道路護(hù)欄桿清洗機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【含creo三維及6張CAD圖帶開題報(bào)告-獨(dú)家】.zip,含creo三維及6張CAD圖帶開題報(bào)告-獨(dú)家,道路,護(hù)欄,清洗,設(shè)計(jì),creo,三維,CAD,開題,報(bào)告,獨(dú)家 目錄 1 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 1 1.1 Design of Road Guardrail Cleaner 1 1.2中文翻譯 10 2 專業(yè)閱讀書目 15 2.1 機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 15 2.2 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 15 2.3 Creo2.0機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)教程內(nèi)容摘要： 16 2.4 機(jī)械原理 16 2.5 理論力學(xué) 17 2.6 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì) 17 2.7 機(jī)械零部件選用與設(shè)計(jì) 18 2.8 現(xiàn)代工程制圖 19 2.9 材料力學(xué) 19 2.10單片機(jī)原理及接口技術(shù) 20 I 1 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 1.1 Design of Road Guardrail Cleaner As a difficulty of mechanical cleaning, stubborn stain cleaning has not been solved well in theory and technology.The author hopes to provide references for further research in the industry through relevant analysis and research.2 mechanical cleaning object analysis of the structure of urban road a guardrail guardrail 2.1 mainly has two kinds: one kind is composed of circular cross section of steel or steel pipe welding, each paragraph by bolt connection;The other is made by welding square - section steel pipes.Road guardrails are often made of wire.The shape of standard guardrail is formed by round iron rod welding of square pipe frame. The unit size is 3 m long, 0.07 m wide and 1.4 m high.2.2 common guardrail stains include loose particle dust, stubborn dust scab and oil-based stains.Loose particles of dust float in the air or stay on the surface of all objects. The contact surface with guardrail unit is small, and the internal connection of dust is loose, so it is easier to be washed by water.Scab is stubborn dirt particles and environmental chemical pollutants on the guardrail, hydrate through a tight structure, formed in the drying process of dust mixture by a variety of ingredients, mud, organic matter and bacteria stains, binding force between particles is large, low pressure flush.With the improvement of people's living standard and the rapid development of industry, more and more types of stains, more and more complex components.The besmirch is mainly divided into oil base and water base.Fence oil stain is much by automobile exhaust or other life form that rely on oil droplet surface adsorption capacity, high Angle surface tension infiltration, binding force in the middle and both high pressure and low pressure cleaning work very hard, need chemical modification or add cleaning fluid can be removed.The stubborn dirt formed by crusts and oil - based stains is often characterized by large thickness.The actual investigation found that the degree of contamination of guardrails with stubborn stains was often more than 8.3mg /cm2 times that of standard guardrails.The actual test also shows that it is very difficult to achieve the ideal cleanliness after one cleaning, and it often takes multiple cleaning processes to achieve the ideal state.3. Technical scheme for stubborn stain cleaning 3.1 four-roll brush rolling brush with clamping brush can be cleaned by shock and friction on guardrail stains with the help of water cleaning.Study found that roller group, such as using vertical spread out, parallel to each other's way, to the clamp can be folded double guard rail, column in the four corners, its neighboring roller in the opposite direction, can maximize brooming to fence the impact of the output and the friction.Each brush is driven by an independent hydraulic motor to rotate, and each rotating shaft is set up with a superposition brush disk arranged in