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第四講　定語從句 第一課時　知識過關(guān)課 1.在限制性定語從句中which，who，whom?？捎胻hat代替。關(guān)系代詞作賓語時常被省略。 2.在非限制性定語從句中，或者當(dāng)先行詞是指人的those，anyone，everyone，people，he，all，few，one(s)等時，不能用that引導(dǎo)。 3.以下情況下一般用that： (1)當(dāng)先行詞是指物的all，little，few，much，any，anything，everything，nothing，none，the one時，或先行詞被all，little，few，much，any，every，no等修飾時。 (2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級時，或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞(包括last，next)、形容詞最高級及the only，the very等修飾時。 (3)先行詞包括人和物時。 4.當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間、地點、原因(且只能是reason)等，且這些先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時，就分別用when、where、why來引導(dǎo)定語從句。另外，when，where，why一般可用“介詞＋which”替代，其中reason后的why通常用for which替代。 [注意]　當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間、地點或原因的詞語時，不一定填關(guān)系副詞when，where，why，只有當(dāng)這些詞在定語從句中作狀語時，才用關(guān)系副詞，否則要用關(guān)系代詞。 5.當(dāng)先行詞是整個主句或主句的一部分時，這類非限制性定語從句只能由which或as來引導(dǎo)。兩者的區(qū)別在于： (1)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能位于主句后，而as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可位于主句前、中、后。 (2)which常譯作“這”；而as常譯作“正如”，且多與see，expect，imagine，know，hope等動詞連用。 (3)在定語從句中作主語時，若用as，其謂語部分一般有be；若謂語是不含be的行為動詞時，要用which。 (4)as引導(dǎo)的定語從句只表示一個眾所周知或意料之中的事，而which不受此限制。 (5)as常用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(這是常有的事)；as we expected(不出所料)；as often happens(正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣)；as is known to all(眾所周知)；as has been said before(如上所述)；as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等等。 讀語篇，悟語法。反復(fù)朗讀下列短文，領(lǐng)悟畫線和黑體部分。思考：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞是如何確定。 It was the__summer__of__2012,__when[1] I came to Guangning No. 1 Senior High School.Our school is a__wonderful__place,__where[2] I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square.Our__classroom,__the__roof__of__which[3] looks like a rocket in the distance, is located in the center of our school.The__main__reason__why[4] I like our school is that I can make many friends.I can get along with my__classmates here, two__of__whom[5] are my best friends.Jack，who[6] es from Tanbu Junior High School, is very active. He likes various__sports，among__which[7] he likes running very much.He__will__run__5__kilometers__every__day，which[8] makes him look strong.Nick，whose[9] father is a teacher in Lianhe Junior High School, studies very hard.We often talk about the__people__and__the__things that[10] we see in our school.Nick prefers the__food that[11] is made in our canteen.The__teacher whom[12] he likes is Mr. Zhang, our math teacher, while my beloved teacher is my English teacher, Miss Chen. To be honest, I gradually fall in love with our school. 1.先行詞是the summer of 2012，在定語從句中作時間狀語，用關(guān)系副詞when (＝in which，during which)引導(dǎo)定語從句。 2.先行詞是a wonderful place，在定語從句中作地點狀語，用關(guān)系副詞where (＝at which)引導(dǎo)定語從句。 3.先行詞是Our classroom，直接在介詞of后作其賓語，先行詞是物時，只能用which。the roof of which中的of表所屬關(guān)系，意為“我們教室的屋頂”。 4.先行詞是the main reason，在定語從句中作原因狀語，只能用why引導(dǎo)。 5.先行詞是my classmates，直接在介詞of后作其賓語，先行詞是人時，只能用whom。two of whom中的of表示部分與整體的關(guān)系，意為“我的同班同學(xué)中的兩個人”。 6.先行詞是Jack，在定語從句中作主語，用who引導(dǎo)。 7.先行詞是various sports，直接在介詞among后作賓語，只能用which。 8.先行詞是He will run 5 kilometers every day整個句子，并在從句中作主語，用which引導(dǎo)。 9.先行詞是Nick，在定語從句中作定語，表示Nick’s，用whose引導(dǎo)。 10.先行詞是the people and the things，既包括人又包括事物，通常只用that引導(dǎo)。 11.先行詞是the food，在定語從句中作主語，故用that或which引導(dǎo)。 12.先行詞是the teacher，在定語從句中作likes的賓語，故用whom引導(dǎo)。 Ⅰ.