的孔徑。集成塊上的公用通道,即壓力油孔 P﹑回油孔 T﹑泄露孔L 及四個(gè)安裝孔。壓力油孔由液壓泵流量決定,回油孔一般不小于壓力油孔。直接與液壓元件連接的液壓油孔由選定的液壓元件規(guī)格確定??着c孔之間的連接孔用螺塞在集成塊表面堵死。與液壓油管連接的液壓油孔可采用米制細(xì)牙螺紋或英制管螺紋。(3)集成塊上液壓元件的布置。把制做好的液壓元件樣板放在集成塊各視圖上進(jìn)行布局,有的液壓元件需要連接板,則樣板應(yīng)以連接板為準(zhǔn)。電磁閥應(yīng)布置在集成塊的前﹑后面上,要避免電磁閥兩端的電磁鐵與其它部分進(jìn)行相碰。液壓元件的布置購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 14應(yīng)以在集成塊上加工的孔最少為好??椎老嗤ǖ囊簤涸M可能布置在同一水平面,或在直徑 d 的范圍內(nèi),否則要鉆垂直中間油孔,不通孔之間的最小壁厚 h 必須進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核。液壓元件在水平面上的孔道若與公共孔道相通,則應(yīng)盡可能地布置在同一垂直位置或在直徑 d 范圍內(nèi),否則要鉆中間孔道,集成塊前后與左右連接的孔道應(yīng)互相垂直,不然也要鉆中間孔道。設(shè)計(jì)專用集成塊時(shí),要注意其高度應(yīng)比裝在其上的液壓元件的最大橫向尺寸大 2mm,以避免上下集成塊上的液壓元件相碰,影響集成塊緊固。(4)集成塊上液壓元件布置程序。電磁換向閥布置在集成塊的前面和后面,先布置垂直位置后布置水平位置,要避免電磁換向閥的固定螺孔與閥口通道﹑集成塊固定螺孔相通。液壓元件泄露孔可考慮與回油孔合并。水平位置孔道可分三層進(jìn)行布置。根據(jù)水平孔道布置的需要,液壓元件可以上下左右移動(dòng)一段距離。溢流閥的先導(dǎo)部分可伸出集成塊外,有的元件如單向閥,可以橫向布置。(5)集成塊零件圖的繪制。集成塊的六個(gè)面都是加工面,其中有三個(gè)面要裝液壓元件,一個(gè)側(cè)面引出管道。塊內(nèi)孔道縱橫交錯(cuò),層次多,需要由多個(gè)視圖和 2-3 個(gè)剖視圖才能表達(dá)清楚。孔系的位置精度要求較高,因此尺寸﹑公差及表面粗糙度應(yīng)標(biāo)注清楚,技術(shù)要求也應(yīng)予說(shuō)明。集成塊的視圖比較復(fù)雜,視圖應(yīng)盡可能少用虛線表達(dá)。為了便于檢查和裝配集成塊,應(yīng)把單向集成回路圖和集成塊上液壓元件布置圖繪在旁邊。而且應(yīng)將各孔道編上號(hào),列表說(shuō)明各個(gè)孔的尺寸﹑深度以及與哪些孔相交等情況。圖5 油路塊Fig 5 Manifold3 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 [9]購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 153.1 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)概述液壓系統(tǒng)除油箱及其管路外,由工作轉(zhuǎn)向油泵和電機(jī)作為動(dòng)力元件,多路換向閥,限速閥等作為控制元件,油缸作為執(zhí)行元件。液壓系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行元件主要可分三部分:(1)為了升降貨物配有起升油缸。(2)轉(zhuǎn)向油缸和全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器。(3)為使裝貨的框架能前后傾斜,以利于搬運(yùn)和行走方便使用傾斜油缸。油泵輸出的壓力油分別進(jìn)入到工作裝置和轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機(jī)構(gòu),通過(guò)前后傾手柄使多路換向閥的滑閥移動(dòng)以改變液壓油的流動(dòng)方向,從而控制升降油缸與門(mén)架傾斜油缸,實(shí)現(xiàn)起重貨架和門(mén)架的前后傾斜。