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概要寫作專練 答案提供詳盡解析，旨在指導(dǎo)考生拓展寫作思路，提升寫作能力。 概要寫作專練(一) A (2018浙江省名校聯(lián)盟第三次聯(lián)考) 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Some years ago, writing in my diary used to be a usual activity.I would return from school and spend the expected half hour recording the day’s events, feelings, and impressions in my little blue diary. I did not really need to express my emotions by way of words, but I gained a certain satisfaction from seeing my experiences forever recorded on paper. After all, isn’t accumulating memories a way of preserving the past? When I was thirteen years old, I went on a long journey on foot in a great valley, wellequipped with pens, a diary, and a camera. During the trip, I was busy recording every incident, name and place I came across. I felt proud to be spending my time productively, dutifully preserving for future generations a detailed description of my travels. On my last night there, I wandered out of my tent, diary in hand. The sky was clear and lit by the glare of the moon, and the walls of the valley looked threatening behind their screen of shadows. I automatically took out my pen ... At that point, I understood that nothing I wrote could ever match or replace the few seconds I allowed myself to experience the dramatic beauty of the valley. All I remembered of the previous few days were the dull characterizations I had set down in my diary. Now, I only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling. I still love to record ideas and quotations that strike me in books, or observations that are particularly meaningful. I take pictures, but not very often — only of objects I find really beautiful. I’m no longer blindly satisfied with having something to remember when I grow old. I realize that life will simply pass me by if I stay behind the camera, busy preserving the present so as to live it in the future. I don’t want to wake up one day and have nothing but a pile of pictures and notes. Maybe I won’t have as many exact representations of people and places; maybe I’ll forget certain facts, but at least the experiences will always remain inside me. I don’t live to make memories — I just live, and the memories form themselves. 一、試題詳解 1．核心內(nèi)容 本文是一篇記敘文，全文共四段。第一段講述作者小時候喜歡寫日記，每天忙著把各種日常生活及感受記錄在本子上，積累記憶，保存過去。 第二段講述作者13歲時的一次旅游經(jīng)歷，山谷的美麗使她/他意識到，應(yīng)該學(xué)會當(dāng)時當(dāng)?shù)厝バ蕾p和體驗世間萬物，而不是一味地記錄。 第三段主要講述了作者寫日記的方式發(fā)生了改變，現(xiàn)在只把自己特殊的想法或情感有選擇地寫在日記中。 第四段是作者對生活的感悟：把握現(xiàn)在，感受今天；生活，重在感受而不是為了回憶而記憶。 2．寫作思路 (1)理清文章脈絡(luò)，概括段落大意。 該文第一段圍繞著首句“Some years ago, writing in my diary used to be a usual activity.”講述幾年前，作者每天忙于記錄日常生活感受，事無巨細等。 第二段講述作者在寫日記一事上的轉(zhuǎn)變，全段沒有主題句，因此可圍繞change一詞將本段大意概括為“The author’s attitude towards the diary changed after a trip to a valley.”。 第三段圍繞首句“Now, I only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling.”詳細講述作者改變寫日記方式后的相關(guān)情況，她/他開始有選擇地在日記中記錄自己的感想體會。 第四段是作者的感悟，即“I don’t live to make memories — I just live, and the memories form themselves.”。 (2)確定表達要點，靈活準確表達。 要點1是對第一段內(nèi)容的歸納，同時為使句意更加完整清晰，可適當(dāng)補充細節(jié)，例如，寫日記是為了儲存記憶。 要點2是對第二段內(nèi)容的概括，即作者寫日記方式變化前后的對比。 要點3承接著要點2，是對作者改變寫日記方式后的具體描述，可以使用thus銜接。 要點4是最后一段中作者的感悟。 二、參考范文 The author had made it a routine to keep a detailed diary of her/his everyday life to store memories.(要點1) That changed after a trip to a valley, where she/he realized breathtaking scenery was meant to be felt with heart rather than written down mechanically.(要點2) Thus, she/he has bee selective about what to put in her/his diary, (要點3) focusing on the present instead of busying herself/himself with recording memories for the past or the future.