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第40課 書面表達(dá) 解題策略方法 書面表達(dá)是每年中考必考題型，是考查學(xué)生交際能力的一個(gè)重要組成部分。書面表達(dá)通常有三種形式： 1. 書信、日記、通知、留言、假條； 2. 看圖寫作； 3. 根據(jù)漢語提示寫作。 無論是哪一種書面表達(dá)形式，考生所寫的短文都要緊扣主題，文理通順，要素完整，語言準(zhǔn)確、得當(dāng)，格式正確，無大小寫和拼寫錯(cuò)誤，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)正確，能達(dá)到交際目的。 一、訓(xùn)練方法 1. 記。認(rèn)真系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)和背誦基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和優(yōu)美的句子、句型。中國(guó)有句古話，叫“熟讀唐詩三百首，不會(huì)作詩也會(huì)吟”。同樣，要使自己具有較強(qiáng)的寫作能力，首先應(yīng)該熟讀和背誦一些句型和短文。許多同學(xué)寫出來的語言根本不符合英語的語言習(xí)慣，相當(dāng)一部分人有對(duì)照中文逐字翻譯的不良習(xí)慣，不去理會(huì)中英文的差異。大量的背誦和閱讀是提高寫作能力的有效方法，同學(xué)們?nèi)粲写罅康默F(xiàn)成語言積累在腦海里，自己寫起文段來，就可以做到脫口而出，或是模仿、套用，甚至發(fā)揮。 2. 練。每練一篇書面表達(dá)題，都要真正學(xué)到一點(diǎn)東西，不可貪多而邊學(xué)邊忘。平時(shí)可以采用循序漸進(jìn)、靈活多樣的練習(xí)方式。從根據(jù)提示詞寫單句開始，然后到寫幾句話，最后到寫流利的文段。盡量嘗試多種形式的寫作，如短信、說明、通知、便條、明信片、看圖寫作、根據(jù)表格或記錄寫短文等。 3. 寫。要進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)寫作。要求自己在20分鐘內(nèi)寫出100詞的短文，并且質(zhì)量高、內(nèi)容全、形式正確。這樣形成習(xí)慣，考試時(shí)就能得心應(yīng)手。 二、應(yīng)試策略 1. 審題目：要切中題意。《中考考試說明》指出，書面表達(dá)要切中題意。怎樣才能切中題意？就是要認(rèn)真審題，看到考題后，先不要急于動(dòng)筆，要仔細(xì)看清題目要求的內(nèi)容。在自己的頭腦中構(gòu)思出一個(gè)框架或畫面，確定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下筆，要看懂題意，根據(jù)圖畫、圖表、提綱或短文提供的資料和信息來審題。審題要審格式、體裁、人物關(guān)系、故事情節(jié)、主體時(shí)態(tài)、活動(dòng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等。 2. 圈要點(diǎn)：防止遺漏要點(diǎn)。要點(diǎn)是給分的一個(gè)重要因素。為了防止寫作過程中遺漏要點(diǎn)，同學(xué)們要充分發(fā)揮自己的觀察力，把情景中給出的各個(gè)要點(diǎn)逐條列出。 3. 列提綱：為寫作做好準(zhǔn)備。根據(jù)文章要點(diǎn)及短文的中心思想將主要句型、關(guān)鍵詞記下，形成提綱。 4. 定基調(diào)：定出時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、順序、開頭、結(jié)尾。 5. 寫全文：寫短文時(shí)要做到以下七個(gè)方面： （1）避免使用漢語式英語，盡量使用自己熟悉的句型。幾種句型可交替使用，以避免重復(fù)和呆板。 （2）多用簡(jiǎn)單句型，記事、寫人一般都不需要復(fù)雜的句型?？蛇m當(dāng)多使用陳述句、一般疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。不用或少用含有非謂語或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等較復(fù)雜的句型。 （3）注意語法、句法知識(shí)的靈活運(yùn)用。 （4）描寫人物時(shí)，要生動(dòng)具體，如： 外表特征：tall, short, fat, thin, ordinary-looking, strong, weak等。服飾顏色：red, yellow, blue, white, green, brown, black等。情緒描寫：glad, happy, sad, excited, anxious, interested等。感情描寫：love, like, hate, feel, laugh, cry, smile, shout等。動(dòng)作描寫：come, go, get, have, take, bring, fetch等。 （5）上下文要連貫，恰當(dāng)使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞。上下文的連貫性也是評(píng)分的一條原則，因此同學(xué)們應(yīng)把寫好的句子，根據(jù)故事情節(jié)，事情發(fā)生的先后次序（時(shí)間或空間），使用一些表示并列、遞進(jìn)等的過渡詞進(jìn)行加工整理，使文章連貫、自然、流暢。 （6）不會(huì)表達(dá)，另辟蹊徑。中考作文給分是以要點(diǎn)和語言準(zhǔn)確度而定，不以文采打分。造句越簡(jiǎn)單準(zhǔn)確越好，造復(fù)合句容易出錯(cuò)，容易被扣分。閱卷場(chǎng)上有句話：“錯(cuò)誤面前人人平等，文采好不加分”。如遇到個(gè)別要點(diǎn)表達(dá)不出來或難以表達(dá)，可采用變通的辦法，化難為易，化繁為簡(jiǎn)。總之，所造句子要正確、得體、符合英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。 （7）認(rèn)真檢查，改正錯(cuò)誤。中考寫作文時(shí)，由于時(shí)間緊、內(nèi)容多，同學(xué)們出錯(cuò)在所難免。因此，改錯(cuò)這一環(huán)節(jié)必不可少。中考作文評(píng)卷是根據(jù)要點(diǎn)、語言準(zhǔn)確性、上下文的連貫性來給分，根據(jù)錯(cuò)誤多少來扣分。因此，中考時(shí)花幾分鐘時(shí)間用來檢查錯(cuò)誤顯得尤為重要。檢查錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面入手： ①格式是否有錯(cuò)； ②拼寫有無錯(cuò)誤； ③語言是否用錯(cuò)； ④時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤； ⑤標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤； ⑥人稱是否用錯(cuò)。 