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專題15 瞻前顧后　閱讀理解之詞義猜測與細(xì)節(jié)理解 【2018年考綱解讀】 詞義猜測題著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義的能力，這也是一個從“已知”得出“未知”的過程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子)進(jìn)行推理，有時還需要依靠常識和經(jīng)驗來猜測詞義?？疾榉秶婕皢卧~意義理解、短語意義理解、句子意義理解或代詞指代對象的確定等。 【題型示例】 題型一 詞義猜測 【題型特點】詞義猜測題常見設(shè)問方式 1．(1)What does the underlined word mean in the...? (2)The word “...” probably refers to... 其中均含有word or underlined word。 2．(1)The term/sentence in... can be replaced by... (2)What does the underlined phrase/sentence mean in the last paragraph? 【方法技巧】“一原則”、“二關(guān)注”速解詞義猜測題 一原則 結(jié)合上下文 詞義猜測題所提問的單詞、詞組或句子一般都是考生不認(rèn)識的，即使認(rèn)識，正確答案也未必是熟悉的含義。這種題目目的就是希望考生能結(jié)合上下文，來理解不認(rèn)識的單詞、詞組或句子。 二關(guān)注 關(guān)注并列轉(zhuǎn)折部分 這是做詞義猜測題的一大利器。因為由并列轉(zhuǎn)折連接的兩部分會存在語義含義和成分的對應(yīng)。所以如果有一個單詞不認(rèn)識，就可以在與其并列或轉(zhuǎn)折部分的信息中找對應(yīng)信息。 關(guān)注解釋說明部分 分析試題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實出題者在出一些詞義猜測題的時候也是動了惻隱之心的。會在晦澀難懂的信息附近存在一個解釋說明部分，解釋說明部分的標(biāo)志有逗號、冒號、破折號、雙引號等。 Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D.C. Duration:3 hours Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most ,interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. fortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路線）make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour Duration:3 hours(7miles) Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights. 21. Which tour do you need to book in advance? A. Cherry Blossom like Tour in Washington, D.C. B. Washington capital Monuments Bicycle Tour. C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D. C. D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour. 22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour? A. Meet famous people. B. Go to a national park. C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories. 23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide? A. City maps. B. Cameras. C. Meals D. Safety lights 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D 【解析】本文是一篇廣告應(yīng)用文。文章介紹了騎自行車到Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路線的相關(guān)行程及注意事項。 23. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour中的All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.可知，所有騎行者都要裝備反光背心和安全手電筒。故選D。 B Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11. "We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay 5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. " The eight-part series(系列節(jié)自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they e to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes. 24. What do we know about Susanna Reid? 【變式探究】【2018江蘇】請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文, 從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D 四個選項中, 選出最佳選項, 并 在答題卡上將該項涂黑。 A The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028 211-535-7710 .metmuseum.org Entrances Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street Hours Open 7 days a week. Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30 Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00 Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,January 1,and the first Monday in May. Admission $25.00 remended for adults, $12.00 remended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊）on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult. Free with Admission All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/childrens programs are free with admission. Ask about todays activities at the Great Hall Information Desk. The Cloisters Museum and Gardens The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. The extensive collection consists of masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century. Hours: Open 7 days a week. March-October 10:00-17:15 November-February 10:00-16:45 Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,and January 1. 56. How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum? A. $12. B. $37. C. $ 50. D. $ 62 57. The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens lies in the fact that ________. A.it opens all the year round B. its collections date from the Middle Ages C.it has a modern European-style garden D.it sells excellent European glass collections 【文章大意】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，主要介紹了英國藝術(shù)博物館和修道院博物館的參觀指南，包括參觀時間、價格、特點等。 56.C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Admission部分和Free with Admission部分，根據(jù)“$25.00 remended for adults”可知，成人25美元每人；根據(jù)“All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/children’s programs are free with admission”可知，帶孩子的家庭中孩子免費(fèi)，故C父母及他們11歲的女兒總計付50美元，故選C項。 B In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食）when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty. Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）.When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding. high prices — dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad tables," given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier. 58. The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were . A. not aware of eating more than usual B. not willing to share food with others C. not conscious of the food quality D. not fond of the food provided 59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A. playing classical music. B. Introducing lemon scent. C. Making the light brighter, D. Using plates of larger size. 60. What does the last paragraph talk about? A. Tips to attract more customers. B. Problems restaurants are faced with. C. Ways to improve restaurants reputation. D. mon misunderstandings about restaurants. 【答案】58. A 59. A 60. D 【解析】本文為議論文。本文介紹了現(xiàn)代餐館刺激消費(fèi)和食欲的幾種方法，以及人們對餐廳的一些錯誤看法。 59. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）可知，要想讓客人呆的時間更長應(yīng)該播放莫扎特等古典音樂而不是流行音樂。Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.引入薰衣草香而不是檸檬香，而D項文章沒有提及，所以用排除方法可以選A。 60. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding，high prices — dont necessarily.可知，你認(rèn)為可能會影響人們消費(fèi)的因素如：不好的桌子，擁擠以及高價等不一定會真影響人們的消費(fèi)，然后依次舉例進(jìn)行了證明，所以本段主要講的是人們對于飯店的幾個誤解，故選D。 上面臨的巨大壓力。故B正確。 67. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第九段children pared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves".可知，孩子在網(wǎng)上與其他人比較損害他們的自尊心，自信心以及自我發(fā)展的能力。故B正確。 68. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第12段However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知，隨著孩子年齡的增長，他們開始渴望上網(wǎng)，再根據(jù)13段By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.可以推斷出，他們的壓力源于他們渴望自己的發(fā)帖能受歡迎、被認(rèn)可，由此可見他們渴望得到公眾的認(rèn)可。故選D。 69. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.可以推斷出,父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，所以應(yīng)該時刻跟蹤了解孩子對于社交app的使用。故選C。 70. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段Children as young as ten are being dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.可知，本文為新聞報道體，文章主要介紹青少年變得越來越依賴社交媒體。再根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知文章主要介紹了社交媒體對孩子的影響，故A正確。 【變式探究】(2017天津，C) This month, Germanys transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛). They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi－autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(財產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email, say—the cars maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’， people expect driverless cars，” Merat says. “You know—no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government－provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo. 1.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers role is not clear. 2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to______. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段提到德國交通部長希望的三件事以及第四段說交通道路法規(guī)中關(guān)于自主駕駛車輛的這種變化將會允許完全自主駕駛的車輛投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，選B。 3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars？ A．It should get the attention of insurance panies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 解析：考查推理判斷。題干詢問消費(fèi)者(乘客)對于無人駕駛汽車的看法，在談到誰應(yīng)承擔(dān)無人駕駛車輛的責(zé)任時，第七段說，當(dāng)你說無人駕駛車輛的時候，人們以為是沒有司機(jī)，從這些信息可以推斷出，消費(fèi)者在這種情況下會覺得沒有為無人駕駛車輛的安全問題負(fù)責(zé)的人，故選D。 B Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the mon berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白質(zhì)), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C. When bined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out es a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream e out below. 24. What does the author seem to like about cherries? A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A. C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants. 25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas? A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour. C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition. 26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph? A. A dessert. B. A drink. C. A container. D. A machine. 27. From which is the text probably taken? A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine. C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure. 【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. B 【解析】本文是一篇日常生活類說明文。文中講述了人們熱愛水果豐盛的7月，這時候各種水果營養(yǎng)豐富且含有對人體有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我們可以利用它做一些孩子喜歡的甜點或冰淇淋。 26. 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream e out below可知，孩子們喜歡把一些水果和冷凍的香蕉放入到這臺機(jī)器的上部，然后看到冰激凌從下面出來。故可以推出a juicer就是一臺機(jī)器。故選D。 C Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a mon Sense Media report published Monday. While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading. According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.” The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session. When it es to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建議) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time. The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it es to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, pared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read. As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore. 28. What is the mon Sense Media report probably about? A. Children’s reading habits. B. Quality of children’s books. C. Children’s after-class activities. D. Parent-child relationships. 29. Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"? A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3. C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5. 30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading? A. E-books are of poor quality. B. It could be a waste of time. C. It may harm children’s health. D. E-readers are expensive. 31. How should parents encourage their children to read more? A. Act as role models for them. B. Ask then to write book reports. C. Set up reading groups for them. D. Talk with their reading class teachers. 【答案】28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A 【解析】據(jù)本周一公布的a mon Sense Media report報告顯示，青少年和年幼的孩子們讀書的樂趣大大減少。文中從閱讀的樂趣，閱讀的時間，閱讀方式和父母對孩子閱讀的影響等角度展示了該報告的內(nèi)容。 29. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.可知，很少為樂趣而閱讀的人的比例已經(jīng)分別從1984年的13歲的8%和17歲的9%上升到現(xiàn)在的22%和27%。也就是說，為樂趣而讀書的人越來越少了。故選B。 30. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段最后一句many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time可知，許多家長仍然限制電子閱讀，主要是由于擔(dān)心看一些電子屏幕的時間越來越多，也即是擔(dān)心會傷害孩子們的健康。故選C。 31. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it es to reading.可知，有明顯的證據(jù)表明，父母為孩子們做榜樣并為孩子們作重要指導(dǎo)能培養(yǎng)孩子的閱讀習(xí)慣。也即是說，父母可以通過給孩子們作榜樣來鼓勵孩子們閱讀的。故選A。 D We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the unfortable silence. What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have promised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤滑劑) for social munica