另一個(gè)油路是油液經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向油泵與電機(jī)到全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器控制轉(zhuǎn)向油缸;最后油液將再度重返油箱如此不斷循環(huán),液壓系統(tǒng)是叉車工作過(guò)程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。一套合理的液壓系統(tǒng)方案要求能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)主機(jī)要求的各項(xiàng)功能,并且操縱方便,工作可靠,動(dòng)作平穩(wěn),調(diào)整維修方便。完善的液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)主要包括以下部分的設(shè)計(jì):(1)選執(zhí)行元件:液壓缸。(2)選液壓油:普通礦物液壓油。(3)確定換向回路:三位六通手動(dòng)換向閥控制。(4)調(diào)速方式:定量泵變轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)速,同時(shí)使用換向閥閥口實(shí)現(xiàn)微調(diào)。(5)液壓泵類型:系統(tǒng)壓力小于 21Mpa,選用齒輪泵或葉片泵;大于 21Mpa 選柱塞泵。(6)確定回路方式:選開(kāi)式回路,即執(zhí)行元件的排油直接回油箱,油液徑沉淀、冷卻后再進(jìn)入液壓泵的進(jìn)口。(7)調(diào)壓方式:溢流閥做安全閥,限制系統(tǒng)最高壓力;執(zhí)行元件不工作時(shí)液壓泵在小功率下工作采用卸荷回路。對(duì)垂直變負(fù)載(起升缸升降)采用限速閥,以保證重物平穩(wěn)下落。3.2 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)前文已經(jīng)對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了概述,為了更進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)和研究,本節(jié)將直觀講述液壓原理圖、工作線路圖、零部件圖等相關(guān)圖示并進(jìn)行相關(guān)計(jì)算。主要任務(wù)包括:負(fù)載分析;系統(tǒng)參數(shù)分析(包括泵和電機(jī)參數(shù)的選取和設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算) ;元件選擇;以及驗(yàn)算液壓系統(tǒng)性能, (壓力損失驗(yàn)算)等。購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 163.2.1 原理圖液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明:(1)油箱:選擇開(kāi)式油箱。(2)液壓泵:工作油泵采用齒輪泵,型號(hào)分別為 CB-F18C-FL。(3)工作電機(jī): Z4-112-4。(4)起升油缸:選擇單作用柱塞式液壓缸。(5)傾斜油缸:選擇雙作用活塞式液壓缸。(6)液壓控制閥:選用多路換向閥 ZFS-L10C-YT-O。(7)流量控制:設(shè)計(jì)單向限速閥。(8)液壓輔件設(shè)計(jì):過(guò)濾器設(shè)計(jì),空氣濾清器設(shè)計(jì),各種儀表選擇密封件的選型等,液壓油及壓力損失計(jì)算。液壓系統(tǒng)回路的工作線路主要分兩路進(jìn)行,詳見(jiàn)框圖:圖 6 液壓系統(tǒng)回路的工作線路Figure 6 Circuit of hydraulic system lines為了說(shuō)明液壓系統(tǒng)回路,下面插圖表示加深對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí), (液壓系統(tǒng)原圖、液壓系統(tǒng)工作線路圖)購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 17圖 7 液壓系統(tǒng)示意簡(jiǎn)圖Figure 7 Hydraulic system of schematic diagram3.2.2 起升油缸最大工作壓力及流量壓力為 100㎏/㎝ 2;流量為 25.8L/min3.2.3 求液壓系統(tǒng)最大壓力換向閥要求最大壓力 100㎏/㎝ 2,參照同類同規(guī)格產(chǎn)品,P 1選 100㎏/㎝ 2。