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Unit3Lookinggood feelinggood Non restrictiveattributiveclauses Questiontags Grammarandusage 1 定語從句 attributiveclauses 通常由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出 常見的關(guān)系代詞有 which 指物 that 既可指人又可指物 who 指人 在定語從句中作主語或賓語 whom 指人 在定語從句中作賓語 whose 指人或物 作定語 等 關(guān)系副詞有 when 指時(shí)間 where 指地點(diǎn) why 指原因 等 2 定語從句分為限制性定語從句 restrictive 和非限制性定語從句 non restrictive 兩種 限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞 與先行詞之間一般不加逗號 非限制性定語從句與主句之間通常用逗號分開 1 Mymother whoyoumetlastyear keepstellingmenottotakethembecausetheyaredangerous 2 I mtakingweight losspillscalledFat Less whicharequitepopularamongyoungwomenhere Non restrictiveattributiveclauses 3 Mymotherinsistedonsendingmetothehospital whereIreceivedgoodmedicaltreatment 4 It sthesameinChina manypeople someofwhomarenotoverweightatall arealwaysgoingondietortakingweight losspills whichareoftendangerous Differencesbetweentherestrictiveandnon restrictiveattributiveclauses Discussion Lookatthefollowingexamplesandtellthedifferencesbetweenthesentences 1 Hisfather whoworksinBeijing camebackyesterday 2 Shanghai whichisinEastChina isdevelopingrapidly Example1 Conclusion1 當(dāng)先行詞是地名 人名 世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時(shí) 通常只用非限制性定語從句修飾 1 Ihaveasisterwho thatworksinahospital 我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐 2 Ihaveasister whoworksinahospital 我有一位姐姐 她在醫(yī)院工作 Example2 不只一位姐姐 只有一位姐姐 3 Themagazinesherewhich thathavenicepicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim 里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的 4 Themagazineshere whichhavenicepicturesinthem werewrittenbyhim 所有的雜志都是他寫的 里面都有漂亮的圖畫 雜志有兩類 雜志只有一類 Conclusion2 1 限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切 是先行詞不可缺少的部分 如果去掉它 主句意思往往不明確 2 非限制性定語從句是對先行詞的補(bǔ)充或說明 去掉它也不會(huì)影響主句的意思 Thisisthehouse which that weboughtlastmonth 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子 2 Thehouse whichweboughtlastmonth isverynice 這房子很漂亮 是我們上個(gè)月買的 Example3 限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句 3 HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant whichgreatlyupsetsme 他似乎沒領(lǐng)會(huì)我的意思 這使我心煩 非限制性定語從句 Conclusion3 1 限制性定語從句可以由關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo) 關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)可以省略 2 非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞 又可修飾整個(gè)主句 不可用that引導(dǎo)且關(guān)系代詞不可以省略 1 Thefamousbasketballstar comesfromAmerica willvisitourschoolsoon 2 Inthosedays sheusedtogotoMrblack with shehadawonderfultime 3 Iboughtacaryesterday costmealot which whom who 4 Xi an Ivisitedlastyear isaniceoldcity 5 HewillcometoseemenextJuly hewon tbesobusy 6 Theschool Ioncestudied wasbuiltthirtyyearsago which where when 7 Johnsaidhe dbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour wastrue 8 weallknow heisgoodatEnglish As which 非限制性定語從句考點(diǎn)歸納 as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 代替整個(gè)主句 1 Aseveryoneknows Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory 眾所周知 中國是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國家 Example 2 Sheisateacher asisclearfromhermanner 她是個(gè)教師 這一點(diǎn)從她的舉止可以清楚地看出 3 Hemissedtheshow whichwasreallyagreatpity 他錯(cuò)過了演出 這真是很大的遺憾 Conclusion 1 as和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí) as和which可代替整個(gè)主句 相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat 這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都可指代主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思 且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語 2 as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的不同之處在于 1 