sequence and interval.The previous practice shows that the diameter, speed, material and speed of the brush are the four factors that influence the cleaning effect of road guardrail.The larger the diameter, the greater the overlapping range of the brush and clip, the greater the cleaning effect.The higher the speed, the better the force of the brush head to hit the stain and the better the effect of the scratch.Due to the irregular shape of road guardrail, it is necessary to have enough flexibility to cover the contour of the guardrail.And the faster the car wash, the worse the cleaning effect.Guardrail cleaning cars to strengthen the model technical sketch test results show that the speed of 1.9 ~ 7.5 km/h, to maintain cleanliness by more than 90%, the roller should be 500 ~ 600 mm in diameter, rotating speed is 350 ~ 500 r/min, brushing material appropriate USES hard brush nylon yarn and nylon fabric compounded article soft brush.3.2 the combination of high and low pressure water will take a certain time to clean any dirt with water.Stains from water, the first experience is wetting, consumption after a short time, stain between particles and guardrail thickening of bound water on the surface of membrane, reduce the surface tension, binding force attenuation, followed by external hydraulic impact, brush friction effect, start off the fence surface besmirch, stain forming foam, stains, finally complete a cleaning process.It is found that the time taken for various kinds of stains to be soaked into impact-friction-stripping has a great influence on the cleaning effect and cleaning efficiency of the first cleaning process.According to this rule, we introduced high pressure atomized water in advance to realize the wetting of guardrail, and achieved good results in improving the cleaning ability of guardrail.The specific cleaning sequence is: before rolling brush, the high pressure nozzle is used to form a atomized atmosphere to conduct three-dimensional infiltration of guardrail stains.After a certain amount of infiltration time, re-intervention brush washing, low pressure water spray brush.After washing by rolling brush, some stains will remain on the surface of guardrail in the form of traces, although the original surface position is stripped off by the brush.At the same time, under the guardrail, some of the besmirch flow is still in the process of running down the guardrail.If the cleaning process is finished at this time, the surface of guardrail is often left with brush marks and stagnant sewage flow marks, and the apparent cleanliness is obviously insufficient.Therefore, an additional high pressure nozzle should be placed in relay after rolling brush, which is specially responsible for cleaning brush marks, and at the same time to drive and accelerate the dirt flow out of the guardrail.The cleaning sequence is an ideal and efficient cleaning process.Before and after the author in the study also found that the roller set low pressure and high pressure nozzle in the 2 groups, the before and after low pressure nozzle to the four roller, the rolling brush brush with water, and before and after high pressure nozzle is mainly to the guardrail, prewatering barrier not only before the scrub, and also can get effective flushing after scrubbing, to complete the "pre wetting the scrub flushing" mode of strengthening, is helpful to improve the cleaning effect.Experimental results also show that the mode is very suitable for cleaning adhesive stubborn stains, severe pollution of the guardrail, standard guardrail cleaning cleanliness can be increased from 90% of the national standard requirements to more than 95%, even 97%。 