3.2.4 液壓泵站及液壓泵的規(guī)格及選用液壓泵站是液壓系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,它向液壓系統(tǒng)提供一定的壓力和流量的工作介質(zhì)。在液壓泵站上安裝必須的液壓閥可以直接控制液壓執(zhí)行元件工作,本課題布置采用非上置臥式,即油泵及電機(jī)單獨(dú)安裝在專用平臺(tái)上,即采用機(jī)座帶底腳、端蓋上無(wú)凸緣結(jié)構(gòu),電動(dòng)機(jī)水平放置,安裝處可加彈性防振墊。(1)液壓泵的最大工作壓力據(jù)公式+ (1)pP?1?購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 18圖 8 液壓系統(tǒng)工作線路圖Figure 8 Hydraulic system wiring diagram即+ =110.12㎏/㎝ 2 (2)pP?1?式中: 為進(jìn)回油路中總壓力損失,其包括局部損失和沿程壓力損失。1?(2)液壓泵流量(3)maxpQK??式中: K 為系統(tǒng)漏損系數(shù),常取 1.1; 為同時(shí)動(dòng)作的各液壓執(zhí)行器的最大泵工作流量,可由同時(shí)動(dòng)作的各液壓執(zhí)行器最大流量相加。(4)max=25.8/inL(5)1./i4mpQ???購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 19(3)選油泵。工作油泵采用 CB 系列齒輪泵,型號(hào)為 CB-F18C-FL。其參數(shù)如下:流量為 =30.6L/min;額定轉(zhuǎn)速為 1800r/min;額定壓力為 12.5Mpa;驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為maxQ11.2kw;質(zhì)量為 8.2kg;容積效率大于 90%。轉(zhuǎn)向油泵采用 CB-6:流量為 8.7L/min;驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為 0.31kw,額定壓力為 2.5Mpa;額定轉(zhuǎn)速 1450r/min。3.2.5 油泵功率及電機(jī)選擇(1)油泵的驅(qū)動(dòng)功率:(6)61.2pnvPQw????式中: 為泵的實(shí)際最大工作壓力,其值為 140Mpa; 為泵的額定流量,其值為pP n510cm3/s; 為泵的機(jī)械效率,取 0.8。因此,v?(7)66140518925.3.2Pwk????(2)選擇油泵電機(jī)據(jù)油泵額定轉(zhuǎn)速及所需驅(qū)動(dòng)功率,選擇 Z4-112-4,其參數(shù)如下:額定功率為5.5kw;額定電壓為 160v;額定電流為 42.7A;轉(zhuǎn)速(最高)3000/4000 r/min;效率為83.5%;飛輪矩為 0.8;質(zhì)量為 60kg。選用的油泵電機(jī)采用 5min 工作制,故折算成后功率 ,故該電機(jī)油泵符合工作需要。15.9.Pkw?3.2.6 選擇換向閥查《液壓控制傳動(dòng)手冊(cè)》表 17.6-1,選擇關(guān)于 ZFS-C 型多路換向閥性能參數(shù),選擇圖 9 ZFS-C 型多路換向閥性能參數(shù)Figure 9 ZFS-C Multi directional control valve performance parameters主要參數(shù):工作壓力為 14Mpa;最大流量為 30L/min;概算質(zhì)量為 10.5kg;公稱直徑為 10mm。 ZFS 型多路換向閥時(shí)手動(dòng)控制換向閥的組合閥,由 2-5 個(gè)三位六通手動(dòng)購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 20換向閥、溢流閥、單向閥組成。根據(jù)用途的不同,閥在中間位置時(shí),主油路有中間全封閉式、壓力口封閉式及中間位置時(shí)壓力油路短路卸荷等。主要用于多個(gè)工作機(jī)構(gòu)的集中控制。換向閥圖示如下:圖 10 換向閥示意圖Figure 10 Valve schematic完成快進(jìn)—工進(jìn)—快退—停止等自動(dòng)循環(huán),工作臺(tái)采用平導(dǎo)軌,主要參數(shù)見(jiàn)下表。