單句填空(用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空) 1.Is this the reason that he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? 2.Is this the reason why he was so careless in his work? 3.The reason why he didn’t e was that he was ill. 4.He lives in a village which is not far from the city. 5.He lives in the village where he was born. 6.A pany whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 7.In an hour, we travel to places where we can relax and get refreshed. 8.The place which interested me most was the Children’s Palace. 9.The place where he had a good time last Sunday was the Children’s Palace. 10.I’ll never forget the days when we studied together. Ⅱ.單句改錯(下列每句中有一處錯誤，每處涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改，請指出并改正。) 1.There was a time that he didn’t get along well with his classmates.that→when 2.Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of who agreed that it was the best of this year.who→whom 3.The earthquake was felt in Beijing, that is more than two hundred kilometres away.that→which 4.This is the best method which has been used against pollution.which→that 5.The school shop, which customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.which→whose 6.Which is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.Which→As 7.The Great Wall was built in a time that countries were at war.that→when 8.She told her mother she would not marry anyone that she didn’t love.that→whom 9.The school which I studied was 3 kilometers away from my home.which→where/在which前加上at 10.The reason why he gave for not ing was that his mother didn’t allow him to.why→which/that Ⅲ.語篇填空(在下面空格處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，使結(jié)構(gòu)完整，語意通順。) There was a time 1.________ I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this is the reason 2.________ my father forced me to join in a 30－day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，3.________ I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately, my guide，4.________ teacher was Li Yang，municated with me face to face, from 5.________ I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.________ we did. My father and the guide 7.________ encouraged me to fall in love with English should be appreciated.Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8.________ I put my entire energy.Every day I will read my words and passages aloud.In class I will join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep, I will recall my passages, through 9.________ I can memorize a large number of new words.10.________ our English teacher says，“As long as we form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, we will conquer English sooner or later.” 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】　本文講述了作者參加的一次英語學(xué)習(xí)培訓(xùn)的經(jīng)歷以及這次經(jīng)歷帶給他的對英語學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。 1.when　[先行詞是時間，并在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語。] 2.why　[先行詞reason表示原因，并在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語。] 3.where　[引導(dǎo)地點定語從句，先行詞club是一個地點。] 4.whose　[引導(dǎo)定語從句，并且在定語從句中作定語，意思是“他的老師是李陽”。] 5.whom　[根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和前面from可知填whom。] 6.that/which　[根據(jù)先行詞activities表示事情且在從句中作賓語，可知填that/which。] 7.who/that　[從先行詞和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，who/that作主語。] 8.which　[根據(jù)前面的介詞into以及先行詞English可知，填which。] 9.which　[根據(jù)前面的介詞through可知填which，which在這里是指代前面整個句子。] 10.As　[引導(dǎo)定語從句，意思是“正如”。] 第二課時　高考研究課 定語從句在語法填空中的考查點 規(guī)律方法 一“找”，二“還”，三“替換” ?找：就是先把句子分為主句和從句兩部分，再找出先行詞和關(guān)系詞。 ?還：根據(jù)先行詞提示的意思，把定語從句還原為完整的一句話。