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Unit 2 English around the world 話題誦讀 日積月累 The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes(部落)who invaded(侵略)Britain during the 5th century. Old English The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages，which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English.Old English didnt sound or look like English today.Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English speakers.However，about half of the most monly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. Middle English In 1066，the Norman invaded and conquered England.They also brought with them a kind of French，which became the language of the ruling and business classes.For a period，the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French.In the 14th century，English became a main language in Britain again，with many French words added.This language is called Middle English. Late Modern English The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary.Late Modern English has many more words，resulting from two main factors：firstly，technology development created a need for new words；secondly，the British Empire at its height converted one quarter of the earths surface，and the English language used foreign words from many countries. Now there are many other varieties of English in the world，such as Australian English，New Zealand English，Canadian English，South African English，Indian English and Caribbean English. [詞海拾貝] 1．a(chǎn)rrival n．到達(dá) 2．period n．時期；階段 3．class n．階層 4．result from 因……發(fā)生；隨……產(chǎn)生 5．create v. 生產(chǎn)；制造 [問題思考] 1．The main idea of the text is ____________________________. 答案：the history of the English language 2．When is English called Middle English? _______________________________________________________ 答案：In the 14th century. 3．Whats the main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English? _______________________________________________________ 答案：Vocabulary. 自主預(yù)習(xí) 步步提高 詞匯識記 Ⅰ.將單詞與其正確釋義配對 1．official adj.　　　　 A．本身；本體；身份 2．native adj.&n. B．常常；頻繁地 3．a(chǎn)ctually adv. C．官方的；正式的；公務(wù)的 4．base vt.& n. D．逐漸地；逐步地 5．gradually adv. E．流利的；流暢的 6．vocabulary n. F．以……為根據(jù)；基部；基地；基礎(chǔ) 7．spelling n. G．拼寫；拼法 8．identity n. H．本國的；本地的；本地人；本國人 9．fluent adj. I．實(shí)際上；事實(shí)上 10．frequently adv. J．詞匯；詞匯量；詞表 答案：1.C　2.H　3.I　4.F　5.D　6.J　7.G　8.A 9．E　10.B Ⅱ.根據(jù)所給漢語提示寫出單詞 1．________adj. 官方的；正式的；公務(wù)的 2．________n. 航行；航海 3．________adj. 本國的；本地的　n．本國人；本地人 4．________adv. 事實(shí)上；實(shí)際上 5．________vt. 以……為根據(jù)　n．基部；基礎(chǔ)；基地 6．________adj. 逐漸的；逐步的 ________adv. 逐漸地；逐步地 7．________adj. 較后的；(兩者中)后者的；后半的 8．________n. 本身；本體；身份 9．________adj. 流利的；流暢的 ________adv. 流利地；流暢地 10．________adj. 頻繁的；常見的 ________adv. 常常；頻繁地 答案：1.official　2.voyage　3.native　4.actually　5.base 6．gradual　gradually　7.latter　8.identity　9.fluent　fluently　10.frequent　frequently Ⅲ.根據(jù)漢語提示寫出正確的單詞 1．This ________(后者的) point was important. 2．The ship—Titanic sank on its first________(航行)． 3．They bought some new furniture to furnish their new________(公寓)． 4．This tree looks high and strong but________(實(shí)際上) its trunk is hollow. 5．If your________(詞匯) is small，you will be bad in English. 6．She received several________(正式的) letters this morning. 7．The________(身份) of the killer is still unknown. 8．She was born in Germany and her________(本國的)language is German. 答案：1.latter　2.voyage　3.apartment　4.actually 5．vocabulary　6.official　7.identity　8.native Ⅳ.根據(jù)語境選詞填空 1．She has a ______English and can speak English ______，for which we all admire her very much.(fluently/fluent) 2．Losing weight is a slow，__________ process，so________she has bee slimmer and slimmer.(gradually/gradual) 3．The________of the word is difficult，but the correct pronunciation of it can help to________it.(spell/spelling) 4．Our efforts are beginning to have an________effect，and ________the effect has made a great difference.(actual/actually) 5．He is a ________ visitor to the house；that is，he visits the house________．(frequent/frequently) 6．It is the responsibility of every person to keep certain ________ principles，which means every action should be________ on a certain principle.