表 1 自動(dòng)循環(huán)參數(shù)Table 1 Automatic cycle parameters行程(mm ) 速度(m /min)液壓缸 負(fù)載力(N)工作臺(tái)重量(N )工作臺(tái)及夾具重量(N) 快進(jìn) 工進(jìn) 快進(jìn) 工進(jìn) 快退啟動(dòng)時(shí)間(s)靜摩擦系數(shù) fs動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù) ft4800 900 800 150 40 7 0.25 7 0.7 0.25 0.15(1)初選液壓缸的工作壓力 表 2 工作壓力Table 2 Operating pressure工況 計(jì)算公式 液壓缸的負(fù)載 N啟動(dòng) F 啟 =F 靜 + F 密 F 啟 =425/0.9=472.2加速 F 加 =F 動(dòng) + F 貫 + F 密 F 加 =(255+28.882)/0.9=315.42快進(jìn) F 快 =F 動(dòng) + F 密 F 快 =255/0.9=283.3工進(jìn) F 工 =F 切 + F 動(dòng) + F 密 F 工 =(4800+255)/0.9=5616.7快退 F 快 =F 動(dòng) + F 密 F 快 =255/0.9=283.3由以上分析計(jì)算可知,該銑床在最大負(fù)載約為 5616.7N 是的液壓系統(tǒng)宜取壓力P=2MP。(2)確定液壓缸的內(nèi)徑 D 和活塞竿直徑 d由液壓缸工作負(fù)載表可以看出,最大負(fù)載為工幾年階段的負(fù)載 F=5616.7N,考慮兩邊的差動(dòng)比為 2,則工作腔的有效工作面積和活塞直徑分別為:購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 21(8)62/561.7(20).81AFPm????(9)4.59D?活塞直徑為:(10)20.7.80.423d????根據(jù)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),選取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直徑: 63Dm5d根據(jù)缸徑和活塞竿內(nèi)徑,計(jì)算出液壓缸實(shí)際有效工作面積,無(wú)竿腔面積 A1和有竿腔面積 A2分別為(11)2 421/43.106431.70??????(12)422()(5).1Dd m???則液壓缸的實(shí)際計(jì)算工作壓力為:(13)24/561.7/(0.63).8PFMpa?????則實(shí)際選取的工作壓力 P=2MP 滿足要求。按最低工作速度驗(yàn)算液壓缸的最小穩(wěn)定速度。若驗(yàn)算后不能獲得最小的穩(wěn)定速度是,還需要響應(yīng)家大液壓缸的直徑,直至滿足穩(wěn)定速度為止。(14)2/(50/2)10.qvm???由于 ,所以能滿足最小穩(wěn)定速度的要求。/Aqv?計(jì)算液壓缸各運(yùn)動(dòng)階段的壓力,流量和功率。根據(jù)上述所確定的液壓缸的內(nèi)徑 D和活塞竿直徑 d,以及差動(dòng)快進(jìn)時(shí)的壓力損失 P=0.5MP,工進(jìn)時(shí)的背壓力 P=0.8MP,快退是P=0.5MP,則可以計(jì)算出液壓缸各工作階段的壓力、流量和功率。如下表:表 3 壓力、流量和功率參數(shù)Table 3 Pressure, flow and power parameters工況 負(fù)載F( N)回油腔壓力P2 105(Pa)?進(jìn)油腔壓力P1 105(MPa)?輸入流量q(L/min)輸出流量p(kw)計(jì)算公式快進(jìn)啟動(dòng) 472.2 — 2.97 — — 212/()PFA????快進(jìn)加速 315.4 11.785 6.785 變化值 變化值 qv快快進(jìn)恒速 283.3 11.583 6.583 14.31 0.157 1p購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 22工進(jìn) 5616.7 8 21.94 0.78 0.0285 112()/pFA??;qvPpq快退啟動(dòng) 472.2 — 3.1 — — 112()/快退加速 315.4 5 12.272 變化值 變化值 Av?