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專題五　動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 真 題 試 做 (C)1.(xx宜賓中考改編)—I cant find Jimmy.Where is he? —He ______ in the garden at the moment. A.works B.will work C.is working D.was working (C)2.(xx安徽中考)The weatherman says a rain shower ______ this afternoon in the south. A.expects B.expected C.is expected D.was expected (B)3.(xx北京中考)Bill likes reading.He ______ picture books with his dad every evening. A.read B.reads C.is reading D.has read (A)4.(xx北京中考)—Paul, what were you doing at nine last night? —I ______ a movie in the cinema with my friends. A.was watching B.watch C.have watched D.will watch 考向歸結(jié) 通過以上四個(gè)題的觀察,并結(jié)合各地多年中考考點(diǎn)的設(shè)置,動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主要考查以下幾個(gè)方面：動(dòng)詞各種時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的用法、賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)和語序、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“have/has been (to),have/has gone (to)與have/has been (in)”的區(qū)別及用法；題型設(shè)置方面,主要趨向于單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空、綜合填空和寫作。 考 點(diǎn) 突 破 　動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用動(dòng)詞的原形表示,如果主語為第三人稱單數(shù),動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如： Tom often helps his parents to do housework on weekends.湯姆在周末經(jīng)常幫助父母做家務(wù)。 (2)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)變化規(guī)則 規(guī)則 示例 一般在動(dòng)詞后加s run—runs,talk—talks 以ch,sh,s,x結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,在詞尾加es teach—teaches,watch—watches 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先將y變i再加es study—studies,try—tries 　　(3)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 ①表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,也可表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),常與always,usually,often,sometimes,once a week,every day等頻度副詞或時(shí)間狀語連用。如： My father often goes to work by bus.我父親經(jīng)常乘坐公交車上班。 ②表示客觀真理或普遍事實(shí)。如： The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 The light travels faster than the sound.光的傳播速度比聲音快。 ③在時(shí)間狀語或條件狀語從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí)。如： If it rains tomorrow,we wont go fishing.如果明天下雨,我們將不去釣魚。 I will call you as soon as she es here.她一到這里,我就給你打電話。 ④在某些以here,there開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： Here es a bus.公交車來了。 2.一般過去時(shí) (1)一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般過去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示。如： Last week,I went shopping with my parents.上周我和我父母一起去購物。 (2)動(dòng)詞過去式的規(guī)則變化 規(guī)則 示例 在動(dòng)詞后面加ed work—worked,talk—talked 以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,在詞尾加d live—lived,move—moved 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先將y變i再加ed study—studied,try—tried 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞,雙寫該輔音字母后再加ed stop—stopped,shop—shopped drop—dropped,plan—planned 　　(3)動(dòng)詞過去式的不規(guī)則變化,請(qǐng)?jiān)斠娋拍昙?jí)教材不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表。 (4)一般過去時(shí)的用法 ①表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如： I ate an egg for breakfast this morning.今早早飯我吃了一個(gè)雞蛋。 ②表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： When I was five years old,I usually went to school by school bus.當(dāng)我五歲時(shí),我上學(xué)通常坐校車。 (5)常用的表示一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：last night,yesterday,last week,10 years ago,in xx,in the past,at that time,just now等。 3.一般將來時(shí) (1)表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),其構(gòu)成是“will＋動(dòng)詞原形”,常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語tomorrow,next week,in a few days,next Sunday,in＋一段時(shí)間(in 50 years),in 2050等連用。如： I will e back in two days.兩天之后我將回來。 (2)“be going to＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示計(jì)劃、打算做某事,表示已經(jīng)決定并很有可能發(fā)生的事。如： What are you going to do tomorrow？明天你準(zhǔn)備做什么？ (3)e,go,leave,start,stay,begin等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的詞常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)即“be doing”的形式表將來。如： We are leaving for Hong Kong.我們即將動(dòng)身去香港。 (4)“be about to＋動(dòng)詞原形”和“be to＋動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)表示即將發(fā)生的事。如： The train is about to leave.火車即將開了。 She is to be married next Saturday.她下周六將結(jié)婚。 (5)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來,通常與if,as soon as,until,when等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句連用。如： If it doesnt rain this afternoon,we will have a football match.如果今天下午不下雨,我們將進(jìn)行一場足球比賽。 4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“主語＋am/is/are＋v.ing”構(gòu)成。 否定句式：主語＋am/is/are＋not＋v.ing. 疑問句式：Am/Is/Are＋主語＋v.ing? 肯定回答：Yes,主語＋am/is/are. 否定回答：No,主語＋am/is/are＋not. (2)現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則 規(guī)則 示例 在動(dòng)詞后面加ing reading—reading,watch—watching 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,去e后加ing live—living,move—moving 少數(shù)幾個(gè)以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要變ie為y,再加ing lie—lying,die—dying,tie—tying 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞,雙寫該輔音字母后再加ing begin—beginning,sit—sitting shop—shopping,beg—begging 　　(3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 ①表示此時(shí)此刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： —What are you doing？