With the development of national economy, the highway mileage is more and more long, and the highway guardrail cleaning is relatively lag, dirty barrier affects the road of beautiful, affect the overall image of the city, but also the status quo for the development of cleaning device for road fence is a good opportunity, without such equipment domestic molding products, the high price of imports from abroad, my unit decision in original by the small gasoline engine by belt transmission to drive the cantilever for guardrail cleaning brush miao simple equipment is developed on the basis of a new generation of automatic barrier wash the car.According to the actual situation of highway guardrail cleaning, the following research requirements are put forward: good cleaning effect (after cleaning guardrail can achieve clean and tidy);Without changing the driving direction, the left and right side guardrails can be cleaned, that is, two-way cleaning can be realized.Environmental protection, low noise, water saving, no more than twice a working day, high efficiency (the actual working distance per working day is no less than 30 km);Fully automatic operation, all processes can be set up for automation, which can be completed independently by the operator in the driver's cab to achieve man-machine dialogue.Safety facilities complete, overall beautiful, generous. 1 scheme selection: (1) the overall control structure of the new generation guardrail cleaning vehicle is composed of an electric control cylinder (which makes the brush rod expand back and forth) (2) the choice of control mode there are two basic control modes in the current industrial system, one is the wiring program control and the other is the storage program control.The biggest drawback of the thread-connect control system is that the modifications to the control program must be made by changing the wiring.Memory program control refers to the dominant control system work program stored in memory, the system to complete the control task is done by the program memory, such a system called the stored program control system.The program is expressed by the program language, so called software program, programmable controller and microcontroller belong to the storage program controller.According to the research and development requirement of the new generation guardrail cleaning car, it is decided to adopt the storage program control system. (3) the choice of controller in current industrial production, MCU or programmable controller are often used for complex control systems.MCU wiring is multifarious, programming the demand is higher, when debugging is quite intricate, not convenient for the upgrading of production technology, PLC programmable controller MCU can make up for these deficiencies.Because the guardrail cleaning equipment as control object has the following characteristics: the control of the object itself is composed of several interconnected parts, both several control child objects, all kinds of control quantity is given priority to with switch quantity, don't need complicated mathematical model and calculation, therefore, choose the programmable controller PLC + HMI (text control display) to set the automatic control of guardrail cleaning. (4) the structure of the components (product) or type (purchased parts) the choice of the guardrail cleaning car normal cleaning speed for 5-10 km/hour, homework brush seedlings best speed to 200 R/min, brush to work the most R g diameter 900 mm or more, effective working length L 620 mm or less brush, brush shaft speed n p 200 RPM, tank one-off filling water Q 3 tons or more. 2. Control program design of guardrail cleaning vehicle Was press the drive motor of electric work, start working air