(based/basic) 答案：1.fluent　fluently　2.gradual　gradually　3.spelling　spell　4.actual　actually　5.frequent　frequently 6．basic　based 語篇理解 Ⅰ.Skimming for the main information 1．What does the passage tell us? A．The brief history of the English language. B．The Modern English based more on German. C．The old English based more on French. D．English spoken in English. 答案：A 2．Find out the main idea of each paragraph. Para.1______ A．All languages change when cultures municate with one another.So does English. Para.2______ B．How English spread(傳播) in the past. Para.3______ C．Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English. Para.4______ D．By the 19th century，two big changes in English spelling happened. Para.5______ E．English is spoken in many countries. 答案：Para.1—B　Para.2—C　Para.3—A Para.4—D　Para.5—E Ⅱ.Scanning for detailed information 1．How was the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150? A．It was the same as the English spoken at present. B．It was more like French. C．It was based more on German. D．It was more like Danish. 2．Why was Shakespeare able to make use of a wider vocabulary by the 1600s? A．Because new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. B．Because Shakespeare made up many new words. C．Because British settlers moved to different countries. D．Because a new dictionary was written. 3．What happened to American English in the 19th century? A．It became more like British English. B．It became more like German. C．It had its own dictionary. D．Its spelling was given a separate identity. 4．Which of the following is NOT true? A．English is one of the official languages in India. B．English developed when new settlers and rulers came to Britain. C．China has the largest number of English speakers. D．Now more people speak English as their first，second or a foreign language. 答案：1.C　2.A　3.D　4.C Ⅲ.Intensive reading to finish the passage At the end of the 16th century, English was only spoken by people from 1.______．They were native speakers.Today，the largest 2.______ of people speaking English may be in China.A lot of Chinese people speak English 3.______their foreign language. The 4.______ language has changed quite a lot over the last four centuries.Old English sounded more like German for it was 5.______on German，but modern English 6.________ more like French than German because England was once ruled by the French.Those settlers 7.______the language, so Shakespeare could make use of a wider 8.______ by the 1600s. Two people had great effects on the English settlement.One was Samuel Johnson, who wrote his 9.________，and the other was Noah Webster, who later wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language, which gave American English its own 10.______． 答案： 1.England　2.number　3.as　4.English 5．based　6.sounds　7.enriched　8.vocabulary 9．dictionary　10.identity [閱讀素養(yǎng)提升] Why do you think people all over the world want to learn English？(various answers) _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 答案：They may include any of these reasons：to use puters and the Internet，to trade，to learn in Western universities，to read academic journals，etc. [精讀難句透析] 1．At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. 分析：此句為復(fù)雜的簡單句。句中“________________”及“spoken today”皆為過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾先行詞“________”。 譯文：_________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 答案：spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 the English 譯文：最初，英格蘭人在大約公元450年到1150年之間所說的英語與我們今天所說的英語很不一樣。 2．Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150，English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. 分析：此句為主從復(fù)合句。________引導(dǎo)了原因狀語從句。在狀語從句中又含有________引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞“________”，且在從句中充當(dāng)主語。 譯文：_________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 答案：because　who　those 譯文：然后，漸漸地，大約在公元800年到1150年期間，英語不那么像德語了，因?yàn)槟菚r的英國統(tǒng)治者起初講丹麥語后來講法語。 知識聚焦 講練互動 要點(diǎn)直擊 1．Do you know that there is more than one kind of English? 你知道有不止一種英語嗎？ 