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完形填空 說明文 【2016上海高考真題】 In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (專制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授權(quán)) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike 2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme 3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise 4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above 5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging 6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply 7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression 8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male 9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing 10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating 11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared 12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally 13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure 14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene 15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness 【答案】1-15 D A B D C B A D A C B B D A C 【解析】本文是說明文。作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯麥克雷戈所提出的人性假設(shè)理論中的X理論和Y理論，并介紹了現(xiàn)代社會中的一種新型管理理論：授權(quán)管理及其作用。 1.考查動詞。根據(jù)后半句“...will do anything to avoid it”可知，很多人為了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，說明那些人生性都不愿意工作。故D項(xiàng)正確。 2.考查名詞。短語to the contrary“相反地”；to the degree“在某種程度上”；to the extreme“走向極端”；在文章第一段中提到了X理論，大多數(shù)人都缺乏進(jìn)取心和責(zé)任心，不愿對人和事負(fù)責(zé)，沒有什么雄心壯志，不喜歡負(fù)責(zé)任。而Y理論認(rèn)為大多數(shù)人愿意對工作、對他人負(fù)責(zé)，人們愿意實(shí)行自我管理和自我控制來完成應(yīng)當(dāng)完成的目標(biāo)。這是兩種完全相反的理論，盡管對于這兩種完全相反的理論有很多的證據(jù)，很多管理人仍然同意X理論。故A正確。 3.考查上下文串聯(lián)。本句中for example表示“舉例說明”；這些管理人仍然同意X理論，例如他們認(rèn)為如果要員工效率高，就需要給與他們不斷的監(jiān)督。這屬于X理論的舉例說明。故B正確。 4.考查副詞。根據(jù)后句“...makes for authoritarian managers....”可知這屬于專制的管理方法，他們的決定是來自上而下的，沒有任何商量的余地。故D項(xiàng)“above上面的”正確。 5.考查動詞。根據(jù)前段可知本文討論的管理學(xué)的理論，本句使用動詞“manage 管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亞洲、西方的管理方法形成呼應(yīng)。故C正確。 6.考查動詞短語辨析。refer to“提到，談到”；contribute to“做貢獻(xiàn)，導(dǎo)致”；object to“反對”；apply to“適用于”。亞洲人使用的是協(xié)商式的管理辦法，所有人都被要求對管理的過程做出自己的貢獻(xiàn)。故B正確。 7.考查名詞。agreement“同意”；practice“練習(xí)，做法”；election“選舉”；impression“印象”。亞洲人使用協(xié)商式的管理方法，這種方法是建立在共同的協(xié)議基礎(chǔ)之上的，西方人也想學(xué)習(xí)這樣的管理方法。故A正確。 8.考查形容詞。根據(jù)前半句“...women will become more effective managers than men...”可知有些專家認(rèn)為女性比男性管理更高效。因?yàn)榕愿杏H和力，比男性管理人更容易與別人達(dá)成一致的目標(biāo)。故D正確。 9.考查動詞。根據(jù)前句“... encourage employees to use their own initiative...（鼓勵員工使用自己的首創(chuàng)精神）”，也就是說在做出決定的時候不要請示上級經(jīng)理，自己做出決定即可。故A項(xiàng)正確。 10.考查動詞。根據(jù)前句“the trend towards downsizing（縮小規(guī)模的趨勢）”，也就是要減少管理層的數(shù)量，可以直接做出決定而不需要請示上級。故動詞“reduce減少”符合上下文串聯(lián)。 11.考查短語辨析辨析。be honored with“被授予”；be left with“留下，剩下”；be crowded with“擠滿”；be compared with“與……相比”；通過這種方法，公司只剩下高層管理者和前線的與公眾直接聯(lián)系的一線管理人。省略了很多中央環(huán)節(jié)，提高了管理的效益。故B正確。 12.考查副詞辨析。economically“經(jīng)濟(jì)地”；traditionally“傳統(tǒng)地”；inadequately“不充分地”；occasionally“偶爾地”。根據(jù)后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management...”可知授權(quán)管理是一個新型的管理方法，與傳統(tǒng)的管理模式不一樣。