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Unit1Talesoftheunexplained Presentperfecttense Presentprefectcontinuoustense Grammarandusage Lookatthefollowingsentencesandtrytoexplainwhythetenseisusedinthesesentences 1 WehavestudiedEnglishforaboutfiveyears 2 Theyhavelivedtheresince1990 3 Shehasn tfinishedherhomeworkyet 4 Erichasjustcomeback 5 Howlonghaveyoubeenhere 1 Theformofthepresentperfecttense Weformthepresentperfecttensewithhave hasandthepastparticipleoftheverb have has 過去分詞 Justinhasdisappeared soKellyisverysad Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutthingsthathappenedintherecentpast butareconnectedtothepresent Note 2 Theusesofthepresentperfecttense IhavenotseenJustinsincelastFridaynight Wealsousethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthatstartedinthepastandisstillhappeningnow Note Ihaven tseenyouforages Hehasjustgoneout Ithasbeenverycoldlately Shehasalreadyfinishedherhomework Hehasn tseenhersincethemeeting Note Weusethepresentperfecttensewhentheexacttimeofanactionisnotclearorimportant Weuseitwithtimeexpressionssuchas alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyet Weusealreadyforaffirmativestatements yetfornegativestatements Weusefor aperiodoftime since apointintime Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutactionsthatwerecompletedonlyashorttimeago Hehasjustgoneout Hewentoutafewminutesago Ihavejustheardthenews NowIknowthenews Note Wecanalsousethepresentperfecttenseforrepeatedactions thatis weusethepresentperfecttensewiththetimeexpressionsonce twice threetimes e g TheysaythattheyhavebeentoAmericamanytimes Note Lookatthesentencesandfindthedifference Tomhasrungupthreetimesthismorning Nowitisstillinthemorning Tomrangupthreetimesthismorning Nowitisnotstillinthemorning Actionsoccurringinanincompleteperiodmightbeindicatedbytodayorthismorning afternoon evening week month year centuryorallday night week allthetime alwaysetc Note Pointoutwhattenseortensesareusedinthesentencesandthereasonswhytheyareused 1 WehavestudiedEnglishforaboutfiveyears Webegantostudyitfiveyearsago 2 Theymovedtothesouthin1990andhavelivedtheresincethen 3 Ericlefthomelastyearandhasjustcomeback 4 Theyboughtthishousethreeyearsagoandtheyhavelivedheresincethen 5 Mybrotherwenttoseemygrandpalastweek Hehasvisitedhimthreetimesthismonth 1 you mypen Yes I itonyourdeskjustnow see 2 you dinner Yes I itwithMary have 3 thepostman yetthismorning thepostman thismorning come Have Have had Did Have Completethesentences seen come come had saw Thepresentperfecttenseisnormallyusedforanactionwhichlaststhroughoutanincompleteperiod butwiththepastsimpletense weusetimeexpressionswhichafixedpointinthepast Note Billhassmokedsinceheleftschool Hestillsmokes Billsmokedforsixmonths Itmeansthathestoppedsmokingthen Sometimes however thepresentperfecttenseusedfortheactionfinishesatthetimeofspeaking e g Ithasbeenverycoldlatelybutit sjustbeginningtogetwarmer Onmeetingsomeone youmaysay Ihaven tseenyouforages ButIseeyounow Note Note Thepresentperfecttenseusedforapastactionwhosetimeisnotdefiniteandoftenhasaresultinthepresent Tomhashadabadcarcrash He sprobablystillinhospitalnow Tomhadabadcarcrash Heisprobablyoutofhospitalnow Youarewritingaboutafriend stravelsinyourdiary Completeyourdiaryentryusingthecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Answersforthediary saw hasvisited loves hasn tvisited hasseen hasnevermet hastravelled hasfound hasn tfound Has been Lookatthesentences Sorry Haveyoubeenwaitinglong Ihavebeenwaitingforanhour Past Onehourago Present waiting arrive 1 Theformofthepresentperfectcontinuoustense Weformthepresentperfectcontinuoustensewithhave hasbeenandthepresentparticipleoftheverb have has been doing 2 Theusesofthepresentperfectcontinuoustense Wesometimesusethepresentperfectcontinuoustensetotalkaboutactionsthatstartedinthepastandarestillcontinuing orhavejustfinishedbutarestillconnectedtothepresentinsomeway AnswersofDrFrank swebsite 2 3 4 5 6 