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附錄1：外文翻譯 PET包裝瓶自動(dòng)瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與研究瓶蓋螺旋機(jī) 作者：窗體頂端 作者：?？ɡ? 克里希南.蘇雷斯 機(jī)械工程系，威斯康辛大學(xué)，麥迪遜分校 關(guān)鍵詞：瓶蓋螺旋機(jī); 瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu); ADAMS; 最佳設(shè)計(jì) 摘要 為了提高PET包裝瓶自動(dòng)封蓋機(jī)的效率，獲得更好的可用性，滿足工業(yè)化要求，設(shè)計(jì)了一種瓶蓋螺旋機(jī)的瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)。 分析了該機(jī)制的結(jié)構(gòu)，工作原理和工作過程。 在ADAMS軟件的幫助下建立了瓶蓋分揀機(jī)的虛擬機(jī)型。 完成了頂蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)瓶蓋運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)態(tài)模擬與分析，對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)性能影響因素進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化分析。 通過使用ANSYS軟件分析瓶蓋表面磨損獲得優(yōu)化結(jié)果，為螺旋機(jī)的改進(jìn)和優(yōu)化提供理論依據(jù)。 前言 瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)是自動(dòng)封蓋機(jī)的重要組成部分，為封蓋機(jī)的封蓋提供了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的準(zhǔn)確定位的瓶蓋子流。 結(jié)構(gòu)性能直接影響機(jī)器的生產(chǎn)效率，可靠性和生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量。 目前，包裝機(jī)械在自動(dòng)化，高速，高可靠性方面發(fā)展。 鑒于目前PET包裝瓶蓋機(jī)生產(chǎn)能力較差，海外進(jìn)口設(shè)備價(jià)格昂貴的現(xiàn)狀，已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)了一種滿足國內(nèi)外中小企業(yè)需求的封蓋機(jī)。 因此，為了滿足封蓋機(jī)生產(chǎn)線的12000瓶/小時(shí)的生產(chǎn)能力，必須提高機(jī)械效率。 市場需求 可持續(xù)的上限也必須滿足消費(fèi)者的需要,以便使其成為成功的封閉解決辦法以及優(yōu)先級(jí)之一。 專家們說,從消費(fèi)者的清單很容易獲得他們的飲料。 隨著人口老齡化,消費(fèi)者 “尋找更容易去除的瓶蓋”。位于德克薩斯州卡羅敦的世界瓶裝瓶蓋有限公司總裁兼首席執(zhí)行官安倍說,公司的瓶蓋證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。封閉解決方案包括一個(gè)圈形的東西,消費(fèi)者從一個(gè)玻璃瓶或鋁合金完全釋放瓶蓋。我們來提供一種更簡單的扭轉(zhuǎn)瓶蓋的選擇. 這種關(guān)閉選項(xiàng)也有助于初學(xué)者理解,要實(shí)現(xiàn)整體的整體可持續(xù)性?！爱?dāng)一個(gè)扭曲玻璃瓶產(chǎn)生時(shí),它的故障率大大高于撬開玻璃瓶所產(chǎn)生的故障”，他解釋說。"這是由于瓶子頂部扭轉(zhuǎn)的位置相對(duì)較厚的撬開瓶.扭曲瓶子影響整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈. " 當(dāng)飲料制造商選擇使用帶有扭曲瓶蓋的瓶子,他指出,經(jīng)常需要使用額外的瓶子來代替缺陷的瓶子,這增加了公司的運(yùn)輸和包裝成本和氣體排放。在選擇輕松去蓋的飲料制造商仍然可以使用起子撬開玻璃瓶,但消費(fèi)者不需要使用瓶子取出牙冠,他說。北美還創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)易于開放的扭轉(zhuǎn)扭曲,結(jié)合一個(gè)塑料溶膠金屬圓盤和塑料帶。她說,由于關(guān)閉線和集裝箱完成之間的摩擦減少,消除扭矩將打開,使老年人和兒童更容易打開。食物飲料通過一些步驟簡化了塑料帽打開過程。例如,雖然許多熱灌裝飲料包括在容器開口和瓶蓋下面,食品飲料的供應(yīng)商者甘說?！跋撕⒆釉谙M(fèi)前需要斗爭的需要,”他說。類似地,雖然許多推拉式的運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)閉包括一個(gè)關(guān)瓶 ,要求用戶用他們的牙齒或手打開推拉瓶蓋，簡化了這個(gè)程序和翻轉(zhuǎn)頂運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)閉。這些蓋子沒有一個(gè)冠蓋,而是一個(gè)鉸鏈蓋子,消費(fèi)者打開進(jìn)入噴嘴。因?yàn)閲娮觳皇峭崎_,消費(fèi)者可以在打開翻轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)立即喝飲料. “今天的消費(fèi)者不斷變化，正在尋找合適包裝,為他們增加方便,”甘說。"無論什么容器,這些消費(fèi)者被吸引到為他們的消費(fèi)習(xí)慣提供價(jià)值. " 瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)分析 結(jié)構(gòu)體 瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)主要由傾斜料斗，分揀環(huán)，轉(zhuǎn)盤，隔離套，分揀擋板，底板，齒輪電機(jī)等組成。 結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。 分揀環(huán)和轉(zhuǎn)盤之間有四個(gè)隔離套，分揀環(huán)使用螺絲連接到板上，可以通過更換間隔套來調(diào)整分揀環(huán)和轉(zhuǎn)盤之間的準(zhǔn)確距離，以適應(yīng)到瓶蓋的大小的不同高度，如圖2所示。 窗體底端 窗體頂端 工作原理 當(dāng)工作時(shí)，分揀環(huán)和傾斜的轉(zhuǎn)盤由齒輪電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，PET包裝瓶瓶蓋被輸送到料斗并落入分揀環(huán)和轉(zhuǎn)盤，然后與轉(zhuǎn)盤一起移動(dòng)。 正確定位的瓶蓋可以 穿過間隙并滑入蓋槽; 由于重力，離心力和摩擦力的綜合影響，不正確定位的瓶蓋被分揀環(huán)的環(huán)形舌片阻擋，其不能通過間隙并在料斗的頂部移動(dòng)，從而被吹回到轉(zhuǎn)板，再次選擇這些上限以完成排序上限的過程。 機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)分析 板的直徑與機(jī)構(gòu)的容量成正比，板的速度是影響機(jī)構(gòu)性能的重要參數(shù)。速度越大，機(jī)構(gòu)的生產(chǎn)能力越大。如果速度太高，則包裝瓶蓋的離心力也較大，瓶蓋之間的碰撞也會(huì)增加，這可能導(dǎo)致瓶蓋變形或扭轉(zhuǎn)。除此之外，還會(huì)影響上限分揀機(jī)的效率。動(dòng)態(tài)模擬并且必須對(duì)瓶蓋分揀機(jī)中的瓶蓋運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行分析，以使性能在不同的速度下是最佳的，并且瓶蓋的磨損最小，以優(yōu)化瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)的性能。 