三、書面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考 采分點(diǎn) 滿分 可給分值 1. 內(nèi)容充實(shí)，覆蓋要點(diǎn)（內(nèi)容、要點(diǎn)） 7分 6—7分描述所有信息，內(nèi)容合理、豐富 3—5分描述了大部分信息，內(nèi)容比較合理 1—2分描述了小部分信息，內(nèi)容不合理 0分沒有作答或描述內(nèi)容與主題無關(guān) 2. 用詞適切，語法正確，句型多樣（詞匯、語法、句型） 7分 6—7分用詞適切，句型變化多樣且有效，完全或基本沒有語言錯(cuò)誤 3—5分用詞基本適切，句型較為單一，有少量語言錯(cuò)誤但不影響理解 1—2分有較多語言錯(cuò)誤，一定程度上影響理解 0分有大量語言錯(cuò)誤，影響了理解 3. 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，意思連貫（語意、連詞、指代） 4分 3—4分行文連貫，連接詞使用恰當(dāng)，指代清晰 1—2分行文不夠連貫，連接詞使用不恰當(dāng)，指代不夠清晰 0分沒有連貫意識(shí) 4. 書寫規(guī)范，詞數(shù)適宜（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、大小寫、詞數(shù)） 2分 2分大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，詞數(shù)達(dá)標(biāo)，書寫規(guī)范整潔 1分大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)有部分錯(cuò)誤，詞數(shù)達(dá)標(biāo)，書寫尚可辨認(rèn) 0分大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤較多，語言不規(guī)范，詞數(shù)嚴(yán)重不足，書寫難以辨認(rèn) 四、初中英語寫作常用諺語 1. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 2. A light heart lives long. 心情開朗壽命長(zhǎng)。（不惱不愁，活到白頭。） 3. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一蘋果，醫(yī)生遠(yuǎn)離我。 4. Nothing in the world is difficult for the man who sets his mind to it./Anything is possible if you work hard./Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上無難事，只怕有心人。 5. It is better to give than to receive. 給予比接受更好。 6. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患難朋友才是真朋友。 7. Gifts of roses, hands there are lingering fragrance. 贈(zèng)人玫瑰，手有余香。 8. God helps those who help others. 助人者天助。 9. Well begun is half done. 良好的開端是成功的一半。 10. A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好書，相伴一生。 11. All roads lead to Rome. 條條大路通羅馬。 12. Rome was not built in a day. 羅馬不是一日建成的。（偉業(yè)非一日之功。） 13. Something is learned every time a book is opened. 開卷有益。 14. Easier said than done. 說起來容易做起來難。 15. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 16. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻。 17. It’s never too old to learn. 活到老，學(xué)到老。 18. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. 千里之行，始于足下。 19. Actions speak louder than words. 行動(dòng)勝過語言。 20. Do as Romans do in Rome. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。 21. Time flies never to be recalled. 光陰一去不復(fù)返。 22. No pains, no gains. 不勞則無獲。 23. It’s never too late to mend. 亡羊補(bǔ)牢，猶未晚也。 24. Reading makes a full man. 讀書使人完善。 25. Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量。 26. Failure is the mother of success. 失敗是成功之母。 27. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 切莫過于樂觀。 28. Many hands make light work. 人多力量大。 29. Don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事今日畢。 30. East or west, home is best. 金窩銀窩，不如自家的狗窩。 五、xx、xx浙江省中考常見書面表達(dá)例題及范文 （一）觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)類 （xx溫州中考）如今，國(guó)內(nèi)外很多孩子在父母的安排下沒有了自己的周末，如下圖中的Jack。請(qǐng)分析圖中的這種現(xiàn)象并談?wù)勀愕目捶?，以“Weekend or Not?”為題寫一篇約110詞的英語短文向Parents雜志投稿，讓父母?jìng)兺ㄟ^閱讀你的文章能有所啟發(fā)。 注意：文中若出現(xiàn)“Jack”以外的人名或任何學(xué)校名稱，該作文得分不超過12分。 