compressor, air pressure increases, when the pressure rises to a certain pressure, press the starting switch, electromagnetic valve electricity, cleaning arm driven by cylinder reaches outward, when extending to the limit, met the limit switch, stop the overhanging the cleaning arm, delay for a few seconds later, cleaning brush, we started running when sprinkling water press the switch, the pump start sprinkler, when after the completion of the cleaning, cleaning the car had been ordered to stop, first is to stop water, then wash brushes stalling, after the cleaning brush completely halt, cylinder, electromagnetic valve, power cylinder cleaning (arm) began to recovery,When the recovery reaches the limit, it encounters the internal limit switch. At this point, the recovery of the cleaning arm stops completely.At this point, the cleaning car has completed a cleaning cycle through a total of eight processes. The operation mode of the new generation of automatic guardrail cleaning vehicle is split operation mode and automatic operation mode, among which the automatic operation mode is divided into left cleaning automatic operation and right cleaning automatic operation. Manual operation: manual operation is to use the button operation, to clean the car each movement mode independently control.Air compressor starter button, for example, air compressor, when need to wash arm outrigger or recycling, press the cylinder solenoid valve (hereinafter referred to as the valve) start button, the cleaning arm outrigger, press the stop button, recycling, cleaning arm when sprinkling water sprinkling water need to choose the pump or not, press start button, the water valve pump began to water;Press again to stop the water spraying.When it is necessary to select cleaning brush to start cleaning or stop cleaning, press the motor start button, relay connection, waterproof motor to start running, cleaning brush to start working;Press again, waterproof motor stop, cleaning brush stop working. The left side is automatically cleaned. When the left side guardrail is automatically cleaned on the main menu, the cleaning car starts from the origin and the left side guardrail is automatically cleaned according to the fixed procedure.The starting order is: the left side of the brush sticks out, after 6 seconds, the brush rotates, and the water spraying begins.When the return button is pressed, the cleaning car will stop cleaning and reset automatically. Similarly, when automatic cleaning of the right guardrail is selected on the main menu, the cleaning car starts from the origin, and the right guardrail is automatically cleaned according to the fixed procedure.The starting order is: the right brush extends out, after 6 seconds the brush rotates, and the water spraying begins.When the return button is pressed, the cleaning car will stop cleaning and reset automatically. 3. Selection of PLC Due to the I/O points for the 9/20 point, considering the car cleaning operation process is fixed, the PLC I/O points can leave no margin on this, in combination with the relevant information presented models, finally chose the mitsubishi FX series PLC, host selection FXON - 24 Mr, FXON-16EYR was selected for the expansion unit and FXON-3AD was selected for the expansion unit. This system has 15 input points and 28 output points, which can fully meet the needs of the new generation of guardrail cleaning vehicles. 