黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計1附錄 A 清障車的發(fā)展道路清障車最早應(yīng)用于公路交通非常發(fā)達的國家，美國早在 20 世紀 50 年代即生產(chǎn)出世界第一輛道路清障車。當(dāng)時這種特種車結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，由發(fā)動機驅(qū)動，通過機械傳動，帶動卷揚機構(gòu)，并用拉桿支撐，將故障車一端吊起拖離現(xiàn)場，而且往往采用自制底盤，功能也較單一，這是道路清障車發(fā)展的第一階段。道路清障車發(fā)展的第二階段，是以液壓傳動與控制技術(shù)的引入為標(biāo)志的。20 世經(jīng) 70 年代，第一批全液壓系統(tǒng)的道路清障車并涌現(xiàn)出一批著名的道路清障車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，如美國的 C E N T U R Y、LLENGER 、JERR-DAN、WRECKER，奧地利的EMPL，日本的 TOKYU，加拿大的 NRC 等。此階段內(nèi)，道路清障車技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)得到很大發(fā)展。首先是系列品種及規(guī)格增多，結(jié)構(gòu)型式多樣化；其次是所用的專用底盤、二類底盤多樣化，最大型號的道路清障車為 4 橋；第三是結(jié)構(gòu)多樣、功能齊全，具有托舉、起吊、拖拽、牽引、背拖、破拆、清潔、維修等功能；第四是工作能力更大，拖舉能力最大可達 25t，拖牽能力可達 48t，起吊能力可達 40t；第五是操作方式更先進，工作環(huán)境更優(yōu)越舒適。近幾年我國公路交通事業(yè)發(fā)展非常迅速：一是投資大，國家每年投資兩三千億元用于公路建設(shè)，已成為拉動經(jīng)濟增長的先導(dǎo)行業(yè)；二是公路多，2002 年公路通車總里程已達 175.8 萬公里，高速公路通車里程已躍居世界第二位；三是汽車多，2002 年汽車產(chǎn)銷總量已躍居世界第五位?？土髁考拔锪髁浚缆非逭宪囈惨娇焖侔l(fā)展，而且今后我國公路交通仍將保持高速發(fā)展勢頭，到 2010 年全國公路總里程將達到210 萬～230 萬公里。那么，道路清障車的需求量也應(yīng)保持與之相適應(yīng)的增長比例，并且絕不只是數(shù)量上的增長，而是在質(zhì)量和技術(shù)上的不斷提高。只有這樣才能適應(yīng)公路交通事業(yè)的發(fā)展，而且市場競爭的焦點首先集中在技術(shù)的層次與創(chuàng)新上。我國道路清障車雖起步較晚，但發(fā)展迅速，國內(nèi)已有近二十家生產(chǎn)道路清障車的廠家,其中形成生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的主要廠家有廣東粵海汽車有限公司、長沙中聯(lián)重工科技發(fā)展股份有限公司、沈陽北方交通工程公司、江蘇揚州盛達特種車有限公司等。我國道路清障車行業(yè)走了一條引進技術(shù)與自主開發(fā)相結(jié)合的道路，緊跟世界道路清障車發(fā)展方向，技術(shù)基本與世界同步，只是在產(chǎn)品的可靠性和耐用性方面與世界先進水平有一定差距。無論是研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)還是生產(chǎn)能力，我國企業(yè)都能滿足國內(nèi)市場需求。主要特點表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：(1) 起點高。國內(nèi)道路清障車主要生產(chǎn)廠家在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)時，以國際著名品牌的近黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計2代產(chǎn)品為基型，剖析、吸納國際上經(jīng)濟發(fā)達國家的道路清障車新類型、新結(jié)構(gòu)、新工藝、新技術(shù)和新材料，全面提升了道路清障車技術(shù)的起點和水平；(2)配置新?，F(xiàn)在多數(shù)廠家采用了國際最新技術(shù)成果，特別是在液壓、電氣、傳感、氣動及數(shù)控等元器件的應(yīng)用方面，直接引入了這些領(lǐng)域的最新技術(shù)；(3)多元化。各生產(chǎn)廠家為滿足市場的需求，各種類型的道路清障車不斷涌現(xiàn)，使品種多元化成為道路清障車技術(shù)的一個明顯特點。(4)大型工程機械生產(chǎn)企業(yè)介入清障車領(lǐng)域：國內(nèi)諸如中聯(lián)重科、三一集團等世界級的工程機械大型生產(chǎn)企業(yè)憑借其強大的制造實力、研發(fā)實力以及優(yōu)質(zhì)的售后服務(wù)參與到提高清障車技術(shù)水平的競爭中來，將大幅度縮短我國與世界清障車設(shè)計、制造水平的差距，盡快實現(xiàn)技術(shù)水平與世界同步。道路清障車今后的發(fā)展將有如下趨勢：(1)重型化趨勢。目前國內(nèi)最大噸位的道路清障車為 48t，產(chǎn)品投入市場后很受歡迎。隨著我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展越來越快，高等級道路越來越長，重型運輸車輛越來越多，我國對重型清障車的需求越來越大。我國自己開發(fā)的 60t 道路清障車也即將面市，開發(fā)80t 的道路清障車工作已經(jīng)開始籌劃，道路清障車的重型化趨勢也使得重型道路清障車占有的市場比例越來越大。(2)開發(fā)專用底盤。目前國內(nèi)道路清障車所用的底盤，絕大多數(shù)采用的是普通載重車用二類底盤，它的受力方式、結(jié)構(gòu)布局、車體改造等都不能很好地滿足道路清障車的需要。道路清障車底盤專用化是國內(nèi)道路清障車行業(yè)發(fā)展的必然趨勢。(3)應(yīng)用新技術(shù)。利用數(shù)控技術(shù)、遙控技術(shù)來提高道路清障車的自動化程度；利用高強、輕質(zhì)新材料，提高道路清障車各結(jié)構(gòu)件、受力件的強度，減輕道路清障車的自質(zhì)量；利用液壓、電氣、氣動方面的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和最新成果來提高道路清障車的功能；利用表面處理及涂裝新技術(shù)，防腐防銹，美化外觀。(4)多重安全保障。利用傳感技術(shù)來自動限制道路清障車的超重、超距等違章操作，確保車輛安全。(5)流水線生產(chǎn)。在產(chǎn)品制造過程中開始大量使用專用設(shè)備，有條件實現(xiàn)道路清障車的流水線生產(chǎn)，提高產(chǎn)量，降低成本。道路清障車是一個剛剛起步的朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè)，只要路在延長，車在增加，就需要越來越多的道路清障車來保障路的暢通。功能大致相同、噸位相同、質(zhì)量差不多的道路清障車，國外產(chǎn)品的價格是國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的 4 倍。這說明我國的道路清障車走向世界市場具有很大的競爭優(yōu)勢，成為世界的道路清障車生產(chǎn)大國已經(jīng)不是遙遠的夢想當(dāng)前，隨著國民經(jīng)濟的健康發(fā)展，國內(nèi)需求的持續(xù)擴大，我國專用汽車市場也將取得飛速的發(fā)展。黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計3今后幾年發(fā)展的重點主要集中在城市建設(shè)、服務(wù)和高等級公路運輸方面。