One possible version: Weekend or Not? Jack has to attend lots of classes at weekends. He has little time for his favorite sport—soccer. Still, his parents are pushing him to do more math exercises, which worries him a lot. Nowadays, many students are under much pressure like Jack. Their parents believe it necessary for them to make full use of the weekends and learn as much as possible. As a result, some students are stressed out and therefore lose interest in learning anything. What is worse, they may not be able to learn to manage their own life. I do hope all the children can have the freedom to choose what they like to do and enjoy their weekends. （二）寫人敘事類 （xx臺(tái)州中考）某英文網(wǎng)站正舉辦主題為“Independence”的征文活動(dòng)。假如你是張華,請(qǐng)用英語寫一篇短文投稿。短文必須結(jié)合你的親身經(jīng)歷，描述與獨(dú)立這一優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)相關(guān)的一件事情，并談?wù)勊o你帶來的影響及感受。 注意：（1）詞數(shù)：80—100；（2）短文開頭僅供選擇使用，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；（3）文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)的人名和校名等相關(guān)信息。 短文開頭：I still remember ... Possible version 1: For me, independence means making my own decisions. Once my friends were in a fight. I liked them all equally, but they required me to choose one side. I felt really lost at first! Many solutions came. Later, another idea occurred to me that I should end their fight without taking sides. After all were present, I said I missed times when all of us played together. I wished they could make up and get past it. They realized how much I cared about them. They said sorry to each other and were friends again. My right decision brought joy back into our lives again. There will be a more rewarding experience for each if one tries to be true to oneself. Possible version 2: I still remember the moment I got on the train. Earlier one summer vacation, I joined in the summer camping in Shanghai. When I told my parents I wanted to go there by myself, they said yes. And it put a big smile on my face. My parents are always ready to give me a hand. I was so glad that I didn’t have to follow them everywhere all the time. Although this was the first time I left home alone, I believed that the more we practiced being independent, the easier it would become. （三）回信回郵件類 （xx臺(tái)州中考）假如你是張華，以下是你友好結(jié)對(duì)學(xué)校Maple Knoll High School的好友Andrew發(fā)給你的一封電子郵件，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)該郵件內(nèi)容給Andrew回復(fù)并提出你自己的問題。 Hi, Zhang Hua, How’s it going? I’m glad that we will graduate soon. As you know, a new life in senior high school will be exciting. Maybe both of us will have many tasks ahead. I wonder if you have any ideas about it. Here are my problems. How can I relax and keep healthy? How can I increase knowledge? Looking forward to your reply. Best wishes! Yours, Andrew 注意：（1）請(qǐng)回復(fù)郵件中所提及的兩個(gè)問題，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；（2）郵件中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)人名和校名等相關(guān)信息；（3）詞數(shù)：80—100；（4）短文開頭僅供選擇使用，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。 短文開頭：Hi, Andrew, glad to hear from you. It’s important for us to prepare for senior high school. One possible version: （四）討論、調(diào)查匯報(bào)類 （xx紹興中考）你校英語社團(tuán)正在開展主題為“How do students find study partners?”的討論，為此你采訪了一些學(xué)生。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表內(nèi)容用英語寫一篇短文進(jìn)行交流，并說明你自己的方式及理由。 