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專題3　并列句和狀語(yǔ)從句 框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 連詞的分類 連詞常分為并列連詞(也叫等立連詞)和從屬連詞兩大類。 并列句與并列連詞的核心考點(diǎn) 1.并列句的基本概念 并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列而又獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成的。在并列句中，這些簡(jiǎn)單句常由并列連詞連在一起。并列連詞所連接的簡(jiǎn)單句被稱為分句。 2.常見的并列連詞 (1)表示遞進(jìn)或順承關(guān)系：常用的并列連詞有and，not only...but (also)...等。 He had plenty of money and he spent it freely. Not only did he speak more correctly，but he (also) spoke more easily. (2)表示選擇關(guān)系：常用的并列連詞有or，either...or...等。 Either you are right，or I am. (3)表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：常用的并列連詞有but，yet，whereas等。 Jane said she was ill，yet I saw her in the street just now. Some of the studies show positive results，whereas others do not. (4)表示因果關(guān)系：常用的并列連詞有so，for等。 It must have rained last night，for it is wet all over. The shops were closed，so I didn’t get any milk. (5)when也可用作并列連詞，意為“那時(shí)，這時(shí)”，相當(dāng)于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式：①sb.was doing sth.when...；②sb.was about to do/going to do/on the point of doing sth.when...；③sb.had (just) done sth.when...。 We were having a meeting when someone broke in. We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. (6)while作為并列連詞，意為“而，卻”，表示對(duì)比。 He likes pop music，while I am fond of folk music. 從屬連詞與狀語(yǔ)從句 一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 1.before引導(dǎo)的從句中不用否定式謂語(yǔ)。常用如下句型： It will be long before...(得過好久才……) It will not be long before...(過不了多久就……) It was long before...(過了好久才……) It was not long before...(過了不久就……) 2.since后面所用動(dòng)詞不同，該動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間的計(jì)算方法也不同。 It is two years since he joined the army. 他參軍兩年了。 It is two years since he smoked.他戒煙兩年了。 3.as，when，while用法一覽表。 類別 作用 例句 as as表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”，往往和when/while通用，但它著重強(qiáng)調(diào)主句與從句的動(dòng)作或事情同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。 She came up as I was cooking.(同時(shí)) The runners started as the gun went off.(幾乎同時(shí)) when (at or during the time that)既可以表示在某一點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，又可表示在某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，主句與從句的動(dòng)作或事情可以同時(shí)發(fā)生也可以先后發(fā)生。 It was raining when we arrived.(指時(shí)間點(diǎn)) When we were at school，we went to the library every day.(在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)) while while意思是“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”或“在某一段時(shí)間里”。主句中的動(dòng)作或事情在從句中的動(dòng)作或事情的進(jìn)展過程中發(fā)生，從句中的動(dòng)詞一般要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。在when表示a period of time時(shí)，兩者可以互換。 Please don’t talk so loud while others are working. He fell asleep while/when reading. Strike while the iron is hot.(不可用as或when，這里的while意思是“趁……”) 4.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞除上述外還有： (1)till，not...until...，until Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. He waited for his father until/till it was twelve o’clock. (2)hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...表示“剛……就……” We had hardly got/Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain. No sooner had he arrived/He had no sooner arrived than she started plaining. (3)directly，immediately，the moment，the minute，the instant，as soon as意為“一……就……” He made for the door directly he heard the knock. The moment he saw his mother，he burst into tears. (4)each time，every time Each time he came to my city，he would call on me. 二、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 1.although與though可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，不能與but連用，但可以與yet連用。 Although/Though they are poor，(yet) they are warm-hearted. 2.even if或even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“即使”“縱然”，用來(lái)使人注意下文所強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容的性質(zhì)。 I’ll get there even if/though I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air. 3.no matter后接who，what，where，how等疑問詞引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，也可以在這類疑問詞后面加上-ever構(gòu)成whoever，whatever，wherever，however等。但在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，只能用“疑問詞＋-ever”類詞。 