具體到車型上體現(xiàn)在下列方面： 1、自卸汽車 隨著近幾年來國家實施擴大內(nèi)需的方針，積極投資基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和興建大型工程，以及 2008 年的北京奧運會和 2010 上海世博會，都對相應(yīng)的自卸汽車需求量有大量的增長，而且大、重噸位的自卸車是發(fā)展的方向，所占的比例也將進一步增大。 2、牽引汽車 隨著我國高速公路、高等級公路的高速增長，高速公路、高等級公路拓展帶來的對提高運輸效率的需要，這將為我國公路今后的主導(dǎo)車型大容積的廂式半掛車將大大增加，相應(yīng)的半掛牽引車的需求量也將大量增加，并且大功率、高速公路長距離運輸?shù)臓恳囀鞘袌鲂枨蟮臒狳c。 3、罐式汽車 罐式汽車包括常見的油罐車、散裝水泥車、混凝土攪拌運輸車，以及使用量相對較少的液化氣高壓罐車、化工液罐車、吸污液罐車等。隨著西部地區(qū)油氣資源的開發(fā)必然會帶動石化煉油業(yè)的發(fā)展，因此大型油罐車的需求也會增大。大噸位的半掛式油罐車增長比率還將加快。 4、散裝水泥車及混凝土攪拌機 近幾年來，隨著房地產(chǎn)熱的興起和公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的開發(fā)等原因?qū)е铝藢ι⒀b水泥車及混凝土攪拌車的大量需求。 5、市政用車 市政用車包括大型公交車、路面清掃車、可換車廂式的垃圾壓縮車、吸糞車、下水道疏通車、各種郵政車，灑水車及清洗高層建筑物的高空作業(yè)車等。隨著國家確立加快城市化進程，為適應(yīng)城市建設(shè)需要的各類建筑工程專用車需求量將會很大，而且品種會十分豐富。城市化進程不僅會拉動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，同時對各種專門的需要會增多起來，拉動專用車行業(yè)的發(fā)展。 6、高速公路維護車輛 我國高速公路的飛速發(fā)展，以“五縱七橫” 為主骨架的公路網(wǎng)的完成，我國高速公路通車總里程將達 3.5 萬公里。隨著西部大開發(fā)的不斷推進和西部地區(qū)高速公路里程的不斷增加，大型高速公路清障車、路面養(yǎng)護車、路面清掃車、救援拖車、帶大型起重機的救援車等有大的市場。 7、消防車 專業(yè)化、特種消防車的數(shù)量愈來愈多，但從在用車輛的實際情況看，目前我國消黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計4防車在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上還存在很大的欠缺，尤其是車型結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、特種消防車比例過低，水罐車占總量的 69.2%，而特種消防車(除水罐、干粉、泡沫以外的車輛)僅占 10%。今后專業(yè)化的特種消防車將成為需求的重點。 8、醫(yī)療專用車 醫(yī)療專用車包括救護車、醫(yī)療急救車、采血車、防疫車、化驗車等。由于 2003年初全國“非典 ”疫情的影響和當(dāng)前流行于東南亞國家的禽流感病毒，將大大刺激國內(nèi)醫(yī)療專用車的需求。 9、機場專用車 當(dāng)前，國家把機場建設(shè)確立為西部大開發(fā)的重點，隨著機場的建成，機場大量需要舷梯車、行李運送車、食品供應(yīng)車，飛機大型的加油車、飛機牽引車、救援車、消防車等。除機場專用的大功率消防車國內(nèi)尚無生產(chǎn)以外，其他都已有企業(yè)生產(chǎn)，但其中的大噸位的飛機加油車，在性能結(jié)構(gòu)和技術(shù)保證上，還不能完全過關(guān)，急待盡快提高水平。 10、油田專用車 油田專用車，是在通用型的重噸位貨車底盤上加裝各種鉆井、修井等作業(yè)的專用裝備而成。隨著西部石油資源的開發(fā)，西部地區(qū)的非沙漠油田用車輛的需求大型固井車、鉆井車、生活車、修井車等車型。 11、集裝箱車 隨著國民經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代物流的加快以及用于肉類，速凍食品、冷飲、乳制品及鮮果類商品的總產(chǎn)量和運輸量的增加，集裝箱運輸將是我國汽車運輸發(fā)展的一個重要方向，國家每年對集裝箱車的需求量將大大增加。 我國清障車工業(yè)起步于上世紀八十年代末，在近二十年里，國內(nèi)清障車行業(yè)經(jīng)歷了引進整車、吸收仿制到自主研發(fā)清障車的過程。隨著我國城市交通和高速公路的快速發(fā)展，國內(nèi)清障車的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計技術(shù)、制造工藝也進行了突破性發(fā)展，形成了清障車多功能化、智能化、人性化的產(chǎn)品技術(shù)特點；專用機構(gòu)運用新型材料、產(chǎn)品模塊化設(shè)計、專用設(shè)備的應(yīng)用的制造工藝技術(shù)特點。2002 年我國公路通車里程已達 175.8 萬公里，其中高速公路達 2.5 萬公里，躍居世界第二。隨著京沈、京滬、西南出海通道等高速公路的開通，我國以五縱七橫國道主干線為重點的國家公路主骨架已初步建成。這為清障車的突飛發(fā)展孕育了廣闊市場，作為“讓大地的脈絡(luò)更暢通”的使者——清障車，要使其更能發(fā)揮安全快捷、強而有力的道路清障優(yōu)勢，那么清障車底盤專用化、重型化、智能化、作業(yè)附件實用性是清障車技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然趨勢。黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計5To clear up obstacles in the development of carVehicles used to clear up obstacles in the path of road traffic is the first developed country, the United States as early as the 50s in the 20th century that produced the world's first clear up obstacles in the path of a car. At that time, relatively simple structure such vehicles, driven by the engine through mechanical transmission, drive winch body, and the support rod, one end of the fault car lifting off the scene, often using home-made chassis than a single function, which is the road clearance impaired the first stage of vehicle developmentVehicles to clear up obstacles in the path of the second phase of development is based on hydraulic transmission and control technology, marked by the introduction of the. 20 world by 70 years, the first all-hydraulic system to clear up obstacles in the path of vehicles and the emergence of a group of cars to clear up obstacles in the path of a well-known manufacturers, such as the United