方式 理由 部分學(xué)生 使用網(wǎng)絡(luò) ●方便找到學(xué)伴 ●及時(shí)得到幫助 部分學(xué)生 參加社團(tuán) ●面對(duì)面分享經(jīng)驗(yàn) ●共同解決問題 你 …… …… 注意：（1）短文必須包括表中所有內(nèi)容，可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)；（2）你的理由至少兩條；（3）詞數(shù)：80—100；（4）短文首句僅供選擇使用，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。 參考詞匯：學(xué)伴 study partner；方便的 convenient 短文首句：I have recently done a survey about how students find study partners. One possible version: I have recently done a survey about how students find study partners. Some students find study partners through the Internet. They believe it’s convenient to find partners to study with online. Besides, they can get help from study partners whenever necessary. Some students prefer to join clubs to find study partners so that they can share experience face to face. What’s more, they think working out problems together helps learn more easily. As for me, I’d like to get study partners by going to summer camp because I can learn something new while having fun. Also, it’s a good way to learn how to get on well with others. （五）合理選擇類 （xx嘉興中考）學(xué)校將舉辦“A Summer for Better English”活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)你從下面的推薦書單中選擇2本想閱讀的書刊，然后用英語寫一篇短文說明你的選擇意向及理由，在學(xué)校的English Corner分享。 A list of books for English skills and for fun □Basic English Writing □Secrets of English Words □A Guide to English Listening □20 Topics for English Sp-eaking □Treasure Island □Robinson Crusoe □Alice’s Adventures in Wo-nderland □Time for Kids（a magazine） 注意：（1）必須從書單中選擇2本書刊，并闡述理由；（2）文中不得出現(xiàn)與你身份相關(guān)的信息；（3）詞數(shù)：80—100。短文首句僅供選擇使用，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。 短文首句：To improve our English, the school has given a list of books for us to read this summer. One possible version: To improve our English, the school has given a list of books for us to read this summer. Of all the suggested books, I have decided to choose Secrets of English Words and Time for Kids. The first one is a book which may help use English words better. By reading this book, I will surely learn more new words. This will make my future study much easier. Time for Kids is a popular magazine specially written for students, in which I will read interesting stories and have a taste of teen life abroad. So it must be great fun reading it. By being part of this activity, I am expecting a big step forward in my English. 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) A（xx諸暨中考模擬） 中考臨近，部分九年級(jí)學(xué)生面臨較大的升學(xué)壓力。為此，你班開展了以“How to spend time happily and meaningfully?”為主題的交流活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下表內(nèi)容用英語寫一篇短文，匯報(bào)你班同學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)及理由，并提出你的觀點(diǎn)及理由。 How to spend time happily and meaningfully? 同學(xué)的觀點(diǎn) 同學(xué)的理由 閱讀好書 開闊視野，放松自己 鍛煉身體 減輕壓力，增強(qiáng)體質(zhì) 廣交朋友 訴說煩惱，分享快樂 你的觀點(diǎn)及理由 要求：（1）短文必須包括表格所提供的所有信息，可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)；（2）提出你的觀點(diǎn)及理由；（3）詞數(shù)：80—100；（4）短文開頭僅供選擇使用，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。 短文開頭：The students in our class had a heated discussion on how to spend time happily and meaningfully. Here are the results. B（衢州中考） 你校將舉行“校園之星（Campus Star）”評(píng)選活動(dòng)，各班就“校園之星”的評(píng)選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)展開了討論。