as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首 而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不可放在句首 2 as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí) 從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞 若從句中的謂語為行為動(dòng)詞 則從句的關(guān)系代詞只能用which 另外 as引導(dǎo)非限制性從句 常帶有 正如 的意思 Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss cameasasurprise 2 Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood wasmorethanwecouldexpect 3 isexpected theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch As which which 4 Itrainedhardyesterday preventedmefromgoingtothepark 5 wecansee thesmokecamefromthelittledustbin which As II all some of whom which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 Example Hehastoldusmanystories allofwhichareaboutthefamousLongMatch 2 ThestudentsofClass1 someofwhomcamefromJapan wentcampingyesterday Conclusion 在非限制性定語從句中 一些表達(dá)數(shù)量或定位的數(shù)詞或代詞如all some one both neither none any either any等可與of構(gòu)成介詞詞組修飾限制先行詞 此時(shí)先行詞在其后的定語從句中作介詞的賓語 關(guān)系代詞不可用that 如先行詞指人則用whom 如先行詞指物則用which引導(dǎo)從句 1 Manystudentsinthisschool someofwhicharenotoverweight aregoingondiets 2 Thereare54studentsinmyclassandtenofwhomcomefromUS whom Correction them 3 Halfamillionpairsofshoesareproducedbytheworkershereeveryyear 80 ofwhomaresoldabroad 4 Ihavemanyfriendsinthistown someofwhicharebusinessman 5 Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises allofthemarequitehelpfultomyhealth which which或all前加and whom Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers ofcourse madetheothersenvyhim A whoB thatC whatD which Practicetime 2 TheEnglishplay mystudentsactedattheNewYear sparty wasagreatsuccess A forwhichB atwhichC inwhichD onwhich 3 Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers shehadwipedherhands A whereB whichC whenD that4 Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthatschool Itisnolongerwhatitwas20yearsago itwassopoorlyequipped A whenB whichC whatD that 5 TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings isoftenthecaseinothercountries A itB thatC asD so Joineachpairofsentencestofromonesentence usingoneofthemasanon restrictiveattributiveclausewithwho whom whose which whereorwhen Amyisanactress SheisZhouLing sfriend Amy whoisZhouLing sfriend isanactress 2 ThedoctorsatthehospitaltriedtheirbesttosaveAmy Amyspendabouttwomonthsinthathospital 3 Amyeatslotsoffruitandvegetables Allofthemaregoodforherhealth Thedoctorsatthehospital whereAmyspentabouttwomonths triedtheirbesttosaveAmy 4 Amysometimesgoesforawalkintheafternoon Itisfineandwarmintheafternoon Amyeatslotsoffruitandvegetables allofwhicharegoodforherhealth Amysometimesgoesforawalkintheafternoon whenitisfineandwarm 5 MyuncleisanengineerandisworkinginBeijing Itoldyouabouthimyesterday 6 MikehasdecidedtovisittheGreatWallnextmonth Hishobbyistravelling Myuncle whomItoldyouaboutyesterday isanengineerandisworkinginBeijing Mike whosehobbyistravelling hasdecidedtovisittheGreatWallnextmonth AnswerstoPartB 1 who 2 where 3 which 4 which 5 which 6 which 7 whose 8 when 9 who 10 who Questiontags 1 Whatarequestiontags Questiontagsareshortquestionsthatcomeattheendofstatements Discussion 2 Whatarequestiontagsusedfor Questiontagsareusedforagreementorconfirmation 3 Lookatthefollowingexamplesandtellinwhatdifferentsituationsthequestiontagsareused Example1 It salovelyday isn tit Situation1 tostartaconversationinspokenEnglishExample2 Neitherofyouhasheardthenews haveyou Situation2 toaskforinformationinapoliteway Example3 Passtheknifeonthetabletome willyou Situation3 toasksomeonepolitelytodosomething Situation4 1 toaskforagreement usingafallingtone Thespeakerissureaboutwhatissaid 2 toaskforconfirmation