States, CENTURY, LLENGER, JERR-DAN, WRECKER, Austria EMPL, Japan The TOKYU, such as Canada's NRC. This stage, the road to clear up obstacles in vehicle technology and production has been great development. First of all, a series of varieties and specifications of more diversified structure; followed by the exclusive use of the chassis, chassis second-class diversification, to clear up obstacles in the path of the largest car models 4 bridge; the third is the structure of diverse functions, with lifts, lifting,towing,traction,backdragging,cleaning, maintenance, etc.; and the fourth is the ability to work even greater ability to drag up to give 25t, capacity 48t, lifting capacity of 40t; V is a more advanced mode of operation, superior and comfortable working environment.In recent years, the development of China's road traffic very quickly: First, large investment and an annual 300 billion yuan investment for highway construction, to promote economic growth has become the industry leader; Second Highway in 2002, has total length of highways open to traffic 1.758 million kilometers of highway traffic mileage has leapt to second in the world; more than three motor vehicles, motor vehicle production and sales volume in 2002 has been ranked fifth in the world. Such a large road network and traffic flow, traffic flow and Physical Properties of road vehicles to clear up obstacles to the rapid development of synchronization, and road traffic in China will maintain a momentum of rapid development in 2010 will reach National 2100000 ~ 230 10,000 kilometers. In that case, the demand for cars to clear up obstacles in the road should also adapt to maintain the growth rate, and not just a quantitative growth, but in terms of quality and continuous improvement in technology. The only way to adapt to the development of road traffic, but the focus of competition in the market will first concentrate on the level of technology and innovation.黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計6Although the road to clear up obstacles in my car late start, but the rapid development of domestic production of nearly 20 car manufacturers to clear up obstacles in the road, which formed the production scale are the main manufacturers in Guangdong Guangdong Automobile Co., Ltd., Changsha Zoomlion Heavy Industry Technology Development in Co., Ltd., Shenyang North Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu Yangzhou Shengda Special Purpose Vehicle Co., Ltd 80 during the late 20th century, China began to clear up obstacles in the production of road cars. China's car industry to clear up obstacles in the road take a self-developed technology with the introduction of a combination of roads, closely follow the development of the world's roads to clear up obstacles in the direction of vehicles, technical basic with the world, but in product reliability and durability with the advanced world level a certain gap. Both the research and development, production technology and production capacity, Chinese enterprises can meet domestic market demand. The main features of performance in the following areas(1) the starting point of the high. The main roads to clear up obstacles in the domestic car manufacturers in product development to world-renowned modern brand-based products, analysis of the economy to absorb the international community to clear up obstacles in the path of developed countries, new types of vehicles, the new structure, new processes, new technologies and new materials, to enhance the cars to clear up obstacles in the way the starting point and level of technology;(2) the new configuration. Most manufacturers are now using the latest technological achievements, especially in the hydraulic, electrical, sensors, pneumatic and CNC components such as applications, direct introduction of the latest technology in these areas;(3) diversification. Manufacturers to meet the needs of the market, to clear up obstacles in the road cars of all types continue to emerge, so that species diversity as a vehicle to clear up obstacles in the path of an obvious feature of technology.