必須確保不對(duì)位的瓶蓋能平穩(wěn)地倒入料斗，并使它們在轉(zhuǎn)向板上移動(dòng)，對(duì)位于分揀環(huán)和轉(zhuǎn)盤頂部的瓶蓋進(jìn)行受力分析。通過對(duì)瓶蓋的受力分析，車板轉(zhuǎn)速必須符合公式， 其中，α是機(jī)構(gòu)與水平面之間的角度; θ是分揀環(huán)的錐角; D是車削板的直徑; p是分揀瓶蓋的效率; w生產(chǎn)加蓋機(jī)功率; c是分揀環(huán)的錐形凸起的間距; μ是摩擦系數(shù)。 動(dòng)態(tài)模擬仿真與機(jī)制分析 3d建模軟件構(gòu)建了瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)的幾何模型。 根據(jù)模擬實(shí)際情況，簡化模型，消除與仿真結(jié)果無關(guān)的不相關(guān)部分。 保持加載到ADAMS的簡化模型，如圖3所示。 窗體底端 窗體頂端 完成準(zhǔn)備工作后，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)盤直徑為500mm時(shí)，將旋轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)添加到旋轉(zhuǎn)板，板的轉(zhuǎn)速必須滿足27.84r / min至42.19r / min。 分別添加31r / min，35r / min，38r / min，40r / min四個(gè)速度旋轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 設(shè)置仿真時(shí)間和步長進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)仿真，得到不同速度的瓶蓋重心加速度曲線，如圖4所示。 窗體底端 窗體頂端 從不同速度的瓶蓋重心加速度曲線可以看出瓶蓋的運(yùn)動(dòng)分揀機(jī)構(gòu)不規(guī)則，由于瓶蓋與機(jī)構(gòu)之間的接觸碰撞，加速度值波動(dòng)較大。速度越大，從機(jī)構(gòu)出來的時(shí)間也越短。質(zhì)心最大加速度呈現(xiàn)出運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中增加的趨勢。當(dāng)速度為40r / min時(shí)，從瓶蓋重心的最大加速度可以知道此時(shí)上限的力是5.2N;當(dāng)速度為38r / min時(shí)，瓶蓋上限的力為4.7N。當(dāng)蓋板從轉(zhuǎn)板出來時(shí)，加速度曲線平滑地變化，沒有碰撞，這符合瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)中的瓶蓋移動(dòng)規(guī)則。隨著轉(zhuǎn)速的增加，離心力和每個(gè)瓶蓋的應(yīng)力也將增加，在分揀瓶蓋的過程中也較大，以致使瓶蓋變形和磨損，甚至安全鏈接斷開。所以分析瓶蓋壓力是必要的。 窗體頂端 瓶蓋壓力分析 來自機(jī)器的分揀瓶蓋將因?yàn)榻佑|而變形和磨損碰撞。觸點(diǎn)由分隔圈和轉(zhuǎn)板形成，也是瓶蓋的相互接觸碰撞。 通過使用ANSYS軟件，根據(jù)動(dòng)態(tài)分析得到的瓶蓋的載荷條件，從頂蓋的應(yīng)力變形得到瓶蓋壓力分析。 根據(jù)實(shí)際情況確定上限有限元模型，選擇Soild45模塊，加載和約束，解決方案和一般后處理后，分別得到速度為38 r / min和40r / min時(shí)的瓶蓋應(yīng)力特征，如圖5所示。 窗體底端 窗體底端 通過對(duì)圖5中瓶蓋應(yīng)力變形特征的分析，當(dāng)施加5.2N負(fù)載時(shí)，最大應(yīng)力大于頂蓋屈服應(yīng)力22.8Mpa，此時(shí)蓋殼明顯屈服或斷裂; 當(dāng)施加4.7N的載荷時(shí)，最大的應(yīng)力小于瓶蓋的屈服應(yīng)力，變形在合理的范圍內(nèi)。 從上述分析，該蓋以40r / min的轉(zhuǎn)速具有最大的磨損。 選擇速度38r / min，以獲得最佳性能以及最佳的車削板的最適合的轉(zhuǎn)速，并且瓶蓋的磨損最小。 結(jié)論 本文設(shè)計(jì)了PET包裝瓶蓋螺旋機(jī)的一種封蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)。 通過動(dòng)態(tài)模擬和分析ADAMS封蓋機(jī)頂蓋運(yùn)動(dòng)，得到不同轉(zhuǎn)盤轉(zhuǎn)速下的瓶蓋應(yīng)力。 通過ANSYS對(duì)不同載荷下的蓋面應(yīng)力變形特征的分析，得出結(jié)論表明，機(jī)械性能最佳，而且在旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)瓶蓋磨損最小轉(zhuǎn)盤轉(zhuǎn)速為38r / min。 通過理論分析結(jié)果，可以提供一個(gè)螺旋機(jī)瓶蓋分揀機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的一些參考和理論依據(jù)。 31 附錄2：外文原文 Design and Research of Cap Sorter Mechanism of PET Bottle Automatic Cap Screwing Machine Sankara Hari Gopalakrishnan, Krishnan Suresh Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States Received 13 January 2006; accepted 30 September 2006 Keywords: Cap screwing machine; Cap sorter mechanism; ADAMS; Optimal design Abstract. To improve the efficiency of PET bottle automatic capping machine and obtain a better usability for meeting the requirement of industrialization, a kind of cap sorter mechanism of Cap Screwing machine has been designed. The structure, working principle and working process of the mechanism was analyzed. The virtual model machine of cap sorter mechanism was established with the help of ADAMS software. The dynamic simulation and analysis of cap movement in cap sorter mechanism has been done, and optimization analysis of the factors which affected performance of the mechanism was also done. The optimization result was obtained through analysis of cap surface wear by using ANSYS software, which can provide theoretic foundation for the improvement and optimization of cap screwing machine. Introduction Cap sorter mechanism is an important part of automatic capping