你在干嘛？ —I am reciting the English passage.我正在背誦英語文章。 ②表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。如： They are studying hard for the final exam these days.這些天他們?cè)谂W(xué)習(xí)迎接期末考試。 ③e,go,leave,arrive,start等部分動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來。如： I am going to the Bamboo Sea tomorrow.明天我將去竹海。 (4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語標(biāo)志詞：now,these days,look,listen,有時(shí)也可通過語境來判斷。如： Look! The children are playing basketball on the playground.瞧！孩子們正在操場上打籃球。 Please be quiet! The little baby is sleeping.請(qǐng)安靜！那個(gè)嬰兒在睡覺。 5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 其構(gòu)成與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)相似,不同在be動(dòng)詞的使用上,即“was/were＋v.ing”。 (2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： —What were you doing at 7 oclock last night？昨晚7點(diǎn)你在干嘛？ —I was watching CCTV news.我那時(shí)在看中央電視臺(tái)新聞聯(lián)播。 (3)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語標(biāo)志詞：at that time,this time yesterday,at 7 oclock yesterday等。 6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：“主語＋have/has＋動(dòng)詞的過去分詞＋其他.” 否定句式：“主語＋have/has＋not＋動(dòng)詞的過去分詞＋其他.” 疑問句式：“ Have/Has＋主語＋動(dòng)詞的過去分詞＋其他？” 肯定回答：“Yes,主語＋have/has.” 否定回答：“No,主語＋have/has＋not.” (2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 ①表示過去發(fā)生的或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如： —Have you had your lunch? 你吃過午飯了嗎？ —Yes,I have.Ive just had it. 是的,我剛吃過。(說明現(xiàn)在飽了。) ②表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還將持續(xù)下去,常與“for＋一段時(shí)間、since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)”連用,但此時(shí)的動(dòng)詞必須為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如： My parents have been married for 30 years.＝ My parents have been married since 30 years ago.我父母已經(jīng)結(jié)婚30年了。 改錯(cuò)1: Ive left this school for nine years. left→been__away__from__ 改錯(cuò)2: He has borrowed my dictionary for two weeks. borrowed→kept 由此可見,與一段時(shí)間連用的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),其動(dòng)詞必須為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。那么此時(shí),非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該怎么轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞呢？ 方法一：找與該動(dòng)詞意思一致的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或用 “be＋形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來替換。如： 改錯(cuò)1: I have bought this bike for 3 years. bought→had 改錯(cuò)2：Cathys dog has died for 5 years. died→been__dead 附表格： 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 buy have borrow keep open be open close be closed begin/start be on finish be over die be dead catch a cold have a cold wake up be awake fall asleep be asleep join be in leave be away 　　方法二：句式重置,即用句型“It is/has been＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句(從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過去式)”。如： The old man has been dead for 2 years.＝It is 2 years since the old man died.老人已死了兩年了。 (3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語標(biāo)志詞：already,yet,so far,in the past few years,ever,never,for＋一段時(shí)間,since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)等。 (4)have been to,have gone to和have been in三者的區(qū)別 have been to表示“過去曾去過某個(gè)地方”,說話時(shí)已經(jīng)回來。如： —Have you ever been__to Cuiping Mountain？你曾經(jīng)去過翠屏山嗎？ —Yes,I have.是的,去過。 have gone to表示“已經(jīng)去了某地”,說話時(shí)不在說話地點(diǎn),或在去該地的途中,或已到了該地。如： —Where is Jack？杰克在哪兒？ —He has gone__to Shanghai with his family.他和他的家人已經(jīng)去上海了。 have been in表示“已經(jīng)在某地待了多久”,當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)為副詞時(shí)不用介詞in。如： —How long have you been__in Yibin？你在宜賓待了多久？ —I have been__here for a week.我已經(jīng)在這兒待了一個(gè)星期了。 7.過去完成時(shí)(*作了解*) (1)過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had(用于各種人稱和數(shù))＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 (2)過去完成時(shí)的用法 過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一段時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間為“過去的過去”。表示過去某一時(shí)間可用by,before等構(gòu)成的短語,也可以用when,before等引導(dǎo)的從句,或通過上下文語境。如： By the time I got to the bus stop,the bus had left.當(dāng)我到車站時(shí),公交車已經(jīng)離開了。 When I got to school,I realized that I had left my backpack at home.當(dāng)我到達(dá)學(xué)校時(shí),我才意識(shí)到我把書包落在家了。 　動(dòng)詞的語態(tài) 1.主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的含義 英語有兩種語態(tài),即主動(dòng)語態(tài)(Active Voice)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(Passive Voice)。 (1)主動(dòng)語態(tài)的含義 當(dāng)主語為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),謂語的形式為主動(dòng)語態(tài)。如： Many people speak English.(主動(dòng)語態(tài),句子的主語many people是動(dòng)作speak的執(zhí)行者) (2)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的含義 當(dāng)主語為動(dòng)作的承受者,謂語要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。同時(shí),只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài),不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但不及物動(dòng)詞后跟介詞時(shí)可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài),這時(shí)介詞一定不能忘。如： English is spoken by many people.