(可以添詞) ?替換：用關(guān)系詞替換定語從句中還原后添加的部分，作主語和賓語用關(guān)系代詞，作狀語用關(guān)系副詞。(時間狀語用when，地點狀語用where，原因狀語用why。同初中時做的“對畫線部分提問”相似，該用what的時候用which/that即可) 例如： ①This is the school ________ I once studied. ②This is the school ________ is the most famous in the city. ③I am studying at a school ________ my father teaches English. 找：(略) 還原：根據(jù)先行詞的提示，這三句話的定語從句還原成完整的一句話后分別為： ①I once studied at the school. ②The school is the most famous in the city. ③My father teaches English at the school. 黑體部分為根據(jù)先行詞的意思把關(guān)系詞還原后的部分。 替換：根據(jù)“對畫線部分提問”的規(guī)則，①和③用where，②本該用what，在定語從句中該用what的要換為which/that。因此，答案為：①where；②that/which；③where。 根據(jù)定語從句的先行詞和代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作的句子成分來確定關(guān)系詞。若在從句中作主語或賓語，用關(guān)系代詞；若作狀語就用關(guān)系副詞。 真題驗證1 1.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both，________ is not good for the health. (2017全國卷Ⅰ) 答案　which　[which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，which在從句中作主語，指代前面主句的內(nèi)容。] 2. But Sarah，________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全國卷Ⅲ) 答案　who　[根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)是一個非限制性定語從句，先行詞是Sarah，在從句中作主語，故關(guān)系代詞用who。] 3.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，________ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted(生長)through it.(2017浙江卷) 答案　where　[根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為the garden，在從句中作地點狀語，故要用關(guān)系副詞where。] 4. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC., influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016全國卷Ⅲ) 答案　who　[句中先行詞為the great Chinese scholar Confucius，定語從句中缺少主語，故填who。] 5.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid－1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全國卷Ⅰ) 答案　when　[句中先行詞為the mid－1980s，定語從句中缺少時間狀語，故填when。] 6.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.(2015全國卷Ⅰ) 答案　that/which　[句中先行詞為the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River，定語從句中缺少主語，故填which/that。] 7.When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market ________ people from the towns met regularly.(2015廣東卷) 答案　where　[句中先行詞為the market，定語從句中缺少地點狀語，故填where。] 8.Many young people, most of ________ were well－educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016江蘇卷改編) 答案　whom　[句中先行詞為many young people，定語從句中缺少主語，且所填關(guān)系詞為介詞of的賓語，故填whom。] 9.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ________ school education depends.(2015安徽卷改編) 答案　which　[句中先行詞為the fundamental skill，定語從句中缺少賓語，且所填關(guān)系詞為介詞on的賓語，故填which。] 定語從句在短文改錯中的考查點 規(guī)律方法 第一步：判斷是否為定語從句，what不引導(dǎo)定語從句是?？键c； 第二步：判斷是何種定語從句，that不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句是?？键c； 第三步：分析關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所作成分，關(guān)系詞混用是?？键c。 真題驗證2 1.In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全國卷Ⅱ)________ 答案　that→which　[關(guān)系詞的混用。that不能夠引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，故改為which。] 2.The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.(2016四川卷)________ 答案　what→that/which，或者去掉what　[首先判斷dishes后面的從句為定語從句，what不引導(dǎo)定語從句；其次定語從句中缺少賓語。] 3.Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.(全國卷Ⅱ)________ 答案　that→which　[關(guān)系詞的混用。that不能夠引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，故改為which。] 第三課時　寫作增分課 定語從句在寫作中的增分點 一、用as作關(guān)系代詞寫句子 1.起初，我認(rèn)為李老師有點怪，因為他總是問一些沒人能回答的問題。(kind of odd, such questions as) At__first,__I__thought__Mr.__Li__was__kind__of__odd,__because__he__was__always__asking__such__questions__as__no__one__could__answer. 2.他不是一個把今天能做的事拖到明天做的人。(such a man, put off...till tomorrow) He__isn’t__such__a__man__as__puts__off__what__he__can__do__today__till__tomorrow. 