(要點4) 三、范文解析 要點1中，“made it a routine”準確地表達了作者每日像例行公事般地記日記的狀態(tài)，用目的狀語“to store memories”補充信息，使要點信息更全面。 要點2中，非限制性定語從句“where ...”的使用明確了作者改變寫日記方式的原因，同時用breathtaking替換原文的dramatic，避免詞匯的重復(fù)。 要點3由Thus一詞引出作者現(xiàn)在寫日記的方式，即“bee selective about what to put in her/his diary”，同時通過非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)“focusing on ... instead of busying ...”把要點4準確地表達出來，使得句與句之間銜接緊湊，語言精練。 B 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Group singing is a sound that begins inside you, shares it with a roomful of people and it es back as something even more thrilling: harmony. So it’s not surprising that group singing is on the rise. As the popularity of group singing grows, science has been hard at work trying to explain why it has such a calming yet energizing effect on people. What researchers are beginning to discover is that singing is like a filling of the perfect tranquilizer (鎮(zhèn)靜劑), the kind that both eases your nerves and lifts your spirits. The high spirits may e from endorphins, a hormone (荷爾蒙) released by singing, which is associated with feelings of pleasure. Or it might be from oxytocin, another hormone released during singing, which has been found to ease anxiety and stress.Oxytocin also strengthens feeling of trust and bonding, which may explain why still more studies have found that singing lessens feelings of depression and loneliness. The benefits of singing regularly seem to be accumulative. In one study, singers were found to have lower levels of stress. Another investigation suggesting that our heart rates may keep pace with each other during group singing could also explain why singing together sometimes feels like a guided group meditation. Study after study has found that singing relieves anxiety and contributes to quality of life. It turns out you don’t even have to be a good singer to gain the rewards.According to one study, group singing “can produce satisfying and therapeutic feelings even when the sound produced by the mouth is of average quality”．Singing groups which vary from casual affairs to serious, professional or a vocational ones will all work. Group singing is cheaper than medical treatment, healthier than drinking, and certainly more fun than working out. It is the one thing in life where feeling better is pretty much guaranteed. Even if you walked into the group exhausted and depressed, by the end of the night you’ll walk out high as a kite on endorphins and good will. 一、試題詳解 1．核心內(nèi)容 本文是一篇說明文，全文共分五段。第一段講合唱變得越來越流行；第二段從生理因素分析合唱變得流行的原因：它能使人鎮(zhèn)靜又激發(fā)活力；第三段介紹合唱時合唱者之間的相互影響；第四段介紹合唱者不必唱得很好也能起到功效；第五段介紹合唱比藥物治療更便宜、比喝酒更健康、比體育鍛煉更有趣。 2．寫作思路 理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意?？忌梢允褂脤ふ椅恼轮黝}句的方法概括段落大意。 第一段的主題句是：So it’s not surprising that group singing is on the rise. 第二段沒有明顯的主題句，但是我們可以找到一些關(guān)鍵短語“explain why it has such a calming yet energizing effect on people, eases your nerves and lifts your spirits”，這些短語說明了合唱的功效。要關(guān)注兩個關(guān)鍵句子：“The high spirits may e from endorphins, a hormone ... Or it might be from oxytocin, another hormone ...”，這解釋了合唱有功效的生理原因。 第三段的主題句是：The benefits of singing regularly seem to be accumulative. 第四段的主題句是：It turns out you don’t even have to be a good singer to gain the rewards. 第五段的主題句是：Group singing is cheaper than medical treatment, healthier than drinking, and certainly more fun than working out. 概要寫作就是要把這些主要的內(nèi)容進行整合，并靈活處理相關(guān)要點。 二、參考范文 Group singing is being more popular (要點1) and scientists find out that singing will help make people calm and energetic, which results from some hormones released by group singing. (要點2) Also, singing together will have a good influence on each other.