快快退恒速 283.3 5 12.062 10.689 0.215 1Ppq根據(jù)上表可以用坐標(biāo)法繪制出“液壓工況圖” ,此圖可以直觀看出液壓缸各運(yùn)動(dòng)階段的主要參數(shù)變化情況。(3)確定液系統(tǒng)方案和擬訂液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖1)由于該機(jī)床是固定式機(jī)械,卻不存在外負(fù)載對(duì)系統(tǒng)作功的工況,并由其工況圖可知,這臺(tái)銑床液壓系統(tǒng)的功率小,滑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)速度不是很高,工作負(fù)載變化小。則該液壓系統(tǒng)以采用節(jié)流式開(kāi)式循環(huán)為宜?,F(xiàn)才用進(jìn)油路節(jié)流調(diào)速回路。從工況圖很清楚地看到,在這個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)的工作循環(huán)內(nèi),液壓缸要求油源提供低壓大油量和高壓小流量的油液??爝M(jìn)加快退的時(shí)間和工進(jìn)的時(shí)間分別為(15)315061902.7lt sv?????(16) 24因此從提高系統(tǒng)效率和節(jié)省能量的角度來(lái)看,采用單個(gè)定量液壓泵作為油源顯然是不合適的,而宜采用大,小兩個(gè)液壓泵并聯(lián)供油的油源方案2)選擇基本回路。由于不存在負(fù)載對(duì)系統(tǒng)作功的工況,也不存在負(fù)載制動(dòng)的過(guò)程,故不需要設(shè)置平衡及制動(dòng)回路。但必須具有快速運(yùn)動(dòng),換向,速度換節(jié)以及調(diào)壓,卸荷等回路。系統(tǒng)中采用節(jié)流調(diào)速回路以后,不論采用何中油源形式都必須有單獨(dú)的油路直接通向液壓缸兩腔,以實(shí)現(xiàn)快速遠(yuǎn)東。在本系統(tǒng)中,快進(jìn),快退換向回路采用所示形式。由工況圖中的可知,當(dāng)滑臺(tái)從快進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)為工進(jìn)時(shí),輸入液壓缸的流量由降至,滑臺(tái)的速度變化交大,可選用行程閥來(lái)控制速度的換接,以減小液壓沖擊。當(dāng)滑臺(tái)由工進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)為快退時(shí),回路中通過(guò)的流量很大—進(jìn)油路中通過(guò),回油路中通過(guò)。為了保證換向平穩(wěn)其見(jiàn),宜采用換向時(shí)間可調(diào)的電液式換接回路。由于這一回路換要實(shí)現(xiàn)液壓缸的差動(dòng)連接,所以換向閥必須是五通的。3)選擇調(diào)壓和卸荷回路油源中有逆流閥,調(diào)定系統(tǒng)工作壓力,因此調(diào)壓 3 問(wèn)題在油源中解決,無(wú)須另外在設(shè)置調(diào)壓回路。而且,系統(tǒng)采用進(jìn)油節(jié)流調(diào)速,故溢流閥常開(kāi),即使滑臺(tái)被卡住,購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 23系統(tǒng)的壓力也不會(huì)超過(guò)溢流閥的調(diào)定值,所以又起安全作用。雙液壓泵自動(dòng)兩級(jí)供油的油源中設(shè)有卸荷閥,當(dāng)滑臺(tái)工進(jìn)和停止時(shí),低壓,大流量液壓泵都可以經(jīng)此閥卸荷。由于工進(jìn)在整個(gè)工作循環(huán)周期中占了絕大部分時(shí)間,切高壓,小流量液壓泵的功率較小,故可以認(rèn)為卸荷問(wèn)題已基本解決,就不需要在設(shè)置卸荷回路。