4. Selection of HMI and setting of man-machine dialogue interface Due to the relatively poor working environment of guardrail cleaning vehicle, mitsubishi was chosen to update the control system technology in the future The gp370-wl touch screen is produced as the required HMI. Setup of the man-machine dialogue interface The main menu 1. Automatically clean the left side guardrail 2. Automatically clean the right guardrail 3. Manual operation 5 PLC programming When the PLC is energized, the host is connected and the state is reset.Then the air compressor began to operate and the pressure went up.At the same time the body rear speed limit display open.When selecting manual operation on the touch screen, enter the manual program. If the selection is not manual operation, do not execute the manual program.When the left side guardrail is automatically cleaned on the touch screen, the system will enter the left side guardrail cleaning program automatically. When this button is not selected, the system will not execute this program.When the right guardrail is automatically cleaned on the touch screen, the system will automatically enter the right guardrail cleaning program. When this button is not selected, the system will not execute this program. Guardrail cleaning car automatic cleaning is a sequential action step control, sequence of operation in the automatic cleaning should be: (1) cylinder drives the cleaning brush overhang (2) extending to the limit, cleaning brush to rotate (3) the water valve begins to turn water (4) the roof lights and cleaning instructions. Design of automatic closing program for automatic cleaning of left guardrail: the automatic closing (reset) program is relatively simple.(2) stop operation of left front cleaning brush and left rear cleaning brush;(3) the left front air valve is closed, the left rear air valve is closed, and the cylinder drives cleaning brush to recover;(4) the water pump is stopped. 6. Analysis of installation and debugging results From the perspective of the installation and debugging results of the last, the development of a new generation of guardrail cleaning car cleaning effect is very good, text display control, programmable controller performance matching, man-machine dialogue interface conform to the requirements of the production operation, back speed monitor and its roof lights installed better protect the safety of operating personnel.All kinds of operations of the application software can be through text control display calls, switching.Automatic cleaning, automatic reset, fault detection, emergency stop, etc. can all operate accurately.The cleaning effect is also very satisfying.At least 30 km (4 hours) of guardrail cleaning can be completed every working day, which fully meets the development requirements. 7 conclusion The retrofit is developed on the original cleaning car structure and control method of the full update, after the retrofit of a new generation of automatic car guardrail cleaning completely realized high speed highway guardrail automatic cleaning, all process can be performed by operators in the driving room, operation is convenient, safe, and the overall design is beautiful, generous, rational, cleaning effect is very good, can completely replace the manual cleaning in practical work.  1.2中文翻譯 頑固污漬的清洗作為機(jī)械清洗的一個(gè)難點(diǎn),在理論與技術(shù)上始終都沒有得到很好地解決。筆者希望通過相關(guān)的分析研究,為業(yè)內(nèi)今后進(jìn)一步的研究提供借鑒。2機(jī)械清洗作業(yè)對(duì)象分析 2.1道路護(hù)欄城市道路護(hù)欄的結(jié)構(gòu)形式主要有2種:一種是由圓形截面的鋼筋或鋼管焊接而成,每段通過螺栓連接;另一種是由方形截面的鋼管焊接而成。道路護(hù)欄材料常常為線材。標(biāo)配護(hù)欄外形構(gòu)造為方管框架圓形鐵棍組焊而成,單元尺寸為長(zhǎng)3 m、寬0.07 m、高1.4 m。2.2護(hù)欄污漬常見的護(hù)欄污漬包括散?；覊m、頑固灰土痂和油基污漬等3種。散粒灰塵浮沉在空氣中或停留在所有物體表面,與護(hù)欄單位接觸面小,灰塵內(nèi)部連接也松散,因而比較容易被水力清洗。頑固灰土痂是顆粒和環(huán)境化學(xué)污染物水合在護(hù)欄上,經(jīng)過一個(gè)干燥過程中形成的緊密結(jié)構(gòu),由多種成分的塵土混和物、泥漿、有機(jī)質(zhì)以及菌類等污漬組成,粒間結(jié)合力很大,低壓沖洗難以奏效。隨著人們生活水平的提高,工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展,污漬的種類越來越多,成分越來越復(fù)雜。污漬主要分油基和水基2種。