(4) large-scale construction machinery manufacturing enterprises vehicles involved in the field of obstacles: internal, such as Zoomlion, Trinity Group Construction Machinery world-class large-scale manufacturing enterprises, with its powerful manufacturing capabilities, R the use of high-strength, lightweight new materials, to enhance road cars of the structural obstacles, the strength of the force incident to reduce the obstacles the road since the quality of vehicles; use hydraulic, electrical, pneumatic aspects of the latest achievements in technological innovation and to improve the function of vehicle to clear up obstacles in the road; the use of surface treatment and coating of new technologies, anti-corrosion rust-proof and beautifying the appearance.(4) multiple security. The use of sensor technology to automatically limit the overweight trucks to clear up obstacles in the road, ultra-distance and other illegal operations, ensure the safety of vehicles.(5) production lines. Product manufacturing process in the beginning of large-scale use of special equipment, road obstacles to achieve the assembly line production of vehicles, increase production and reduce costs.To clear up obstacles in the road car is a sunrise industry has just started, so long as the extension of the road in cars is increasing, we need to clear up obstacles in the path of more and more vehicles to ensure smooth flow of road. Function more or less the same, the same tonnage, quality is almost up obstacles in the path of cars, the price of foreign products is the product of 4 times. This shows up obstacles in the path of China's car market to the world's great competitive advantages, to clear up obstacles in the path of the world's largest producer of cars is no longer a distant dream at present, with the healthy development of the national economy, the continued expansion of domestic demand, China's special automobile market will also be made rapid development. The focus of the development of the next few years mainly concentrated in the urban construction, services and highway transportation. Specific to the model embodied in the following areas:1, Dump Truck 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計8With the country in recent years to expand domestic demand, a positive investment in infrastructure construction and the construction of large-scale projects, as well as the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 Shanghai World Expo, the dump of a large number of car demand growth, and large, heavy dump truck tonnage is the development direction of the proportion will further increase.2, traction motor vehicle As China's highways, the rapid growth of high-grade highways, highway, highway expansion brought about by the need to improve transport efficiency, which will lead the future of China's road model of large capacity will greatly increase the van semi-trailer , the corresponding demand for tractor semi-trailer will also be greatly increased, and high-pow direction. The co er,