machines, which provide a stable of the correctly positioned cap flow for the headset of capping machines. The performance directly affects the production efficiency, reliability and production of the machine. At present, packing machinery develops in the direction of the automation, high-speed and high reliability. In view of the present situation that the production capacity of domestic pet bottle capping machine is low and the overseas import equipment is expensive, a kind of capping machine has been designed to meet the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises at home and abroad. So the efficiency of the mechanism must be improved in order to meet the production capacity of 12000 bottles/hours for production line of the capping machine. What consumers want A sustainable cap also must meet the needs of consumers in order to make it a successful closure solution. As it turns out, one of the priorities on top of consumers’ lists is easy access to their beverages, according to experts. As the population ages, consumers look for caps that are easier to remove, says Abe Frishman, president and chief executive officer of World Bottling Cap LLC, Carrollton, Texas. The company’s Easy Pull Bottle Cap offers just that, he says. The closure solution includes a ring that consumers pull to fully release a bottle cap from a glass or aluminum bottle. This eliminates the need for a bottle opener and offers an easier alternative to twist-off caps, Frishman says. This closure option also contributes to overall package sustainability, Frishman says. “When a twist-off glass bottle is produced, it has a significantly higher defect rate versus pry-off glass bottles,” he explains. “This is due to the thinness of the top of the bottle where the twist-off threaders are located versus the thicker top of a pry-off bottle. This higher defective rate of twist-off bottles affects the whole supply chain.” As beverage-makers choose to use bottles with twist-off caps, they often have to use additional bottles to replace the defective ones, which adds to the company’s transportation and packaging costs and gas emissions, he notes. In choosing the Easy Pull Bottle Cap, beverage-makers can still use the pry-off glass bottles, but consumers do not need to use a bottle opener to remove the crowns, he says. Crown Closures North America also created an easy-open twist-off cap by incorporating a plastisol-lined metal disk with a plastic band, Heath explains. The plastic band requires less removal torque to open because of the decreased friction between the closure line and the container finish, making it easier for both seniors and children to open, she says. Aptar Food + Beverage simplified the plastic cap opening process by removing some steps. For example, while many hot-fill beverages include a liner over the container opening and underneath the cap, Aptar Food + Beverage’s Contender sports closure does not require a liner, Gras says. “[This] eliminates the need for a child to struggle removing the foil before consumption,” he says. Similarly, while many push-pull sports closures include an overcap and require users to open the push-pull cap with their teeth or hands, Aptar Food + Beverage simplified this procedure with its flip-top sports closures. These caps do not have an overcap but rather a hinged lid that consumers flip open to access the spout. Because the spout is not a push- pull cap, consumers can immediately drink the beverage upon opening the flip top. “Today’s consumer is constantly mobile and is searching for packaging that will provide them with added convenience,” Gras says. “No matter