Don’t trust him，no matter what/whatever he says. I will eat whatever you give me. No matter how/However hard the work is，you’d better try to do it well. 4.as也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，需將從句中的表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)以及謂語(yǔ)中的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前至從句句首，引起倒裝；作表語(yǔ)的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前如有冠詞，冠詞需省去。though引導(dǎo)的從句也可以倒裝，但although引導(dǎo)的不可以。 Child as/though he is，he knows a lot. Much as I like it，I won’t buy. Try as he would，he couldn’t lift the heavy box. 5.while也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“盡管”，比though/although語(yǔ)氣弱。while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句一般要位于句首。 三、原因狀語(yǔ)從句：because，as，since，now that 1.表示不知道的原因時(shí)用because，即說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為聽話人不知道，因此because從句是全句最重要的部分，通常它被置于主句之后。 You want to know why I’m leaving？I’m leaving because I’m fed up with the boss. 2.表示已經(jīng)知道的原因時(shí)用as或since，即某種原因在說(shuō)話人看來(lái)已經(jīng)很明顯，或已為聽話人所熟悉，因此它是句中不太重要的部分。since要比as正式一些，它們通常被置于主句之前，但有時(shí)卻相反。 Seeing all of the children already seated，he said，“Since everyone is here，let’s start.” 3.下列情況下只能使用because： (1)在回答why的問句時(shí)； (2)在用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)； (3)被not所否定時(shí)。 四、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where，wherever等 Make a mark wherever you have any questions. We will go where the Party directs us. 五、目的狀語(yǔ)從句：that，so that，in order that 注意：目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，否則可能是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，不可置于句首。 He got up early so that he could catch the early train. 六、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：that，so that，so...that...，such...that... 注意：so＋形容詞/副詞＋that從句；such＋名詞＋that從句。 She is so good that we all like her. He is such a good teacher that we all respect him. 七、方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as，as if/though I’ll do as I am told. It looks as if it is going to rain. 八、條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if，unless，so/as long as，in case，once，on condition that等 You can use my bike as long as you return it on time. 九、比較狀語(yǔ)從句：than；(not)as/so...as...；not the same as; the＋比較級(jí)，the＋比較級(jí) He works as hard as others. We treat boys exactly the same as girls. The sun is much bigger than the earth. The more you eat，the fatter you will be. (一)在書面表達(dá)中往往缺乏并列句意識(shí)，主要存在以下兩個(gè)方面的傾向： 1.機(jī)械排列簡(jiǎn)單句 I believe I am fit for it.I’m writing to apply for the position. 如果我們把意義相關(guān)的這兩個(gè)句子用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞連接起來(lái)，可得到下面的句子： I believe I am fit for it，so I’m writing to apply for the position. 比較一下，同學(xué)們是不是感覺后者要優(yōu)于前者呢？并列連詞的使用可增強(qiáng)句子之間的邏輯性和美感，使句子之間顯得更加緊湊。 2.逗號(hào)連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句 I’m enthusiastic and easy-going，I’m easy to get along with and can cooperate well with others. 在該句中含有兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，中間用逗號(hào)起了連接作用，顯然這是不符合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的。我們不妨做如下改動(dòng)： I’m enthusiastic and easy-going，so I’m easy to get along with and can cooperate well with others. (二)對(duì)于狀語(yǔ)從句，在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中主要存在以下問題： 1.從句意識(shí)缺乏 The Expo is very attractive.We are all eager to pay a visit to it. The Expo is so attractive thatwe are all eager to pay a visit to it. 通過比較不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，后句比前句更加緊湊且邏輯性強(qiáng)，增強(qiáng)了交際效果。 2.狀語(yǔ)從句成分殘缺 (誤)Please close the doors and windows beforeleave the classroom. (正)Please close the doors and windows beforeyouleave the classroom. 由于受漢語(yǔ)的干擾，第一句中狀語(yǔ)從句中漏掉了主語(yǔ)。 3.連接詞誤用 (誤)Teachers and parents should respect us nomatter we are in or outside school. (正)Teachers and parents should respect us whether we are in or outside school. 這兩句盡管從漢語(yǔ)角度來(lái)看意思相同，但是從語(yǔ)法角度no matter一般后跟特殊疑問詞，而whether可直接引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。 (誤)Though he is considered a great writer，but his works are not widely read. (正)Though he is considered a great writer，his works are not widely read. 在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，though和although不能與but連用。 考向1　并列句中的并列連詞 Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1.I am not afraid of tomorrow，for I have seen yesterday and I love today.