護(hù)欄油基污漬多由汽車尾氣或其它生活排污形成,依靠油粒表面吸附力、大浸潤(rùn)角表面張力結(jié)合,結(jié)合力居中,無論高壓、低壓清洗都很難奏效,需要化學(xué)改性或添加清洗液才可以清除掉。頑固灰土痂和油基污漬構(gòu)成的頑固污漬,還常常具有厚度大的特點(diǎn)。實(shí)際調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),護(hù)欄受頑固污漬污染的程度常常超過標(biāo)配護(hù)欄污染度8.3 mg/cm2幾倍以上。而實(shí)際試驗(yàn)也表明:1次清洗即達(dá)到理想清潔度的難度很大,常常需要多個(gè)清洗過程疊加才能達(dá)到理想狀態(tài)。3頑固污漬清洗技術(shù)方案 3.1四滾刷對(duì)夾旋刷滾刷在水清洗的輔助下,可通過對(duì)護(hù)欄污漬的沖擊、摩擦實(shí)現(xiàn)洗掃清潔。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),滾刷組如采用立式擺開、相互平行的對(duì)夾方式,可四角合攏包夾護(hù)欄桿、柱,其相鄰滾刷以相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn),能最大限度地提高掃毛對(duì)護(hù)欄輸出的沖擊力和摩擦力。其中各滾刷由獨(dú)立液壓馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn),每根轉(zhuǎn)軸上設(shè)有疊加式呈依次間隔排列的大刷盤組建,大刷盤上承栽掃毛。以往的實(shí)踐表明:滾刷直徑、轉(zhuǎn)速、掃毛材料及清洗車行進(jìn)速度為影響道路護(hù)欄清洗效果的四大因素。直徑越大,對(duì)夾刷洗可重疊范圍越大,越能增加清洗效果;轉(zhuǎn)速越大,刷頭擊打污漬的力量和劃離污漬的效果越好;由于道路護(hù)欄的形體不規(guī)則,需要掃毛材料具備足夠的柔韌度來包夾護(hù)欄輪廓;而清洗車行進(jìn)速度越快,其清洗效果越差。護(hù)欄清洗車加強(qiáng)清洗模式技術(shù)示意圖試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示:行進(jìn)速度為1.9～7.5 km/h的條件下,要保持清潔度90%以上,其滾刷直徑應(yīng)為500～600 mm,轉(zhuǎn)速為350～500 r/min,掃毛材料宜采用尼龍絲硬毛刷和尼龍布軟條刷復(fù)合而成。3.2高低壓水組合清洗任何污漬用水清潔都要經(jīng)歷一定的時(shí)間。污漬從受水開始,首先經(jīng)歷的是潤(rùn)濕,消耗一個(gè)短暫的時(shí)間后,污漬顆粒間與護(hù)欄表面結(jié)合水膜增厚、表面張力減小、結(jié)合力衰減,其后受外來水力沖擊、刷具摩擦效應(yīng),污漬開始脫開護(hù)欄表面,形成污漬沫、污漬流,最后完成一個(gè)清洗過程。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),各種污漬被浸潤(rùn)至可沖擊摩擦剝離所消耗的時(shí)間對(duì)第1個(gè)清洗過程的清洗效果、清洗效率的影響很大。根據(jù)這一規(guī)律,我們提前引入高壓霧化水來實(shí)現(xiàn)護(hù)欄浸潤(rùn),取得了提高護(hù)欄清洗能力的良好效果。具體的清洗序配是:在滾刷之前采用高壓噴嘴形成霧化氛圍對(duì)護(hù)欄污漬進(jìn)行三維浸潤(rùn)。一定的浸潤(rùn)時(shí)間后,再介入毛刷刷洗,低壓水噴刷。滾刷刷洗后,一些污漬雖然被刷毛剝離原表面位置,卻由于毛刷本身粘持有污漬,依然會(huì)有部分污漬以痕跡形式殘留在護(hù)欄表面;同時(shí),在護(hù)欄下部,一些污漬流還正處于沿護(hù)欄下流的過程中。如果此時(shí)結(jié)束清洗過程,護(hù)欄的表面往往殘留有刷痕和滯留下污流痕跡,表觀清潔度顯然不足。因此,在滾刷后還應(yīng)另外接力性安置1個(gè)高壓噴嘴,專門負(fù)責(zé)清理刷痕,同時(shí)驅(qū)趕和加速污漬流脫離護(hù)欄。該清洗序配是一個(gè)比較理想的高效清洗過程。筆者在研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn),滾刷前后設(shè)置低壓、高壓2組噴嘴,其前、后低壓噴嘴向4個(gè)滾刷噴水,使?jié)L刷毛刷帶水作業(yè),而前、后高壓噴嘴則主要向護(hù)欄噴水,使護(hù)欄不僅在刷洗前得到預(yù)先濕潤(rùn),刷洗后也可得到有效沖洗,從而完成“預(yù)濕潤(rùn)+刷洗+沖洗”的加強(qiáng)模式,有利于提高清洗效果。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也表明,這種清洗模式非常適合粘附頑固污漬、重度污染的護(hù)欄,能將標(biāo)配護(hù)欄清洗清潔度從國標(biāo)要求的90%提高到95%以上,甚至97%。 隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，高等級(jí)公路里程越來越長(zhǎng)，而公路護(hù)欄的清洗卻相對(duì)滯后，臟亂的護(hù)欄影響了公路的美觀，影響了城市的整體形象，但這種現(xiàn)狀也給公路護(hù)欄清洗設(shè)備的發(fā)展壯大提供了良好的契機(jī),目前此類設(shè)備國內(nèi)無成型產(chǎn)品,從國外進(jìn)口則價(jià)格高昂,我單位決定在原有由小型汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)通過皮帶傳動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)懸臂式刷苗進(jìn)行護(hù)欄清洗的簡(jiǎn)易設(shè)備的基礎(chǔ)上研制開發(fā)新一代全自動(dòng)護(hù)欄清洗車。結(jié)合當(dāng)前公路護(hù)欄清洗的實(shí)際情況，提出了以下研制要求：清洗效果良好（清洗后的護(hù)欄能達(dá)到干凈、整潔）；在不改變行車方向的情況下，左右兩側(cè)護(hù)欄都能清洗，即能實(shí)現(xiàn)雙向清洗；環(huán)保、噪音小、節(jié)水，每個(gè)工作日加水不多于兩次，效率高（每個(gè)工作日實(shí)際工作距離不少于 30 公里）；全自動(dòng)操作，全部工序都能設(shè)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化，可以由操作人員在駕駛室獨(dú)立完成，做到人機(jī)對(duì)話；安全設(shè)施齊全，整體美觀、大方。 1 方案的選擇： (1) 新一代護(hù)欄清洗車總的控制結(jié)構(gòu)組成采用電氣控制方式氣缸（使刷桿來回伸縮） (2) 控制方式的選擇在目前的工業(yè)系統(tǒng)中有兩種最基本的控制方式，一種是接線程序控制，一種是存貯程序控制。接線程系控制系統(tǒng)最大的缺點(diǎn)就是控制程序的修改必須通過改變接線來實(shí)現(xiàn)。所謂存貯器程序控制是指支配控制系統(tǒng)工作的程序存放在存貯器中，系統(tǒng)要完成的控制任務(wù)是通過存貯器中的程序來實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這樣的系統(tǒng)稱為存貯程序控制系統(tǒng)。其程序是由程序語言表達(dá)的，因此又稱軟件程序，可編程控制器和單片機(jī)都屬于存貯程序控制器。根據(jù)新一代護(hù)欄清洗車的研制要求，決定采用存貯程序控制系統(tǒng)。 (3) 控制器的選擇在目前工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，對(duì)于較復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)，常采用單片機(jī)或可編程控制器。單片機(jī)的接線較繁雜，編程的要求較高，調(diào)試時(shí)比較繁鎖，不能方便的進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)工藝的更新改造，PLC 可編程控制器可以彌補(bǔ)單片機(jī)的這些不足。由于護(hù)欄清洗設(shè)備作為控制對(duì)象有如下特