歸納拓展 （1）more than one＋單數(shù)名詞，意為“不止一個……”，在語意上雖為復(fù)數(shù)，但作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 （3）more...than...比……更……，與其說……倒不如說…… （4）rather than 而不是 (1)__________________ late for class this morning. 今天早晨不止一個學(xué)生遲到了。 (2)He is ______________ a friend to me.He is also my teacher. 他不僅是我的朋友，他還是我的老師。 (3)We are ___________________________________ to help you. 我們非常樂意幫助你。 (4)He is ________ lucky ________ clever. 與其說他聰明，不如說他幸運(yùn)。 答案：(1)More than one student was　(2)more than (3)more than glad　(4)more　than 即學(xué)即練 完成句子。 (1)—Do you need any help，Lucy? —Yes.The job is _______________(超出了我力所能及的范圍)． 單句語法填空。 (2)More than one question ________(raise) at the meeting last week. (3)What we expect from you is working hard __________ hardly working. 答案：(1)more than I could do myself　(2)was raised (3)rather than 2．It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. 當(dāng)時的英語更多的是以德語為基礎(chǔ)，而我們現(xiàn)在所說的英語則不是。 歸納拓展 (1)be based on/upon以……為基礎(chǔ)；依據(jù)…… base...on/upon...把……建立在……基礎(chǔ)之上 (2)at the base of 以……為基點(diǎn)；在……的底部 as a base for 作為……的素材 (3)basic adj.基本的；基礎(chǔ)的 (1)One should always ________ his opinion ______ facts. 一個人應(yīng)該始終以事實(shí)為依據(jù)發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。 (2)We camped ____________ the mountain. 我們在山腳下安營。 (3)Our panys __________ is in Beijing. 我們公司總部在北京。 即學(xué)即練 用base短語的適當(dāng)形式填空。 (1)You should ________ your conclusion ________ careful research. (2)I found some white flowers __________ the monument. (3)The TV play，which ________ a detective novel，is very popular with young people. 歸納拓展 be present at出席 at present＝at the present time目前；現(xiàn)在 for the present目前；暫時 (4)____________ they are living in the country. 目前他們住在鄉(xiāng)下。 (5)Many experts ______________ the meeting. 許多專家出席了這次大會。 (6)I cant remember her name ____________． 我一時想不起她的名字了。 (7)The man __________ the meeting is the present president of our country. 出席會議的那個人是我們的現(xiàn)任總統(tǒng)。 答案：(1)base　on　(2)at the base of (3)base　(4)At present (5)were present at　(6)for the present　(7)present at 名師點(diǎn)津：present意為“目前的”時，常用作前置定語；意為“在場的”時，常用作后置定語。 [聯(lián)想] “出席與缺席”的相關(guān)詞匯： ①present adj. 出席的；在場的；現(xiàn)在的；當(dāng)前的→presence n．出席；存在；到場 ②absent adj. 缺席的；缺乏的；不在的→absence n. 不在；缺席；缺乏 即學(xué)即練 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。 (4)We dont know how many people will be present ________ the meeting ______ the present. (5)How many people have been presented with the Nobel Peace Prize ________ the present time? 同義詞語替換。 (6)Please dont worry.Your son is all right now．__________ (7)How many people attended the meeting? __________ (8)Flowers were__given__to all the dancers. ____________ 答案：(1)base　on　(2)at the base of　(3)is based on (4)at　for　(5)at　(6)at present　(7)were present at (8)were presented to 3．Id like to e up to your apartment. 我樂意去你的公寓。 歸納拓展 e up 走進(jìn)；上來；提出 e up with 提出；想出；找到 e on 快點(diǎn)；加油 e across 偶遇，碰到 e out 出來；出版；開花 [形象記憶] 圖解e up (1)His name has________ a lot. 他的名字被多次提到。 (2)When the sun ________，the heavy fog disappeared gradually. 當(dāng)太陽升起，濃霧就漸漸地消失了。 (3)Scientists have ________ a shocking idea. 科學(xué)家們已提出了一個令人震驚的想法。 答案：(1)e up　(2)came up　(3)e up with 名師點(diǎn)津：e up表示被“提及”，其主語是被提出的內(nèi)容，主動形式表示被動含義；e up with“提出”，其主語是提出動作的發(fā)出者，后面的賓語才是被提出的內(nèi)容。 即學(xué)即練 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕?、副詞填空。 (1)Ive never e________ such an experience in my time. (2)They came up____________a cure for the disease. (3)The dictionary is being printed and it will soon e_______． (4)e ____________please.Only a few minutes left. 答案：(1)across　(2)with　(3)out　(4)on 4．So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. 所以到17世紀(jì)時，莎士比亞能夠使用比以往任何時候都要豐富的詞匯量。 歸納拓展 make use of 利用；使用 make good/full/little use of 好好/充分/不充分利用 make the best of 充分利用 make the most of 充分利用(1)We should ____________ our spare time to study. 我們應(yīng)該利用我們的業(yè)余時間去學(xué)習(xí)。 (2)Ten minutes has been ______________ to study the problem. 充分利用10分鐘的時間來研究這個問題。 答案：(1)make use of　(2)made full use of 名師點(diǎn)津：make use of 的常見變形 (1)把use 提前使用被動語態(tài)。 (2)把use提前用作先行詞，其后接定語從句。 (3)把make use of的賓語提前作主語，此短語用被動語態(tài)。 即學(xué)即練 完成句子。 (1)We should _________ the Internet when we do research work. 