the container, these consumers are drawn toward closures that will provide value to their consumption habits.” Cap Sorter Mechanism-Structure Analysis Structure. The cap sorter mechanism mainly consist of the slanted hopper, sorting ring, turning plate, spacer sleeve, sorting baffle, bottom plate, gear motor and so on. The structure has been shown in Fig. 1. There are four spacer sleeves between the sorting ring and turning plate, and the sorting ring is connected to the plate using the screw, the exact distance between the sorting ring and turning plate can be adjusted through replacement of spacer sleeve in order to adapt to the different height of the size of caps, which is shown in Fig. 2 . Fig. 1 Structure of cap sorter mechanism Fig. 2 Structure of sorting ring and turning plate 37 26 Precision Engineering and Non-Traditional Machining Working principle. When it works, sorting ring and the slanted turning plate are driven by the gear motor, the caps are delivered to the hopper and fall in the gaps between sorting ring and turning plate, and then they move together with turning plate. The correctly positioned caps can pass through the gaps and slide into the cap chute; Incorrectly positioned caps are blocked by ring tongue of sorting ring which cant pass through the gaps and move in the top part of the hopper then blown back on to the turning plate because of the comprehensive effects of the Gravity, the centrifugal force and friction force. These caps are selected again to complete the process of sorting caps. The Performance Analysis for Mechanism The diameter of plate is in direct ratio with the capacity of the mechanism, the speed of plate is an important parameter that influence the performance of the mechanism. The greater the speed , the larger production capacity of the mechanism. If the speed is too high, the centrifugal force of cap is also larger, the collisions between the caps are also increasing, which may cause the cap deformed and weared out, besides, it will influence the efficiency of the cap sorter.So the dynamic simulation and analysis of cap movement in cap sorter must to be done to make the performance is best at different speed and cap wear is smallest in order to optimize the performance of the cap sorter mechanism. It must ensure that the incorrectly positioned caps can smoothly fall back into the hopper when they move in the turning plate, make the force analysis for the cap that located in the top of sorting ring and turning plate. Through the force analysis of the cap, the speed of turning plate must be meet the formula,  Where, α is the angle between mechanism and the horizontal plane; θ is the cone angle of the sorting ring; D is diameter of the turning plate; p is efficiency of sorting cap; w is production of capping machine; c is the pitch of conical convex of the sorting ring; is the Friction coefficient. Dynamic Simulation and Analysis of the mechanism The geometric model of the cap sorter mechanism was constructed by using the 3d modeling software. Simplify the model and remove irrelevant parts which have no relationship with the simulation results according to the actual situation of the simulation. Kept the simplified model loaded to ADAMS, as shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Simplified model of the cap sorter mechanism in ADAMS After complete the preparation work, adding rotational joint motion to Revolute when the diameter of turning plate is 500mm, the rotational speed of plate must meet the range from 27.84r/min to 42.19r/min. Adding 31r/min, 35r/min, 38r/min, 40r/min the four speed to the rotational joint motion. Set