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第二步　通覽全局，寫(xiě)作分類突破 第一講　如何寫(xiě)概要 一、題型特點(diǎn) 讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)型作文的寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容一般分為兩個(gè)部分，即寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容一為概括短文大意，以及寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容二，就某個(gè)主題發(fā)表看法?！白x寫(xiě)任務(wù)”是“讀”和“寫(xiě)”的有機(jī)結(jié)合，“讀”的材料是為了后面的“寫(xiě)”提供情景；同樣，“寫(xiě)”也是對(duì)“讀”的材料的思考和延伸。 二、寫(xiě)作技巧 1.寫(xiě)作步驟 摘要通常要求寫(xiě)30詞左右，一般由“主題句＋支撐句”構(gòu)成。寫(xiě)作時(shí)可按以下步驟進(jìn)行。 (1)尋找關(guān)鍵詞。文章的關(guān)鍵詞可結(jié)合寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容中的“就……”主題發(fā)表自己的看法的要求來(lái)確定。如，要求你“以約120詞講述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的經(jīng)歷”，那么所閱讀的文章的主題詞就應(yīng)是homesick。 (2)確定主題句。文章的主題句首先可通過(guò)所給閱讀材料的標(biāo)題來(lái)確定，閱讀材料的標(biāo)題即是文章的論點(diǎn)或主題句。沒(méi)有標(biāo)題的文章，我們就應(yīng)注意第一段(總起段)和最后一段(總結(jié)段)，或每一段的第一句或第二句(總起句)和最后一句(總結(jié)句)。沒(méi)有主題句的需要自己根據(jù)段落大意進(jìn)行總結(jié)。 (3)重構(gòu)主題句。主題句要能概括全文中心，并能涵蓋后面支撐句的所有內(nèi)容。 (4)重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充或者提供證據(jù)。 2.概括的形式：“主題句＋支撐句”即“主題＋主題的什么” 文體 主題句 支撐句 議論文 文章論點(diǎn) 文章論據(jù) 記敘文 故事的寫(xiě)作目的/主題 故事大意 說(shuō)明文 說(shuō)明的對(duì)象/觀點(diǎn)/現(xiàn)象 解釋/分述 [名師點(diǎn)津]　寫(xiě)概要時(shí)不要照搬原文中的句子，而必須用自己的話來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述。概括可采用總→分的形式，即第一句話是主題句，清楚明白地告訴讀者文章的主要內(nèi)容(這句話舉足輕重)，后面的句子對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行解釋和支撐，主題之外的內(nèi)容要毫不吝嗇地予以剔除。 【典例示范】 請(qǐng)閱讀下面短文，并按照要求用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的文章。 (江蘇卷)When we read newspapers, we often e across such English words as“AIDS” and “PK.” When we watch TV, we frequently hear words like “NBA” or “PM2.5.” When we speak, we automatically use words like “OUT” or “Bye-bye.” English words and expressions like these are getting popular. They have already bee part of our daily language. And 239 English words have been included in the latest Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese. The inclusion has started a heated discussion. A group of scholars signed a letter of plaint over the inclusion of these English words, which, they think, goes against Chinese language policies. They not only worry that Chinese is borrowing an increasing number of English words but are also concerned that the inclusion may hurt the dignity of the Chinese language. However, others are in favor of the inclusion because it is hard to say whether it will threaten the Chinese language. They believe the selection is mostly a result of their function and use in daily life. [寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容] 1.用約 30 個(gè)單詞寫(xiě)出上文概要； 2.用約 120 個(gè)單詞發(fā)表你的觀點(diǎn)，內(nèi)容包括： (1)支持或反對(duì)漢語(yǔ)詞典收錄英語(yǔ)詞匯； (2)用 2～3個(gè)理由或論據(jù)支撐你的觀點(diǎn)。 [寫(xiě)作要求] 1.可以支持文中任一觀點(diǎn)，但必須提供理由或論據(jù)； 2.闡述觀點(diǎn)或提供論據(jù)時(shí)，不能直接引用原文語(yǔ)句； 3.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱； 4.不必寫(xiě)標(biāo)題。 [評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)] 內(nèi)容完整，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，語(yǔ)篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)。 [參考范文1] Today, more and more English words find their way into the Chinese language. Even the Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese includes 239 English words. Some people support it while others do not. [參考范文2] With English words getting popular in both media and daily life, a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them, leaving the public divided into two opposing groups: “For” and “Against.” 能力提升練1 閱讀下面的短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。 (2018江蘇張家港市模擬)John was traveling by ship to Europe when a terrible storm came. A great leak was filling the ship with water. No matter how hard the sailors and passengers worked at the pumps, the water was still rising. The ship was sinking fast. There seemed to be no hope. But the captain told them not to give up hope. He said that there was hope so long as the ship remained above water. He promised that if they didn’t give up hope, he would land them safely. The captain’s powerful will moved them all. In the end he did land them safely. After they landed, John found the captain to show his appreciation. But to his surprise, the captain said to him that he was the boy of 30 years ago who bought a geography book in his bookstore.John suddenly thought of the boy.At that time the boy didn’t have enough money, but he had gone from shop to shop and believed he could get what he wanted. Finally, he made it. Now, it was the same willpower of him that saved the lives of all the passengers. [參考范文] In the story, a captain always insisted on doing something, even when he was a little boy. In one voyage, it was just his willpower that made him save all the passengers’ lives. 能力提升練2 閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。 (2018江蘇鹽城阜寧一中學(xué)情調(diào)研)Students in China spend a lot of time learning English. But most of them cannot use it to municate. Some experts think the reason lies in the testing system, because the current English testing system in China puts too much pressure on students to get high marks and pay no attention to the development of their overall(全面的) language abilities. Considering this, recently many experts are calling for reforms(改革) of the English language testing system to make it more effectively to develop actual language abilities. They say changes are necessary for the development of the national English education system. [參考范文] Recently, the topic of whether English test system should be changed has caused a heated discussion. Many people think the current testing system prevents students from developing overall language abilities and therefore argue for a reform. 能力提升練3 閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。 (2018江蘇鹽城市高三聯(lián)考)Chen Yifan, the student from a local senior high school, hit a BMW car parking along the street when he was passing by on a bicycle on February 4, leaving the rearview mirror broken and several scratches over the body of the car. Chen left a letter of apology to the car owner, together with an envelope of 311 yuan he had earned from part-time jobs during the winter holiday. He put them at the inside of a door handle. The car owner surnamed Xue found the letter and cash the next day and got so touched by Chen’s honesty. With the help of local police Xue located the student on February 10 in the hope of returning the money. He told the police that he also wants to fund Chen’s education if the family cannot afford it. On February 11, Chen’s mother, after knowing what her son had done, voluntarily contacted Xue trying to pensate for the repair of 13，000 yuan. But Xue turned her down firmly. The next day, Xue’s daughter visited Chen’s family with a grant of 10，000 yuan for his education. [參考范文] Chen Yifan and his mom decided to pay all they could afford for pensation after Chen accidentally bumped into a parked BMW. Moved by his deed, the car owner declined and offered to sponsor Chen’s education.