3.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)讀一些使我們明智的書。(such books as, wiser) We__should__read__such__books__as__make__us__wiser. 4.在我生日那天，我收到了像母親承諾的那樣好的一件禮物。(receive as good a gift) On__my__birthday,__I__received__as__good__a__gift__as__my__mother__had__promised. 二、用as, which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句寫句子 1.我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個老人躺在馬路上，我乘出租車立即把他送到了醫(yī)院，這就是那天上午我遲到的原因。(find somebody doing, take...to) I__found__an__old__man__lying__on__the__ground__and__I__took__him__to__hospital__in__a__taxi__immediately,__which__was__why__I__was__late__that__morning. 2.正如一句諺語所說，“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”如果沒有一個強壯的身體，一個人會一事無成。(saying, a sound body, achieve) As__a__saying__goes,__“All__work__and__no__play__makes__Jack__a__dull__boy.”__Without__a__sound__body,__one__cannot__achieve__anything. 3.正如圖表所顯示的那樣，這個城市的空氣質(zhì)量在過去兩年越來越糟。(as is shown in the chart, the air quality) As__is__shown__in__the__chart,__the__air__quality__of__the__city__has__bee__worse__and__worse__in__the__past__two__years. 4.在漢語演講比賽中獲得一等獎，這我做夢也沒有想到。(win the first prize, Chinese speech petition, beyond my wildest dreams) I__won__the__first__prize__in__the__Chinese__Speech__petition,__which__was__beyond__my__wildest__dreams. 三、使用非限制性定語從句寫高級句子 1.我們的學(xué)校，位于內(nèi)鄉(xiāng)西北角，有34年歷史。(be located in, have a history of) Our__school,__which__is__located__in__the__northwest__of__Neixiang,__has__a__history__of__thirty－four__years. 2.我們學(xué)校里的老師，大多數(shù)都是三十多歲，把他們一切都奉獻給了我們。(in one’s thirties, devote oneself to) The__teachers__of__our__school,__most__of__whom__are__in__their__thirties,__have__devoted__themselves__to__us. 3.我們學(xué)校有四千多名學(xué)生，大多數(shù)都能用心學(xué)習(xí)。(the majority of, put one’s heart into) There__are__more__than__4000__students__in__our__school,__the__majority__of__whom__put__their__hearts__into__their__studies. 4.我為我們的學(xué)校而感到自豪。我相信，在這里，如果我們好好學(xué)習(xí)的話，一定會考上名牌大學(xué)。(be proud of, there is a good chance that, be admitted to) I__am__proud__of__our__school,__where__I__am__sure__if__we__do__our__best,__there__is__a__good__chance__that__we__can__be__admitted__to__the__best__famous__universities. 四、綜合運用定語從句知識寫句子 1.但是，現(xiàn)在許多公司關(guān)心的卻是怎樣掙到更多的錢，不管環(huán)境受到怎樣的破壞。(all, care about, make money, no matter how seriously) However,__all__that__many__panies__care__about__is__how__to__make__more__money,__no__matter__how__seriously__the__environment__is__damaged. 2.我的家鄉(xiāng)已不再是十年前的那個小村莊了，那時到處都是破舊房子，人們食不果腹。(the little village, when, old houses, hardly feed themselves) My__hometown__isn’t__the__little__village__what__it__was__ten__years__ago,__when__there__were__old__houses__everywhere__and__people__could__hardly__feed__themselves. 3.那個小學(xué)的許多學(xué)生，他們的父母在遙遠的大城市打工，不得不由他們的祖父母照看，而他們的祖父母許多連自己都照顧不了。(work as migrant workers, be taken care of) Many__students__of__the__primary__school,__whose__parents__are__working__as__migrant__workers__in__big__cities__far__away,__have__to__be__taken__care__of__by__their__grandparents,__many__of__whom__can__hardly__take__care__of__themselves. 4.他是那些學(xué)生中唯一一個連續(xù)三次獲得一等獎的學(xué)生。(the only one, win the first prize, in a row) He__is__the__only__one__of__the__students__who__has__won__the__first__prize__(for)__three__times__in__a__row. 5.參觀你所在的城市是一次難忘的經(jīng)歷，一次我將永遠珍惜的經(jīng)歷。(visiting your city, one, value for the rest of my life) Visiting__your__city__is__an__unforgettable__experience,__one__I__will__value__for__the__rest__of__my__life.