我們做研究工作時應(yīng)當(dāng)充分利用因特網(wǎng)。 單句改錯。 (2)Thats the best use that we made for money. _______________________________________________________ (3)Her vast experience will be made full use by us. _______________________________________________________ 答案：(1)make full/good use of 　(2)for→of　(3)use與by之間加of 5．For example，India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. 比如，由于英國在1765至1947年間統(tǒng)治著印度，所以印度有很大一部分人會講一口流利的英語。 歸納拓展 a number of“許多，大量的”，和復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。當(dāng)它出現(xiàn)在主語前時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。還可以在number 前加上形容詞 great，large，small等表示程度。 the number of “……的數(shù)量”，修飾可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 ___________ professors _______ present today；____________ them ________600. 許多教授今天都在場，他們的數(shù)量有600人。 答案：A number of　are　the number of　is 即學(xué)即練 用a number of，the number of 填空。 (1)We have lived here for ______________ years. (2)There are __________ students in the school，but I dont know ________ the girls among them. 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 (3)The number of the students ________(keep)rising these years，and a number of them ________(e) from countryside. 答案：(1)a number of　(2)a number of　the number of (3)keeps　e 6．Can you find the following mand and request from Reading? 你能從“閱讀”中找到下列的命令和要求嗎？ 歸納拓展 (1)have a good mand of 掌握；精通(尤指語言) be in mand of掌握；控制 at sbs mand聽某人支配 (2)mand sb to do sth命令某人做某事 mand that...(should) do sth命令…… (1)Besides，I have such a good mand of English that I am elected as assistant to my English teacher. 另外，我的英語掌握得很好，被選為英語老師的助手。 (2)The police ________________ the messy situation now. 警察現(xiàn)在已控制住了混亂的形勢。 (3)He has a great number of English idioms ____________． 他掌握了大量的英語成語。 (4)He ________________ the work in an hour. →He ________ that we____________ the work in an hour. 他命令我們一個小時內(nèi)完成這個工作。 即學(xué)即練 單句語法填空。 (1)He manded that all the copies of the book ____________ (destroy)． (2)Li Ping often watches English TV news in her spare time.No wonder she has __________good mand of English. (3)He manded the rescue team __________(climb) over the mountain in two hours. 歸納拓展 (1)at sbs request＝at the request of sb 應(yīng)某人之要求 make a request/requests for... 請求；要求…… (2)request sb to do sth請求某人做某事 request sth from/of sb向某人要求某物 request that...(should)do sth請求…… It is requested that...(should)do sth據(jù)要求…… (5)He came to attend the party ________________________． 他應(yīng)她的邀請來參加宴會。 (6)You can talk to the robot，ask it questions，and ____________ it to perform different tasks. 你可以和機(jī)器人談話，問問題，還可以要求它執(zhí)行不同的任務(wù)。 (7)My parents requested that I ____________ a second foreign language. →My parents requested me ____________ a second foreign language. 我父母要求我再學(xué)一門外語。 答案：(2)are in mand of　(3)at his mand (4)manded us to finish　manded 　(should) finish (5)at her request/at the request of her (6)make requests for　(7)should learn　to learn 即學(xué)即練 單句語法填空。 (4)Now I e here ______ the request of Smith to assist him in finishing the work. (5)The request was that we __________(leave)as fast as we could. (6)They made ________request for more food and clothes. 答案：(1)be destroyed　(2)a 　(3)to climb　(4)at (5)should leave　(6)a 7．Believe it or not，there is no such thing as standard English. 信不信由你，(世界上)沒有什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語。 歸納拓展 常見的插入語： ①to tell(you) the truth (跟你)說實(shí)話 ②to be honest/exact老實(shí)說/準(zhǔn)確地說 ③generally speaking一般說來 ④in other words換句話說 ⑤whats more而且 ⑥whats worse更糟糕的是 ⑦that is to say也就是說 (1)____________，he went to that city on foot alone. 信不信由你，他曾獨(dú)自步行去那個城市。 (2)____________，he is a maths teacher. 準(zhǔn)確地說，他是一位數(shù)學(xué)老師。 即學(xué)即練 單句語法填空。 (1)Believe it ________ not，I was left waiting in the rain for two hours. (2)________ other words，he did pass the driving test. (3)Whats ________(bad)，it began to rain. 歸納拓展 (1)such修飾單數(shù)名詞時，位于不定冠詞a/an之前；若名詞前有one，no，any，some，all，many等詞修飾時，such放在這些詞之后。 (2)such 用作代詞，位于句首時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)后面的名詞來決定。 (3)Hes ____________________． 他就是這么一個人。 (4)________________ the facts. 