up the simulation time and step size and carry on the dynamic simulation, the cap centroid acceleration curve at different speed has been obtained that is shown in Fig. 4. Advanced Materials Research Vol. 411 27 a. speed 31r/min b. speed 35r/min c. speed 38r/min d. speed 40r/min Fig. 4 Cap centroid acceleration curve at different speed From the cap centroid acceleration curve at different speed we can see that the movement of cap in cap sorter mechanism is irregular, the value of acceleration has a great fluctuation because of the contact collision between caps and the mechanism. The greater the speed, the time that caps come out from the mechanism is also shorter. The centroid maximum acceleration presents the tendency of increase in the process of movement. When the speed is 40r/min, from the maximum acceleration of the cap centroid we can know the force of the cap at this time is 5.2N; when the speed is 38r/min, the force on the cap is 4.7N. When the cap comes out of the turning plate, the acceleration curve change smoothly as without the contact collision, which accords with movement rules of caps in cap sorter mechanism. With the increase of rotational speed, centrifugal force and the stress of each cap will also be larger in the process of sorting caps so as to cause the caps deformed and weared out, even security link broken. So the analysis of the single cap is necessary. Stress analysis of single cap The sorted caps from the machine will have the deformation and wear out because of the contact collision.The contact comes form the caps with the sorting ring and the turning plate, also the mutual contact collision of caps. The analysis for single cap was done by using ANSYS software according to the load conditions of caps which was got in dynamic analysis, from that the stress deformation of the cap was obtained. The finite element model of the cap was established according to the actual situation.Through selecting Soild45 modules, adding loads and constraints, after solution and general post-processing, the stress feature of caps was obtained when speed is 38 r/min and 40r/min respectively, which was shown in Fig. 5. 28 Precision Engineering and Non-Traditional Machining a. load 4.7N b. load 5.2N Fig. 5 Stress deformation feature of cap surface at different loads Through analysis of the stress deformation feature of cap surface in Fig.5 , when the load applied for 5.2 N, the greatest stress is 22.8 Mpa more than the yield stress of cap, cap shell have apparently yield or broken at this time; when the load applied for 4.7N, the greatest stress less than the yield stress of caps, the deformation is in the reasonable scope. The cap have greatest wear at the rotational speed of 40r/min from the above analysis. Choosing the speed 38r/min for the most appropriate rotational speed of turning plate at which the performance is best and the cap wear is smallest. Conclusion In this paper, a kind of cap sorter mechanism of PET bottle Cap Screwing machine has been designed. Through the dynamic simulation and analysis of cap movement in cap sorter with ADAMS, the force of cap at different speed of turning plate was obtained. From analysis of the stress deformation feature of cap surface at different loads by using ANSYS, the result has been gotten that the performance of mechanism is best and the cap wear is smallest when the rotational speed of turning plate is 38r/min. Through the theoretical analysis results, which can provide a certain reference and theoretical basis for the design of cap sorter mechanism of cap screwing machine. 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