(4)選擇液壓元件圖 11 液壓缸結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖Figure 11 Hydraulic cylinder diagram1-防塵圈,2-前端蓋密封“O”型圈,3-缸體,4-活塞,5-孔用密封,6-后缸蓋,7-活塞桿密封“O”型圈1)確定液壓泵的壓力液壓缸在整個(gè)工作循環(huán)中的最大工作壓力為 2.193MP,如取進(jìn)油路上的壓力損失為,為使繼電器能可靠的工作,取其調(diào)整壓力高出系統(tǒng)最大工作壓力,則小流量液壓泵的最大工作壓力為(17)=2.9408.94pMpa??泵 額(18) 375p小(19)1.大2)計(jì)算液壓泵的流量?jī)蓚€(gè)液壓泵的向液壓缸提供的最大的流量為 14.31L/min,取泄漏系數(shù)為KL=1.1,則兩個(gè)液壓泵的實(shí)際流量為(20)1.435.71/minpq??3)選擇液壓泵的型號(hào)由于溢流閥的最小穩(wěn)定流量為 3L/min,而工進(jìn)時(shí)輸入液壓缸的流量為購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 240.78L/min,由小流量液壓泵單獨(dú)供油,所以小液壓泵的流量規(guī)格最少應(yīng)為3.78L/min。根據(jù)以上壓力和流量的數(shù)值查閱產(chǎn)品樣本,最后確定選取小泵排量為6ml/r,大泵排量為 12ml/r 的 YB 型雙聯(lián)葉片泵。當(dāng)液壓泵的轉(zhuǎn)速為 n=960r/min 時(shí),若取液壓泵的容積效率為 0.95,該液壓泵的實(shí)際輸出流量為(21)(612)940.51.4710.96.4/mipq L??????表 4 液壓元件的型號(hào)及規(guī)格Table 4 Hydraulic component models and specifications序號(hào)元件名稱 估計(jì)通過(guò)流量( L/min)額定流量(L/min)額定壓力(MPa)額定壓降(MPa)型號(hào)和規(guī)格1 雙聯(lián)葉片泵— 5.47+10.9417.5 — YB1, YB22 三位五通電磁閥36 80 16 17.5 壓力時(shí),安全系數(shù) n=4;故 =6000/6=1000kg/ ,故選用油壁管厚???2c= mm=1.05mm (27)?10254?考慮到與閥等件的聯(lián)結(jié),取 =3mm。則鋼管外徑=15+2 3=21mm,選用鋼管為 20 3。???4)回油管選取 : 為保證統(tǒng)一性,與壓油管選用相同。(2)軟管的選擇(膠管)中高壓系統(tǒng)選用鋼絲編織型和鋼絲纏繞型膠管,查《液壓控制傳動(dòng)手冊(cè)》第 799頁(yè)表 12-5:選用膠管 B-140,內(nèi)徑為 13mm,外徑:20.5-23.1 mm,工作壓力為140Mpa,最小曲率半徑為 140mm。(3)管接頭:詳見(jiàn)附錄-液壓系統(tǒng)圖中標(biāo)示。(4)螺紋連接:采用 60 圓錐管螺紋:適用于機(jī)器的油管及水管等的連接,內(nèi)外螺紋配合無(wú)間隙。(5)密封件設(shè)計(jì)與選擇。傾斜油缸的密封為例:選用了 O 型密封圈、 V 型密封圈。查《液壓控制傳動(dòng)手冊(cè)》第 825 頁(yè)表 13-1,由于系統(tǒng)壓力小于 25Mpa,故選用 O 型氟化乙丙烯封裝的密封圈。 V 型密封圈由支承環(huán)、密封環(huán)、壓環(huán)三部分成套使用。3.2.8 液壓油選取查《液壓控制傳動(dòng)手冊(cè)》第 12 頁(yè),表 1-3 由于溫度和壓力較高,選用 46 號(hào)普通購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 27液壓油。46 號(hào)(HL)普通油:40℃時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)粘度/10 /s 數(shù)值范圍為 41.4~50.6;粘度26m?指數(shù)不小于 90;閃點(diǎn)不低于 170℃;凝點(diǎn)不高于-10℃;無(wú)機(jī)械雜質(zhì);氧化穩(wěn)定性不小于 1000;最重要的是其具有良好的防銹性和氧化安定性,其空氣釋放能力,抗泡性,分水性和對(duì)橡膠密封材料的適應(yīng)性也較好。故選用此種油液滿足要求。