事實(shí)就是這樣。 答案：(1)Believe it or not　(2)To be exact (3)such a man　(4)Such were 即學(xué)即練 完成句子。 (4)__________________ is enough. 這樣的字典有一本就夠了。 (5)____________ my hope for the future. 我對未來的希望就是這樣。 答案：(1)or　(2)In　(3)worse　(4)One such dictionary (5)Such is 8．Although many Americans move a lot，they still recognize and understand each others dialects. 雖然許多美國人經(jīng)常搬遷，但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌虮鎰e、理解彼此的方言。 歸納拓展 (1)recognize sb/ones voice 認(rèn)出某人/聽出某人的聲音 recognize sb/sth as/to be 承認(rèn)……是…… be recognized to be/as... 被認(rèn)作……/被認(rèn)為是…… recognize that... 認(rèn)識到/承認(rèn)…… It is recognized that... 人們公認(rèn)…… (2)recognition n．認(rèn)出；認(rèn)識 (1)The moment I answered the phone，I ________ his voice. 我一接電話就聽出了他的聲音。 (2)People ____________ the sports meeting is a great success. →It ______________ the sports meeting is a great success. →The sports meeting ________________ a great success. 人們公認(rèn)這次運(yùn)動會十分成功。 答案：(1)recognized　(2)recognize that　is recognized that　is recognized to be [熟詞生義] The pany recognized Mr Browns outstanding work by promoting him to chief manager. 公司提升布朗先生為總經(jīng)理以表彰他出色的工作。 (recognize vt.賞識；表彰) 即學(xué)即練 單詞語法填空。 (1)He__________(recognize)me，but did not smile a greeting. (2)The book is now recognized__________ a classic. (3)__________(recognize)a problem is the first step in finding a solution. 一句多譯。 (4)Lightning Bolt________________________ a genius for dash. →______________________ Lightning Bolt is a genius for dash. “閃電”博爾特被公認(rèn)為短跑天才。 答案：(1)recognized　(2)as/to be　(3)Recognizing (4)is recognized to be/as　It is recognized that 9．Geography also plays a part in making dialects. 地理位置對方言的產(chǎn)生也有影響。 歸納拓展 play a part in＝play a role in 在……中扮演一個角色；在……方面起作用 play the part/role of＋(角色名) 扮演……的角色 (1)His parents __________________ his success. 他的成功有他父母的因素在內(nèi)。 (2)Books ________________ your gaining knowledge. 書在你獲得知識方面起著重要作用。 (3)She ____________________ a thief in the play. 她在劇中演了一個賊。 答案：(1)played a part in　(2)play an important part in (3)plays the role of 名師點(diǎn)津：(1)play a part/role in＋表示組織/活動/戲劇等的詞，而play the part/role of＋表示成員、身份或角色等的詞。 (2)play a part in通常做以下變化考查： 把名詞提前使用被動語態(tài)。 把名詞提前用作先行詞，其后接定語從句。 即學(xué)即練 完成句子。 (1)He ______________carrying through the whole plan. 他在完成整個計劃中起著重要的作用。 (2)__________________flood control is very important. 我們的軍隊(duì)在抗洪方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。 (3)Do you ______________ all kinds of activities at school? 你在學(xué)校積極參加各種活動嗎？ 答案：(1)played an important part in (2)The role that our army played in (3)take an active part in 10．Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English. 以英語作為母語的人，即使他們所講的英語不盡相同，也可以相互理解。 [句式分析] 此句為主從復(fù)合句。even if引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，意為“即使，盡管”，可以與even though互換。 (1)I like her，even if/though she can be annoying at times. 盡管她有時會很煩人，我還是喜歡她。 (2)Even if/though we could afford it，we wouldnt go abroad for vacation. 即使支付得起，我們也不出國度假。 即學(xué)即練 完成句子。 (1)Mr Smith likes to help us ______________________________. 史密斯先生雖然很忙，但他還是愿意幫我們。 (2)____________，I wouldnt go. 即使受到邀請，我也不去。 答案：(1)even if/though he is very busy　(2)Even if invited 11．As we know，British English is a little different from American English. 眾所周知，英式英語與美式英語有所不同。 [句式分析] 該句中as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，且在從句中充當(dāng)know的賓語，as指代整個主句的內(nèi)容。 as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其先行詞往往是整個主句，常譯為“正像……一樣，正如……一樣”。 常見的表達(dá)方式有：as is well known 眾所周知；as often happens 這種情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生；as is often the case情況常常這樣；as is supposed 如所預(yù)料的；as has been pointed out 如所指出的；as has been said before 如前所述；as I can remember 正如我所記得的；as we expect 正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣。 (1)______________，the moon travels around the earth. 眾所周知，月亮圍著地球轉(zhuǎn)。 (2)We were sitting，________________，in a riverside restaurant. 我記得我們當(dāng)時是坐在一個河畔的餐館里。 答案：(1)As we all know　(2)as I remember 即學(xué)即練 完成句子。 (1)__________________，few people are total winners or losers. 正如我們已指出的，很少有人是完全的勝者或完全的敗者。 (2)__________________，China is a developing country. 眾所周知，中