故B正確。 13.考查動詞辨析。deny“否認(rèn)”；admit“承認(rèn)”；assume“假定，設(shè)想”；ensure“保證，確保”。授權(quán)管理是一種新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理環(huán)節(jié)，保證了整個商業(yè)計劃被采用。根據(jù)句意可知D正確。 14.考查形容詞。virtual“虛擬的”；ineffective“低效的”；day-to-day“日常的”；on-the-scene“現(xiàn)場的”。根據(jù)后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知，在這種新型的管理方法中，人們都是通過郵件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)聯(lián)系，說明這種一種新型通過虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行的管理方法。故A正確。 15.考查名詞辨析。opinion“觀點(diǎn)”；risk“冒險”；performance“表現(xiàn)”；attractiveness“魅力”。根據(jù)后半句中“in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知，“我們”評論員的表現(xiàn)是根據(jù)他們的產(chǎn)品而不是工作時間。故C項(xiàng)正確。 模擬精做 A 【2018年四川省德陽市高三一診英語試題】 I live in a rural community,different from a city because there are 　1　 people.My home is deep in a valley 　2　 by mountains that are rocky.　3　 many farms are located in rural areas because they require large plots of land to grow food or 　4　 farm animals,in my community the mountains and 　5　 soil make it difficult to farm.This is one 　6　 why few people live in my area. Since we have a lot of 　7　,we get to have horses and chickens.My family 　8　 eggs from the chickens for breakfast.We also lose electricity a lot because the trees fall on power lines whenever there’s a 　9　.In my community,people keep battery-powered flashlights and oil lamps stored in case the lights 　10　.Some people also use a machine to generates electricity from gasoline—whenever there are 　11　. Going to school in a rural area means having fewer classmates and 　12　 longer distances.To get to my high school,I must drive forty miles to the 　13　 city.This means I must get up much earlier than my　14　 classmates in order to be on time.The roads in my community aren’t paved with asphalt(瀝青) either,so during storms they 　15　 become too muddy or snowy to pass.In cities a snowplow(掃雪機(jī)) 　16　 quickly,but areas where fewer people live aren’t the priority(優(yōu)先),so days can pass before a snowplow 　17　 the road.Sometimes I must miss school because storms make it 　18　 to drive. I am not sure 　19　 if I want to live in the country or in the city when I grow up,where it can get 　20　,although I do love being around our animals. 1. A.few B. many C.fewer D.more 2. A.surrounded B. hidden C.shadowed D.enriched 3. A.When B.While C.Because D.If 4. A.feed B. grow C.train D.house 5. A.rich B. muddy C.rocky D.snowy 6. A.explanation B.cause C.excuse D.reason 7. A.space B.room C.place D.land 8. A.lays B.harvests C.buys D.picks 9. A.storm B.thunder C.lighting D.shower 10. A.put out B.wear out C.run out D.go out 11. A.dangers B.risks C.emergencies D.incidents 12. A.walking B.running C.driving D.traveling 13. A.nearby B.distant C.nearest D.farthest 14. A.rural B.city C.old D.new 15. A.can B.may C.must D.should 16. A.comes by B.comes about C.comes to D.comes out 17. A.cleans B.digs C.clears D.covers 18. A.likely B.necessary C.improper D.impossible 19. A.still B.yet C.even D.as 20. A.quiet B.lonely C.alone D.busy 【答案】1-20 CABDC DABAD CDCBA ACDBB 【解析】本文是說明文。作者通過自己的親身經(jīng)歷，和城市進(jìn)行對比，分析了在農(nóng)村居住的好處和不足。　 1.考查形容詞及上下文語境。