(2016北京) 解析　句意為：我并不害怕明天，因?yàn)槲乙呀?jīng)歷了昨天并熱愛今天。根據(jù)句意可知，句子前后為因果關(guān)系，故答案為for。 2.It was time for her to have a new baby，and it was also time for the young panda to be independent.(2016四川) 解析　句意為：是時(shí)候再生一個(gè)孩子了，熊貓寶寶也到獨(dú)立的時(shí)候了。It was time for...和it was also time for...之間是并列關(guān)系，故用and連接。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years， he agreed. (2018全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　句意為：在旅行的最后，我告訴爸爸我打算每?jī)赡昊貋?lái)一次，他同意了。此處是順承關(guān)系，故將but改成and。 2.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders， once I started the car，my mind went blank.(2017全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)前后句意思可知這里表示轉(zhuǎn)折概念，并非因果，所以把so改為but或yet。 3.I have grown not only physically， also mentally in the past few years.(2017全國(guó)Ⅲ) 解析　not only...but also...不僅……而且……，連接并列成分。 4.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables high quality oil are used for cooking. (2016全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)句意可知，二者之間為并列關(guān)系而非選擇關(guān)系。 5.We can choose between staying at home and taking a trip.If we stay at home，it is fortable there is no need to spend money.(2016全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　如果待在家里，感覺舒適，還不必花錢。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)是并列關(guān)系，而不是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。 6.Mom has a full-time job， she has to do most of the housework.(2016四川) 解析　has a full-time job與has to do most of the housework之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故將so改為but。 考向2　狀語(yǔ)從句中的從屬連詞 Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1.If we don’t stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.(2018北京) 解析　句意為：如果我們不制止氣候變化，世界上的很多動(dòng)植物將會(huì)消失。根據(jù)句意可知，設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“如果”，故填if。 2.Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend so that they get sweet enough to be eaten. (2018天津) 解析　句意為：讓我們這個(gè)周末再摘這些桃子吧，以便它們吃起來(lái)足夠甜。從句為目的狀語(yǔ)從句，故用so that引導(dǎo)。 3.Unless you can sleep well，you will lose the ability to focus，plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.(2018江蘇) 解析　句意為：除非你能睡好，否則一兩個(gè)晚上之后，你會(huì)失去集中注意力、做好規(guī)劃和保持積極性的能力。unless除非，如果不，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，符合句意。 4.Although/Though/While birds use their feathers for flight，some of their feathers are for other purposes.(2017北京) 解析　句意為：雖然鳥兒用羽毛來(lái)飛行，但是它們的一些羽毛也有其他用途。前后為讓步關(guān)系，故用although/though/while引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。 5.If you don’t understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people until/till you figure it out.(2017北京) 解析　句意為：如果不了解某個(gè)事物，你可以研究、學(xué)習(xí)、與他人探討，直到(until/till)弄清楚。until/till直到……為止，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，符合語(yǔ)境。 6.Located where the Belt meets the Road，Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.(2017江蘇) 解析　句意為：由于位于“一帶一路”的交匯處，江蘇將為“一帶一路”的建設(shè)作出更大的貢獻(xiàn)?？崭裉幵谶^去分詞located后面引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，且在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，表示“在‘一帶一路’的交匯處”，因此用where引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。located表示“坐落在；位于”。 7.I really enjoy listening to music because/as it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.(2016北京) 解析　句意為：我真的很喜歡聽音樂，因?yàn)樗兄谖曳潘?，讓我忘記一天中的其他憂慮。根據(jù)句意可知，前后句為因果關(guān)系。 8.Over time，as/when the population grew，people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.(2016全國(guó)Ⅲ) 解析　as/when當(dāng)……時(shí)，隨著……。 9.The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.When/If it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little forting pats.(2016四川) 解析　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，when(當(dāng)……時(shí))和if(如果)用在此處都合適。句意為：當(dāng)它哭的時(shí)候/如果它哭了，熊貓媽媽會(huì)來(lái)回?fù)u晃它，輕輕拍打，給它安慰。 10.One day，the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.(2015廣東) 解析　be doing sth.when...正在做某事這時(shí)……。when意思是“正在這時(shí)”。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.The games my parents taught me I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.(2018全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　句意為：我小時(shí)候我父母教給我的紙牌游戲在我日后的生活中證明是非常有用的。I was a child表示的是時(shí)間而非地點(diǎn)，故用when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 2.My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor I was packing them up.