3.2.9 濾油器及油箱選取過(guò)濾器的功用是清除液壓系統(tǒng)工作介質(zhì)中固體的污染物,使工作介質(zhì)保持清潔,延長(zhǎng)元器件的使用壽命,保證液壓元件性能可靠,液壓系統(tǒng)故障的 75%左右是由介質(zhì)的污染所造成的,因此過(guò)濾器對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)是不可缺少的重要輔件。(1)過(guò)濾器主要性能參數(shù)是指:過(guò)濾精度是指油液通過(guò)過(guò)濾器時(shí)能穿過(guò)濾芯的球形污染物的最大直徑;過(guò)濾能力(通油能力) ;納垢容量,允許壓降等。(2)過(guò)濾器設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)注意:1)據(jù)使用目的選擇種類,據(jù)安裝位置選安裝形式2)過(guò)濾器應(yīng)有足夠的通油能力,且壓力損失要小。 (通油能力大于實(shí)際通過(guò)流量的兩倍) 。3)過(guò)濾精度應(yīng)滿足液壓系統(tǒng)或元件所要求的清潔度要求。4)濾芯使用的濾材應(yīng)滿足所用工作介質(zhì)要求,且有足夠的強(qiáng)度。5)過(guò)濾器的強(qiáng)度及壓力損失要求在合適范圍內(nèi)。6)濾芯的更換和清洗要方便。7)據(jù)系統(tǒng)要求考慮選擇合適的濾芯保護(hù)附件。8)結(jié)構(gòu)盡量簡(jiǎn)單緊湊,安裝形式合理,價(jià)格低廉。濾油器:常用網(wǎng)式,線隙式,紙芯式,燒結(jié)式等網(wǎng)式濾油器,應(yīng)用廣泛且結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,通油能力大,壓力損失小,清洗方便,主要用于泵的吸油管路上保護(hù)油,故選用網(wǎng)式濾油器。選型號(hào)( WU 型網(wǎng)式過(guò)濾器) 。圖 12 WU 型網(wǎng)式過(guò)濾器Figure 12 WU mesh filter(3)油箱的設(shè)計(jì):購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 28本課題選開(kāi)式油箱,設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題:油箱的容量及液面、隔板高度;濾油器、箱底坡度選擇;是否采用加強(qiáng)筋增加剛性以便承載液壓泵或其他液壓件;密封裝置的選取,是否用熱交換器及其安裝位置的布置等。具體要求如下:1)油箱一般用 2.5-4mm 鋼板焊成,尺寸高大的油箱要加焊角鐵和肋板以增加剛度。叉車要在油箱上放置電動(dòng)機(jī),液壓泵等其他液壓件,故其厚度要增加。2)油箱應(yīng)有足夠容量,以滿足散熱要求,同時(shí)注意到:在系統(tǒng)工作時(shí)油面必須保持足夠高度,以防液壓泵吸空;系統(tǒng)停止時(shí)由于油液全返回油箱,不至于造成油液溢出油箱,通常油箱容量可按照液壓泵 2-6min 的流量估計(jì),油箱液面高度要小于80%,并用油位計(jì)觀察。油箱有效容積應(yīng)為泵每分鐘流量的 2-3 以上,設(shè)泵每分鐘流量為,則油箱的有效容量為 V=30.6 2.8=85.8L。?3)油箱底設(shè)計(jì)一定坡度以方便放油,箱底與地面有一定距離, (離安裝底面150mm 以上以便散熱和搬移) ,最低處應(yīng)裝放油閥。4)泵吸油管上安裝網(wǎng)式濾油器,濾油器與箱底間的距離不應(yīng)小于 20mm。且其和系統(tǒng)回油管應(yīng)該插入最低油面以防卷入空氣和回油沖濺產(chǎn)生氣泡,管口和箱底,箱壁距離要大于管徑的三倍。此外管口須斜插成 45°,并面向箱壁,泄油管不宜插入油中?;赜凸芨糸_(kāi),以增加油液循環(huán)距離,使油液可以有充分時(shí)間沉淀污物,排出氣泡和和冷卻。隔板高度取油面高度的 1/4。為防止油液被污染,箱蓋各蓋板、管口都要加密封裝置,注油口要裝濾油網(wǎng)通氣孔要裝空氣濾清器。5)安裝熱交換器時(shí),還要考慮安裝位置,還可以裝油溫計(jì)測(cè)油溫。6)箱壁要涂防銹涂料油箱設(shè)計(jì)如下圖所示:圖 13 油箱裝配圖Figure 13 Fuel tank Assembly購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 293.2.10 壓力損失的計(jì)算管道中的壓力損失是指:粘性液體在管道內(nèi)流動(dòng)時(shí),都要受到與流動(dòng)方向相反的流體阻力,消耗的能量將以壓力降的形式反映出來(lái),故產(chǎn)生壓力損失(或水頭損失) 。