根據(jù)常識可知，農(nóng)村地區(qū)和城市相比人口比較少，所以答案為C項(xiàng)。 2.考查動詞。A項(xiàng)“包圍”；B項(xiàng)“隱藏”；C項(xiàng)“遮蔽”；D項(xiàng)“使豐富”。根據(jù)“deep in a valley”和“by mountains”可知，作者的家在被山包圍的山谷深處，所以答案為A項(xiàng)。 3.考查連詞。上句說農(nóng)村人少偏僻，下句說許多農(nóng)場都在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，前后句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以選擇B項(xiàng)。 4.考查動詞。A項(xiàng)“喂養(yǎng)，飼養(yǎng)”；B項(xiàng)“種植”；C項(xiàng)“培養(yǎng)，訓(xùn)練”；D項(xiàng)“提供房子或住處”。此處指農(nóng)場需要大塊的土地來種糧食和給家畜提供場地，所以選擇D項(xiàng)。 5.考查形容詞。根據(jù)上文“My home is deep in a valley　　by mountains that are rocky”可知，此處指在作者的家鄉(xiāng)，山脈和巖石土壤使農(nóng)場難以耕種。形容詞rocky在文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。答案為C項(xiàng)。 6.考查名詞。A項(xiàng)“解釋”；B項(xiàng)“起因，原因”；C項(xiàng)“借口，理由”；D項(xiàng)“原因”。家鄉(xiāng)的土壤不適合耕種，這是家鄉(xiāng)人少的原因。reason后通常可以接why引導(dǎo)的定語從句，cause不能，所以答案為D項(xiàng)。 7.考查名詞。根據(jù)后文的“we get to have horses and chickens”可知，鄉(xiāng)村需要很大的空間來飼養(yǎng)馬和雞。space和room均可表示“空間”，但room更強(qiáng)調(diào)供人使用的地方和空間，所以答案為A項(xiàng)。 8.考查動詞。A項(xiàng)“產(chǎn)卵,放置”；B項(xiàng)“收獲”；C項(xiàng)“買”；D項(xiàng)“摘，取，挖，采”。作者家養(yǎng)著雞，所以收獲雞蛋作為早餐。答案為B項(xiàng)。 9.考查名詞。A項(xiàng)“暴風(fēng)雨”；B項(xiàng)“雷”；C項(xiàng)“閃電”；D項(xiàng)“陣雨”。家里經(jīng)常停電，因?yàn)槊慨?dāng)有暴風(fēng)雨的時候，樹會被刮到電線上造成停電。根據(jù)常識判斷，只有storm伴隨強(qiáng)風(fēng)，所以答案為A項(xiàng)。 10.考查動詞詞組。A項(xiàng)“撲滅，熄滅”；B項(xiàng)“磨損，穿破”；C項(xiàng)“用光，耗盡”；D項(xiàng)“熄滅”。此處指因?yàn)橥ｋ姛粝?，所以答案為D項(xiàng)。 11.考查名詞。A項(xiàng)“危險”；B項(xiàng)“冒險”；C項(xiàng)“緊急或突發(fā)事件”；D項(xiàng)“事件”。有緊急事件時，會使用一種汽油發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電。答案為C項(xiàng)。 12.考查動詞。在農(nóng)村上學(xué)意味著較少的同學(xué)和走較遠(yuǎn)的路程，因?yàn)槿藷熛∩?，學(xué)校少，所以上學(xué)很遠(yuǎn)。此處并沒有說上學(xué)的具體交通方式，只是總的說，所以答案為D項(xiàng)。 13.考查形容詞及上下文理解。即便是到最近的城市上高中作者也要開車40英里，這是為了突出農(nóng)村人煙稀少，地廣人稀。答案為C項(xiàng)。 14.考查修飾詞。為了按時上學(xué)，作者必須比城市里的同學(xué)更早起床。文章是把農(nóng)村和城市進(jìn)行比較，所以答案為B項(xiàng)。 15.考查情態(tài)動詞。農(nóng)村的道路不是瀝青路，所以雨雪天會變得非常泥濘。根據(jù)句意可知答案為A項(xiàng)。 16.考查動詞詞組辨析。A項(xiàng)“路過，經(jīng)過”；B項(xiàng)“發(fā)生”；C項(xiàng)“談到，提到”；D項(xiàng)“出現(xiàn)，出版”。在城市里，下雪后掃雪機(jī)會很快經(jīng)過，把雪掃干凈。答案為A項(xiàng)。 17.考查動詞。A項(xiàng)“清掃”；B項(xiàng)“挖”；C項(xiàng)“清除，弄干凈”；D項(xiàng)“覆蓋，走完一段路程，足夠支付”。此處指掃雪機(jī)清除積雪，使路面干凈。動詞clean和clear作為動詞意思接近，但clean更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作，而clear則更強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。答案為C項(xiàng)。 18.考查形容詞。A項(xiàng)“很可能的”；B項(xiàng)“必要的”;C項(xiàng)“不適當(dāng)?shù)摹?；D項(xiàng)“不可能的”。因?yàn)檗r(nóng)村道路雨雪后泥濘，不能開車，這使得作者不能去上學(xué)，所以答案為D項(xiàng)。 19.考查副詞。根據(jù)后文“if I want to live in the country or in the city when I grow up.”可知，作者現(xiàn)在仍然不確定將來長大后是生活在城市還是農(nóng)村。選項(xiàng)中still和yet均可表示“仍然，依舊”，但still常用于肯定句中，表示“某事正在進(jìn)行中”，一般與現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或進(jìn)行時態(tài)連用。也可用在疑問句或否定句中，在否定句中須放在否定詞not之前；yet表示“某事尚未發(fā)生”，多用于否定句或帶否定詞的陳述句中。此句為否定句，且not在前，所以答案為B項(xiàng)。 20.考查形容詞。A項(xiàng)“安靜的”；B項(xiàng)“孤獨(dú)寂寞的”；C項(xiàng)“獨(dú)自地，單獨(dú)地”；D項(xiàng)“忙碌的”。因?yàn)檗r(nóng)村人少，所以盡管作者喜歡和動物在一起，但農(nóng)村會讓人寂寞。答案為B項(xiàng)。 