(2015陜西) 解析　句意為：我所犯的唯一的錯(cuò)誤就是當(dāng)我把它們打包的時(shí)候，把一些掉在了地上。when/while當(dāng)……的時(shí)候，after在……之后。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)將after改為when/while。 3. I was only a child when I studied in that classroom，I will never forget it. (2015浙江) 解析　句意為：盡管在那個(gè)教室學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)我僅僅是一個(gè)孩子，但我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了它。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)將If改為Although或Though。 4.And it is wise to have as many good friends we can.(2014大綱全國(guó)) 解析　as many...as we can為固定句式，as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。 5.Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year，或but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.(2014新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，although不可以與but連用，但可以與yet連用。 6.In fact，he even scared my classmates away they came over to play or do homework with me.(2013新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　句中during為介詞，不可以連接兩個(gè)并列的句子，根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系，后一個(gè)分句應(yīng)為when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。故during應(yīng)改為when。 Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1.You have to move out of the way or/otherwise the truck couldn’t get past you. 2.Mike was usually so careful，yet/but this time he made a small mistake. 3.Find ways to praise your children often，and you’ll find they will open their hearts to you. 4.At school，some students are active while others are shy，yet they can be good friends with one another. 5.Everything was placed exactly where he wanted it for the graduation ceremony. 6.Hot as/though the night air was，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. 7.It is hard for the Greek government to get over the present difficulties unless it gets more financial support from the European Union. 8.However hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. 9.The doctor told the patient to go on a diet because he was overweight. 10.There once was a very rich man.He was so generous to everybody around him that many people in his neighborhood knew him. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.My new job meant I had to say goodbye to my classmates，my school just everything else I love in the world. 2.My father is hardworking goes to work in the field every day. 3.I have been missing you very much I went to college a year ago. 4.In the end，we drove to a service station and waited there the road was clear. 5.Mom，though I may not often say it，I do love you.Nobody can take your part in my heart. I am，I will always love you. 6.It is in the downtown area， it is easy to go anywhere from the hotel by public transport. 7.I called my parents， I did not tell them what had happened. 8.To deal with the problem，I think，they should first go all out to plant trees trees will help save water. 9.Her hair was black and purple，and she wore black sports shoes and a black sweater， in summer. 10.Some friends of his go to see him every day， they take him lots of good books and fresh fruit. Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空(連詞專練) My mother was cooking in the kitchen 1.while I was doing my school assignments.No sooner had I finished my homework 2.than the door bell rang.However，my sister unlocked the door 3.before I could open it.We were surprised the moment we saw her 4.because her clothes and face were terribly dirty.She looked much poorer 5.than we expected.6.Since we didn’t know what had happened to her，we stood there and waited for my sister’s story.We wouldn’t leave 7.unless my sister told us all about it.8.After my sister got changed，she told us that she fell into a ditch 9.when she walked on a path on her way to my uncle’s home in the countryside.She couldn’t get out of the ditch.10.Although/Though she cried for help loudly，no one could hear her.She tried to climb out of it，but 11.however hard she tried，she failed to escape from it.12.As time went by，she got worried. After several vain attempts she had to stand 13.where she was and waited 14.until a boy student passed by and gave her a hand.The boy reached her a long rope and told her to climb with the rope.She did 15.as the boy told，and she came out.