usingarisingtone Thespeakerisnotsureaboutwhatissaid Example4 1 You reahighschoolstudent aren tyou 2 You reahighschoolstudent aren tyou 1 Lookinggoodisimportanttowomen isn tit Iwaslucky wasn tI Weshouldn tbeashamedofthewaywelook shouldwe Examples Allthequestiontagsaboveareusedtoaskforagreementbythewriterandtheyshouldbereadinafallingtone Conclusion Rules 陳述部分帶有seldom hardly never neither none nobody nothing few little等否定詞時(shí) 疑問部分應(yīng)用肯定 如果陳述部分的否定詞僅帶否定前綴或后綴 那么 陳述部分做肯定句處理 疑問部分仍用否定形式 e g Hewasunsuccessful 當(dāng)陳述部分是以there開頭時(shí) 疑問部分主語也用there e g Thereisnohelpforit Thereissomethingwrong wasn the isthere isn tthere 如果陳述部分是Iam的結(jié)構(gòu) 疑問部分用aren tI e g Iamlate 如果陳述部分是一個(gè)帶有that分句作賓語的主從結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí) 疑問部分一般應(yīng)與主句的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系 aren tI e g ShesaysthatIdidit 注意 當(dāng)陳述部分的主句是Isuppose Ithink Ibelieve等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí) 疑問部分則往往與that分句中的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系 但要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 e g Isupposedthatheisserious Idon tthinkthatsheworkshard doesn tshe isn the doesshe 陳述部分含有oughtto時(shí) 疑問部分可以用ought形式 也可用should形式 e g Thechildoughttobepunished Weoughttogothere 陳述部分有usedto時(shí) 疑問部分可用used形式 也可用did形式 e g Heusedtosmokefivecigarettesaday oughtn the shouldn twe didn t usedn the 陳述部分有hadbetter wouldrather wouldlike時(shí) 疑問部分要注意區(qū)別簡略形式 e g You dbettergonow You drathergothereearly He dliketogo hadn tyou wouldn the wouldn tyou 陳述句中must后動(dòng)詞的類屬與時(shí)態(tài)不同 反意疑問句也不同 1 must表 必須 必要 時(shí) 疑問部分用mustn t或needn t e g Youmustworkhardnextterm Youmustgohomerightnow mustn tyou needn tyou 2 mustn t表 禁止 疑問部分用must e g Youmustn twalkongrass 3 must表推測時(shí) 疑問部分不用must 而要把陳述部分改寫 如 e g Hemustbeverytired I msureheisverytired mustyou isn the Hemusthavewaitedforalongtime I msurehehaswaitedforalongtime Youmusthaveseentheplaylastweek I msureyousawtheplaylastweek hasn the didn tyou 陳述部分中有have時(shí)1 have意為 有 時(shí) 可以有兩種形式 e g Hedoesn thaveanysisters Hehasn tanysisters YouhaveaRolls Royce hashe doeshe haven t don tyou 2 have意為 吃 經(jīng)歷 遭受 得到 等其它含義時(shí) 疑問部分只用do的適當(dāng)形式 e g Youallhadagoodtime Heoftenhascolds 3 當(dāng)含有haveto hadto時(shí) 疑問部分用do的適當(dāng)形式 e g Theyhadtotaketheearlytrain didn tyou doesn the didn tthey 當(dāng)陳述部分主語為this that everything anything something nothing等時(shí) 反意疑問句的主語用it e g Everythingisallright Nothingcanstopusnow isn tit canit 當(dāng)陳述部分中主語為anybody anyone everybody everyone somebody someone nobody noone those these反意疑問句中主語用they e g Everyoneknowstheanswer don tthey 在祈使句中1 肯定與否定的祈使句中 疑問部分都用willyou e g Don tmovethechair 2 以let s開頭的祈使句 疑問句部分用shallwe 3 以letus開頭的祈使句 疑問句部分用willyou willyou 感嘆句的反意疑問句一律用否定式 疑問部分人稱代詞與陳述部分一致 e g Whatalovelyday 陳述句的主語是不定式 動(dòng)名詞或詞組時(shí) 反意疑問句的主語應(yīng)為it e g Doingmorningexerciseshashelpedtoimproveherhealth isn tit hasn tit 想喝 Yes wewill 不想喝 No wewon t 他能 他不能 Yes hecan No hecan t 反意疑問句的回答方式與一般疑問句一樣 肯定回答用yes 否定回答用no e g Neitherofuswillhavecoffee willyou Hisfathercan tnametheplant canhe Sarahhadherwashingmachinerepairedthedaybeforeyesterday she A hadB didC hadn tD didn t 解析 肯定性陳述句中的had是表示 讓 的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 其反義疑問句應(yīng)用didn t的形式 2 I msureyou drathershewenttoschoolbybus A hadn tyouB wouldn tyouC aren tyouD didn tshe 解析 I msure屬于第一人稱所持某種見解的結(jié)構(gòu) 應(yīng)根據(jù)其后的賓語從句確定反義疑問句的形式 3 Whenyou vefinishedwiththatbook don tforgettoputitbackontheshelf A doyouB don tyouC willyouD won tyou 解析 題干中主句為否定祈使句 只能用willyou引導(dǎo)反義疑問句 1 Gooverthequestiontags 2 FinishPartAandBonP51inyourtextbookaswellasPartC1 C2onP104inyourworkbook 3 PreviewTask Homework