B 【江西省2018屆高三畢業(yè)班新課程教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測】There are too many fat people in America, so many Americans are fighting against overweight. But the 　21　 thing is that the French,who consume rich food, 　22__　 to stay thin.Now a 　23　 by Cornell University suggests 　24　 life style and decisions about 　25　 may affect weight. Researchers concluded that the French tend to stop eating when they feel 　26　. However,Americans tend to stop when their 　27　 are empty or their favorite TV show is over. According to Dr.Joseph Mercola, a　28　expert, the French see eating 　29　an important part of their life style.They enjoy food and therefore spend a 　30　 time at the table, while Americans see eating as 　31　 to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans 　32　 the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have 　33　. In addition,he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and 　34　 foods for the week. The French,　35　 tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers’ markets where they have a 　36　 of fresh fruits,vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal. After a visit to the United States, MireilleGuiliano, author of FrenchWomenDon’tGetFat, decided to 　37__　 about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid 　38　. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym. In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style 　39　 may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity (肥胖) — or extreme overweight — among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains 　40　 and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing. 21. A. present B. natural C.strange D.modern 22. A. continue B.move C.try D.expand 23. A. research B.novel C.book D.newspaper 24. A. that B.what C.how D.when 25. A. working B.living C.studying D.eating 26. A. sensitive B.sad C.happy D.full 27. A. pockets B.refrigerators C.houses D.plates 28. A. education B.health C.literature D.speech 29. A. into B.as C.inside D.to 30. A. fairly long B.fairly short C.very exciting D.rather fast 31. A. anything B.something C.everything D.nothing 32. A. get B.bring C.lose D.receive 33. A. kept B.enjoyed C.went D.stopped 34. A. hot B.cool C.warm D.frozen 35. A. therefore B.instead C.however D.merely 36. A. choice B.message C.order D.number 37. A. write B.read C.speak D.think 38. A. fruit B.food C.oil D.egg 39. A. examples B.traditions C.changes D.stories 40. A. failure B.success C.acceptance D.rejection 【答案】21-25 CAACD 26-30 DDBBA 31-35 BCDDB 36-40 AABCC 【解析】本文是說明文。文章通過對比，介紹了法國人吃大量油膩食品，但仍然保持苗條身材的原因?！? 21.考查形容詞。A項(xiàng)“出席的，在場的”；B項(xiàng)“自然的，天然的”；C項(xiàng)“奇怪的”；D項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代的”。很多美國人超重。但是，令人奇怪的是，法國人也吃大量的油膩食品，但卻仍然保持很瘦的身材。答案為C項(xiàng)。 22. 考查動詞。A項(xiàng)“繼續(xù)，維持原狀”；B項(xiàng)“移動，搬家”；C項(xiàng)“努力，嘗試”；D項(xiàng)“擴(kuò)展，擴(kuò)大，擴(kuò)充”。根據(jù)上一題的分析可知答案為A項(xiàng)。 23. 考查名詞。根據(jù)下文中的“researchers”及該句句意可知，Cornell大學(xué)研究生活方式和對食物的選擇是如何影響體重。答案為A項(xiàng)。 24. 考查連詞。根據(jù)上一題的分析可知答案為C項(xiàng)how，強(qiáng)調(diào)方式和程度。 25. 考查動名詞。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知，生活方式和關(guān)于吃的選擇可能會影響體重，且動詞eat在文中重復(fù)多次,所以答案為D項(xiàng)。 26. 考查形容詞。A項(xiàng)“敏感的”；B項(xiàng)“悲傷的”；C項(xiàng)“高興的，幸福的，滿意的”；D項(xiàng)“滿的，充實(shí)的”。當(dāng)法國人感到吃飽了的時候,他們就不再吃東西了。答案為D項(xiàng)。 27. 考查名詞。