havebeentalking havebeentalking havebeenstudying haveseen havebeenwriting ThisisthewebsiteofDrFrank Fillinthemissingwords usingthecorrecttense Presentperfectorpresentperfectcontinuoustense Sheisstillreadingthebook LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge Shefinishedreadingthebook Sheknowsthecontentofthebooknow Note Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutanactioncompletedintherecentpast andthepresentprefectcontinuoustenseforanactionthatstartedinthepastandisstillhappening IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths Note Thepresentperfectcontinuoustensecan tbeusedwithtimeexpressionssuchastwiceorhowmanytimes becauseinthistensetheactioniscontinuous notstoppedandstartedagain Wecanusethepresentperfecttenseforrepeatedactions andthepresentperfectcontinuoustensefornon stopactions Howmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelake Howlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake Note Weusuallyusethepresentperfecttensetoaskquestionsbeginningwithhowmany much andthepresentperfectcontinuoustensetoaskquestionsbeginningwithhowlong Astateverboranactionverb 1 Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears 2 IhavetakenphotosofUFOswiththiscamera 3 IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOswiththiscamera stateverb actionverb stateverb Anactionmeanssomethinghappeningorchanging Astatemeanssomethingstayingthesame Someexamplesofactionverbsaredo go andplay Someexamplesofstateverbsarelike knowandexist Note Wecanuseeitherastateverboranactionwiththepresentperfecttense butweusuallycanonlyuseanactionverbwiththepresentperfectcontinuoustense Astateverbdoesn tmeananaction soitcan tbeusedinacontinuoustense e g They vealwayshadabiggarden Howlonghaveyouknowneachother He sbeeninhospitalsincehisaccident I vealreadybeentoParis I venevervisitedParis Note Weusethepresentperfecttense notthepresentperfectcontinuoustense withthewordslikealways never yet alreadyandever HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish HowlonghaveyoulearntEnglish Ithasbeenrainingforalongtime Ithasrainedforalongtime Note Anactionwhichbeganinthepastandisstillcontinuingorhasonlyjustfinishedcan withcertainverbs beexpressedbyeitherthepresentperfectorpresentperfectcontinuous Verbswhichcanbeusedinthiswayincludeexpect hope learn lie live sleep sit study wait want snow etc Makeupdialogueswiththepresentperfecttenseandthepresentperfectcontinuoustense Practice Twofriendsarechatting Readtheirconversationandcircletherightwordstocompleteit AnswersofpartAonpage11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 heard beendoing beenresearching done started achieved read found started beendrawing beenmaking ThisisthecomicstripJohnsenttoMary Writeastorywiththecharactersinitbyansweringthefollowingquestions Useyourimaginationandbecreative 1 Wheredoyouthinktheboyhasbeenwaiting 2 Whathavethealiensbeentravellingby Whatdoesitlooklike Hehasbeenwaitingatabusstopinacity TheyhavebeentravellinginaUFO Itlookslikeasaucer 3 Whoelsehavethealienstalkedto 4 Whatotherplanetshavethealiensvisited TheyprobablyhavetalkedtoanimalsorplantsonEarthaswellascreaturesonotherplants TheyhavevisitedMars Venus Jupiterandsomeotherplanets I msorry butIdon tquitefollowyou DidyousayyouwanttoreturnonSeptember20 Sorry I myselfclear WewanttoreturnonOctober20 A hadn tmadeB wouldn tmakeC don tmakeD haven tmade Exercises 2 EveryyearafloodoffarmersarriveinShenzhenforthemoney makingjobsthey beforeleavingtheirhometowns A promisedB werepromisedC havepromisedD havebeenpromised 3 Motherwantedtobeagoodprovider aroleshe sincehermarriagetofather A shouldersB shoulderedC isshoulderingD hasbeenshouldering 4 Thebookhasbeentranslatedintothirtylanguagesinceit onthemarketin1973 A hadcomeB hascomeC cameD comes 5 I mtiredout I allafternoonandIdon tseemtohavefinishedanything A shoppedB haveshoppedC hadshoppedD havebeenshopping 1 FinishPartC1andC2onpage88inWorkbook 2 ReviewTaskpart Homework