表現(xiàn)為局部壓力損失與沿程壓力損失之和。又因?yàn)橹仙龝r(shí),柱塞與密封環(huán)之間的相對(duì)滑動(dòng)也產(chǎn)生摩擦阻力損失:(28)1121.50.9= 168444lkllkPdd???????????摩 擦式中: 為起升油缸柱塞直徑,單位 cm; 為密封環(huán)與柱塞接觸器長(zhǎng)度; 為密封填l k料單位工作表面上摩擦力,常取 =1kg/ 。k2cm(1)沿程壓力損失(29)2??????dLP式中: 為沿程阻力系數(shù); 為圓管的沿程長(zhǎng)度,取管總長(zhǎng) 3m; 為圓管內(nèi)徑 15mm;?Ld為管內(nèi)平均流速,取 3m/s。?行走機(jī)械為紊流且光滑,則沿程阻力系數(shù)采用公式:=0.04; (30)25.03164eR??查《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)中(液壓工程手冊(cè)單行本) 》第 644 頁(yè)表 23.10-2 可知,礦物質(zhì)液壓油的密度范圍為 850~960kg/m3,據(jù)《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》第二頁(yè)表 1-5 選取液壓油密度為 920kg/m3。由以上公式得:=3.312kg/ ?P?2c(2)局部壓力損失= (31)???2??式中: 總的局部阻力系數(shù),考慮起升油缸工作,則有單向閥,溢流閥,換向閥,??起升缸的節(jié)流閥等均存在局部壓力損失。查[5]表 8-7-閥類元件局部損失估算:=1×1+1×0.5+1×4+1×1=6.5kg/ (32)?P?2cm為確保精確在進(jìn)行公式驗(yàn)算,查[12]表 23.2-7~9,其中:局部阻力取 =1.5;彎頭處?取 =0.29 彎頭較多,設(shè)計(jì)彎頭 20 個(gè);入口阻力系數(shù) =0.5;出口阻力系數(shù) =2;所? ?以購(gòu)買(mǎi)后包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),咨詢 Q401339828 30=1.5 4+1.5+0.5+0.29 20=13.8 (33)????=5.72kg/ 。?P?2cm=3.31+5.72+1.09=10.12kg/ (34)1 2(3)液壓系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)壓力為 100+3.31+5.72+1.09=110.12kg/ ,故選用 140kg/2c滿足要求。2cm3.2.11 節(jié)流閥的設(shè)計(jì)節(jié)流閥應(yīng)該滿足一下性能要求:流量調(diào)節(jié)范圍大,流量-壓差變化平滑;內(nèi)漏量小,對(duì)外的泄漏口也應(yīng)小;壓力損失小;調(diào)節(jié)力矩?。粍?dòng)作靈敏;流量穩(wěn)定性。叉車設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用 MK 單向節(jié)流閥。(1)節(jié)流閥的結(jié)構(gòu)。如下圖所示。主 閥 座 孔 主 閥 芯 調(diào) 節(jié) 閥 接 起 升 油 缸孔 孔圖 14 節(jié)流閥Fig 14 Throttle valve(2)節(jié)流閥能通過(guò)的流量最大起升速度 V=0.3~0.4m/s,即為 18~24m/min,根據(jù)起升速度的范圍計(jì)算:空載下降時(shí),初定 v=24m/minQ= = =74.7L/min (35)vD?24?243.6滿載下降時(shí),初定 v=18m/min= =56.1L/min Q?218.2(3)壓力當(dāng)空載后缸下降時(shí),/ =11.37 / (36)????24DNP9.0364812?gk2cmgk2c前缸下降時(shí) P=6.5 /cm2;當(dāng)滿載下降(后缸下降)時(shí),假定 P=42.4 /cm2,前缸下gk g降時(shí),假定 P=41.4 /cm2。(4)節(jié)流孔兩端的壓力差1)空載下降,孔 A=11.37-10.12=1.25 /cm2,后缸空載下降時(shí)壓力gk