(被動(dòng)語態(tài),句子的主語English是動(dòng)作speak的承受者) (3)主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)間的關(guān)系 兩個(gè)語態(tài)間是可以進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換的,分兩類： ①主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)：首先將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語作為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語；其次確定被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài),從而確定謂語部分的形式；最后,變主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語為被動(dòng)語態(tài)介詞by后的賓語,注意主格和賓格之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。 ②被動(dòng)語態(tài)變主動(dòng)語態(tài)：首先將被動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓格作為主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語,注意賓格和主格間的轉(zhuǎn)換；其次,確定主動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)即謂語動(dòng)詞的形式；最后,變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語為主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語,同時(shí)也要注意賓格的形式。 接下來我們通過一個(gè)例子來說明： 貝爾于1876年發(fā)明了電話。 2.常見時(shí)態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、數(shù)的變化。 (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：am/is/are＋過去分詞。如： Tea is grown in Southeast China.茶葉種在中國東南部。 (2)一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was/were＋過去分詞。如： Many flowers were planted by us in our school last year.去年我們?cè)趯W(xué)校種了許多花。 (3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：am/is/are＋being＋過去分詞。如： More and more bridges are being built by the government in Yibin.宜賓政府正在修建更多的橋。 (4)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was/were＋being＋過去分詞。如： Wuliangye Airport was being built at this time last year.去年此時(shí)正在修建五糧液機(jī)場。 (5)一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：will/shall be＋過去分詞或be going to be＋過去分詞。如： The sports meeting will be held next Tuesday.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將于下周二舉行。 (6)過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：should/would be＋過去分詞。如： Li Lei told me that the sports meeting would be held next Tuesday.李雷告訴我下個(gè)星期二舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。 (7)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：have/has＋been＋過去分詞。如： The homework has been finished on time.家庭作業(yè)已經(jīng)按時(shí)完成。 (8)過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：had＋been＋過去分詞。如： John told his mother that his homework had been finished on time.約翰告訴他母親他的家庭作業(yè)已經(jīng)按時(shí)完成了。 (9)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過去分詞。如： The work can be finished in a week.這項(xiàng)工作可以在一周內(nèi)完成。 3.感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) (1)主動(dòng)句中感官動(dòng)詞see,hear,feel,watch,notice以及使役動(dòng)詞make,let,have等后跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中需要加上不定式符號(hào)to。如： I often hear her sing.→被動(dòng)語態(tài)： She is often heard to sing.我經(jīng)常聽到她唱歌。 My mother usually makes me wash the dishes on weekends.→被動(dòng)語態(tài)：I am usually made to wash the dishes by my mother on weekends.在周末我媽媽經(jīng)常讓我洗碗。 (2)固定短語在構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式時(shí),后面的介詞或副詞要保留。如： You should take good care of your books.→被動(dòng)語態(tài)：Your books should be taken good care of.你應(yīng)該好好愛護(hù)你的書。 4.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 英語中有一些動(dòng)詞作謂語時(shí),形式是主動(dòng)的,但是表示被動(dòng)的意義,通常有以下幾種情況： (1)轉(zhuǎn)化為系動(dòng)詞的感官動(dòng)詞：look,sound,feel,taste,smell等主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。如： The cloth feels very soft.這塊布料摸起來很軟。 (2)由少數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的不及物動(dòng)詞：sell,clean,wash,cut,drive,wear,write等,它們的主語為物,可用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義來描述主語的特征。如： The pen writes well.這筆好寫。 (3)在be worth doing,need doing,require doing中,主語是物,doing表被動(dòng)意義。如： The movie called Dangal is well worth watching.《摔跤吧！爸爸》這部電影很值得觀看。 The classroom is very dirty.It needs cleaning.＝The classroom is very dirty.It needs to be cleaned.教室很臟。它應(yīng)該被打掃了。 小 試 牛 刀 (D)1.(xx北京中考)A new international airport______ in the city next year. Apletes B.is pleted C.will plete D.will be pleted (D)2.(xx定西中考)She ______ an English magazine when I came in. A.reads B.has read C.will read D.was reading (C)3.(xx北部灣中考)—Is this your camera? —Yes, I ______ it for two weeks. A.bought B.had C.have had D.have bought (C)4.(xx玉林中考)—What do you know about the xx Russia FIFA World Cup? —Oh, I only know that the last game ______ on July 15. A.was played B.is played C.will be played D.will play (C)5.(xx黔東南中考)Mary ______ a math problem with her classmates when the math teacher knocked at the classroom door. A.has discussed B.was discussed C.was discussing D.discusses (B)6.(xx河北中考)Look at the picture.The top five TV plays ______ in it. A. list B.are listed C.will list D.will be listed (D)7.(xx宜昌中考)—______ you ______ the Chinese Culture Festival in the Central Square? —Yes.It was really a great success. A.Are；attending B.Will；attend C.Do；attend D.Did；attend (B)8.(xx吉林中考改編)While Alan was writing a letter, the children ______ outside. A.play B.were playing C.will play D.are playing (C)9.(xx吉林中考改編)The school music festival ______ next Monday. A.was held B.held C.will be held D.hold (A)10.(xx臨沂中考)They ______ about a edy at this time yesterday. A.were talking B.are talking C.have talked D.will talk