A項(xiàng)“口袋”；B項(xiàng)“冰箱”；C項(xiàng)“房子”；D項(xiàng)“盤子”。但是，美國人只有在盤子里空了(即沒有東西可吃了)或者他們最喜歡的電視節(jié)目結(jié)束的時候他們才停止吃東西。答案為D項(xiàng)。 28. 考查名詞。A項(xiàng)“教育”；B項(xiàng)“健康”；C項(xiàng)“文學(xué)”；D項(xiàng)“演講，講話”。根據(jù)下文中Dr.Joseph Mercola的觀點(diǎn)可知，他是一位健康專家，所以答案為B項(xiàng)。 29. 考查介詞。法國人將吃看作他們生活中非常重要的一部分。see...as...“將……看作……”，是固定搭配，且和下一句中的“Americans see eating asto be squeezed...”表達(dá)一致。答案為B項(xiàng)。 30. 考查形容詞短語。法國人喜歡食物，所以他們會花相當(dāng)長的時間在餐桌旁。答案為A項(xiàng)。 31.考查不定代詞。句意：美國人將吃看作一件在其他日?；顒又袛D出時間來做的事情。根據(jù)句意可知答案為B項(xiàng)。 32. 考查動詞。根據(jù)下文中的“they keep eating long”可知，當(dāng)美國人實(shí)際上已經(jīng)飽了的時候，他們卻感覺不到(自己已經(jīng)吃飽了)，所以答案為C項(xiàng)。lose the ability to sense...“喪失感覺能力”。 33. 考查動詞。美國人感受不到自己已經(jīng)吃飽了，所以他們會一直吃很長時間，這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了法國人停止吃食物的時間。答案為D項(xiàng)。 34. 考查形容詞及常識。根據(jù)句中“for the week”可知，美國人往往會開車去大超市買足夠一周吃的罐裝和冷凍食品。常識判斷只有罐裝食品和冷凍食品才可以保存較長時間，所以答案為D項(xiàng)。 35. 考查副詞。和美國人相比,相反地,法國人卻每天都去購物，步行到小商店或農(nóng)貿(mào)市場去買新鮮的水果、蔬菜和雞蛋等食物。此題容易誤選however“然而，可是”，但instead更強(qiáng)調(diào)前后對比關(guān)系，所以答案為B項(xiàng)。 36. 考查名詞。A項(xiàng)“選擇”；B項(xiàng)“信息”；C項(xiàng)“命令，訂購，點(diǎn)菜”；D項(xiàng)“數(shù)目，數(shù)字”。法國人往往會選擇新鮮水果、蔬菜和雞蛋等食物。答案為A項(xiàng)。 37. 考查動詞。根據(jù)前文中的“author of French Women Don’t Get fat”可知，MireilleGuiliano是一位作家，所以她決定寫關(guān)于知道何時停止吃東西的重要性的文章。答案為A項(xiàng)。 38. 考查名詞。MireilleGuiliano決定寫關(guān)于何時停止吃東西而不是建議人們?nèi)绾伪苊獬阅承┦澄铩４鸢笧锽項(xiàng)。 39. 考查名詞。根據(jù)下文 “However,as American fast food gains and the young reject older traditions,the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%—and is growing.”可知，隨著美國快餐逐漸被法國人接受及法國年輕人拒絕傳統(tǒng)飲食，生活方式的變化可能會影響法國人的飲食習(xí)慣。答案為C項(xiàng)。 40. 考查名詞。A項(xiàng)“失敗”；B項(xiàng)“成功”；C項(xiàng)“接受”；D項(xiàng)“拒絕”。根據(jù)上一題的分析可知答案為C項(xiàng)。 C 【上海市建平中學(xué)2017屆高三上學(xué)期期中考試】The Term “CYBERSPACE” was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel Neuromancer. His 41 creation turned out to be remarkably prescient (有先見之明). Cyberspace has become shorthand for the computing devices, networks, fiber-optic cables, and wireless links that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The 42 made by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to 43 humanity’s collective store of knowledge every day. But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data 44 are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through attacks. Among the most prominent recent 45__ has been Target, whose chief executive stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant retailer 46__ that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit-card and debit-card details. The potential damage, though, extends well beyond such 47 intrusion. Wider 48 have been raised by the realization of a growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new territory of warfare. America’s president, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release that cyber-threats “ 49 one of the gravest national-security dangers” the country is facing. Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not ___50 . Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not 51 threats because the network was attached to America’s military. As hackers 52 , layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, admits that last year organizations around the globe spent $67 billion on information security. 53 , these defenses have worked reasonably well. Despite the talk about the risk of a “cyber 9/11”, the internet has proved remarkably 54 . Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at 55 stores, share gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds of sensitive data over the web without ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online. 41. A. technical B. literary C. deliberate D. noble 42. A. senses B. restrictions C. connections D. differences 43. A. break through B. keep back C. stand for D. tap into 44. A. collections B. mistakes C. leaks D. sources 45. A. hackers B. agencies C. critics D. victims 46. A. assessed B. insisted C. revealed D. concluded 47. A. social B. cultural C. civil D. commercial 48. A. gaps B. contacts C. effects D. concerns 49. A. pose B. solve C. maintain D. reduce 50. A. availability B. security C. temptation D. preservation 51. A. worry about B. specialize in C. keep away D. put off 52. A. broke down B. turned up C. fell apart D. shut down 53. A. Of course B. In another word C. On the whole D. Above all 54. A. calm and stable B. fun and fashionable C. profitable and productive D. wild and well-received 55. A. luxurious B. favorite C. virtual D. convenience 【答案】41-45 BCDCD 46-50 CDDAB 51-55 ABCAC 【解析】本文為說明文。主要說明“網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間”在使人類聯(lián)系在一起、共享知識的同時，也帶來了數(shù)據(jù)泄露、黑客等問題。 41. 考查形容詞。根據(jù)上文“in a novel Neuromancer.”可知，他的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作最后證明是有先見之明的。literary“文學(xué)的”。故選B。 42.考查名詞。根據(jù)上文“wireless links that bring the internet to billions of people around the world.”可知，這些由科技產(chǎn)生的聯(lián)系給人們帶來很多好處。connections“聯(lián)系”。故選C。 43. 考查動詞短語。句意：這些人使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)來充分利用人類集體知識的集合。tap into“深入了解，（為了利益）充分利用或挖掘（資源）”。故選D。 44. 考查名詞。根據(jù)下文“online intruders had stolen millions of digital records”可知，這里介紹數(shù)據(jù)泄露的問題。leaks“泄露”。故選C。 45.考查名詞。根據(jù)下文“Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through attacks.”可知，最近最著名的受害者是Target。victims“受害者”。故選D。 46. 考查動詞。句意：這個巨大的零售商揭示網(wǎng)絡(luò)入侵者偷走成千上萬關(guān)于顧客的數(shù)字記錄。revealed“揭示”。故選C。 47. 考查形容詞。根據(jù)上文可知，介紹的是商業(yè)入侵。commercial“商業(yè)的”。故選D。 48. 考查名詞。根據(jù)上文“The potential damage, though, extends well beyond...”可知，更多的擔(dān)心被引起。concerns“擔(dān)心”。故選D。 49. 考查動詞。奧巴馬曾經(jīng)說過網(wǎng)絡(luò)威脅引起了最嚴(yán)重的國家安全危險之一。pose“造成（威脅、問題等）”。故選A。 50. 考查名詞。句意：網(wǎng)絡(luò)要做到絕對的安全很難，因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè)是為了提高聯(lián)系效率而不是安全。security“安全”。故選B。 51. 考查動詞短語。句意：它的創(chuàng)立者專注于讓它能運(yùn)作，而不擔(dān)心威脅。worry about“擔(dān)心”。故選A。 52. 考查動詞短語。句意：直到黑客的出現(xiàn)，安全層面，從殺毒軟件到防火墻，都被加入使它們無法靠近。turned up“出現(xiàn)”。故選B。 53.考查詞組辨析。句意：總的來說，這些防御已經(jīng)很奏效了。On the whole“總的來說”。故選C。 54. 考查形容詞。根據(jù)上文“Despite the talk about the risk of a “cyber 9/11”,”可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)還是相當(dāng)平靜和穩(wěn)定的（calm and stable）。故選A。 55.考查形容詞。根據(jù)上文 “turn on their computers”可知，人們上虛擬網(wǎng)店。virtual“虛擬的”。故選C。