以下是你班同學(xué)的部分觀點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)將這些觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整理，并結(jié)合你自己的想法，寫一篇發(fā)言稿參加學(xué)生會(huì)評(píng)選委員會(huì)的討論。 同學(xué)們的觀點(diǎn) 誠(chéng)實(shí)禮貌，有愛心 學(xué)習(xí)勤奮，有進(jìn)步 興趣廣泛，有特長(zhǎng) …… 你的觀點(diǎn) …… 注意：（1）發(fā)言稿應(yīng)包括表中信息，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮，但不要逐字翻譯；（2）開頭已給出（不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)），你只需接著寫；（3）文章中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)的人名和校名；（4）詞數(shù)：80—100。 Hello, everybody!I’m very glad to be here to share our opinions on “Campus Star” with you. As a star, he/she Thank you! C 足夠的睡眠時(shí)間對(duì)學(xué)生來說很重要，然而調(diào)查顯示，許多學(xué)生睡眠時(shí)間不足。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖示內(nèi)容，簡(jiǎn)要指出學(xué)生睡眠不足的原因并提出建議。 要求：（1）要點(diǎn)齊全，并適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；（2）詞數(shù)：80左右。開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；（3）文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。 It’s important for students to have enough sleeping time. However, 參考答案 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) A One possible version: The students in our class had a heated discussion on how to spend time happily and meaningfully. Here are the results. Most students think reading good books is a good way because they can open up their mind and relax themselves. Besides, they agree they should do sports in their spare time. They believe it can help them reduce their pressure and make their bodies stronger. What’s more, they think they are supposed to make more friends and share sadness and happiness with each other. From my point of view, it’s necessary for us to travel around with our parents so that we can improve the relationships with them. Also, we can take up some hobbies which can make our life more meaningful. B One possible version: Hello, everybody!I’m very glad to be here to share our opinions on “Campus Star” with you. As a star, he/she should be an honest person first. He is also polite and ready to help others any time. Second, a Campus Star should be not only a top student but also a good learner. He studies hard, and makes great progress every term. Third, a star should have wide interests. He takes an active part in sports and other activities. And he is popular at school. In my opinion, a Campus Star must be a green person. He loves nature. He takes care of the trees and grass around him and tries his best to protect the environment. That’s all. Thank you! C One possible version: It’s important for students to have enough sleeping time. However, many of them don’t have enough time to sleep. There are different reasons for it. Some students often spend too much time on computer games so that they don’t go to bed early. Some students have bad sleeping habits. They often drink too much tea or coffee before going to bed. This makes them too excited to fall asleep. In order to get enough sleep, we should keep away from computer games. We shouldn’t stay up too late. What’s more, we can drink hot milk instead of coffee or listen to soft music before we go to bed, which can help us have a sweet sleep. In a word, if we make good use of time and form good habits, we’ll have enough sleeping time. Then we’ll be happier and healthier.