(要點3) Whether people can sing well or not, it benefits.(要點4) Besides, singing costs little, makes us healthy and has a lot of fun.(要點5) 三、范文解析 范文開門見山提到合唱正變得流行，用“bee more popular”替代了原文中的“on the rise”；然后用and連接自然過渡到了第2個要點：科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn)合唱的好處，用“make people clam and energetic”代替了“has such a calming yet energizing effect on people”，并且用which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句來解釋合唱帶來好處的原因。 要點3、4、5也是合唱的優(yōu)點，它們都是并列關(guān)系，表示合唱簡單易行，好處頗多。第3個要點把主題句中的accumulative用“have a good influence on each other”表示；要點5用三個并列的謂語“costs little, makes us healthy”和“has a lot of fun”替換了原文中的三個比較結(jié)構(gòu)“cheaper than, healthier than”和“more fun than”。 在要點2和要點3、要點4和要點5之間分別用also和besides進行有效連接，使文章渾然一體。同時在要點4中使用了“whether ... or not”，使句子表達意思充分，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。 C 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 It is early in the morning and I’ve hardly caught any shuteye. My breakfast of eggs, bread and strong coffee will keep me awake and alert before lunch. After lunch, I will face an afternoon of yawning in the office. Sometimes I feel uneasy about this situation but I am sure that I am not alone, for it is not too much to say that we all seem to be yawning more often. Are we turning into a generation of insomniacs (患失眠癥的人)？How is modern life influencing our sleep patterns? We can start by blaming the light bulb and other forms of manmade light. Experts say that on average people go to bed and wake up two hours later than the previous generation. Then, there are the puters. Research led by Professor Charles Czeisler of Harvard Medical School has shown that people who read electronic books before going to bed take longer time to fall asleep.They have lower levels of melatonin, a chemical which controls our body clock. And they’re less active in the morning. Professor Czeisler said, “In the past 50 years, there has been a decrease in average sleep length and quality.Since more people are choosing electronic devices for reading, munication and entertainment, especially teenagers who already experience serious sleep loss, research on the longterm influence of these devices on health and safety is urgently needed.” So the first thing to do if you want to have a restful night is leave puters out of the bedroom. The earlier you get your fingers off the keyboard, the sooner you tend to fall asleep. Avoid alcohol, as it might reduce our cycles of the “rapid eye movement” sleep, when our brains process the information we have received during the day.It prevents our brain activity going well. And do not eat nuts or cheese in the evening. After that, if you still cannot sleep, start counting sheep. Maybe that is the best way to avoid another afternoon of yawning in the office. 一、試題詳解 1．核心內(nèi)容 本文是一篇議論文，全文共分四段。第一段用形象的語言描述了現(xiàn)代人失眠這一普遍現(xiàn)象。第二段提出了造成這一現(xiàn)象的兩大原因，即人造燈光和電腦的使用。第三段針對如何克服失眠的現(xiàn)象，建議遠離電腦、酒和堅果及奶酪等。第四段用幽默的口吻，建議我們數(shù)羊來幫助解決失眠這一現(xiàn)象。 2．寫作思路 (1)理清文章脈絡(luò)，概括段落大意。 第一段描述現(xiàn)象，沒有明顯的主題句，需要根據(jù)內(nèi)容進行概括。 第二段主旨需要整合第一句和后面的“there are the puters”這一句。 第三段主旨也是需要整合三條并列的具體建議，即“l(fā)eave puters out of the bedroom, Avoid alcohol”和“do not eat nuts or cheese”。 第四段的建議，內(nèi)容是和上一段的三條建議并列的，但是因為轉(zhuǎn)化了口吻，所以在概要寫作中單獨作為一個要點。 (2)確定表達要點，靈活準確表達。 本文要點較為明顯，提煉難度不大。第一段的現(xiàn)象描述可以整合為要點1，且用“sleeplessness”和“a state of tiredness”來概括和表達。第二段將兩條并列的建議整合為要點2。第三段也是將并列的三條建議整合為要點3。第四段的內(nèi)容為要點4。 二、參考范文 Modern people suffer from sleeplessness and consequently get into a state of tiredness easily. (要點1) This phenomenon results from the negative effects of artificial light and puters.(要點2) So in order to solve the problem, people are advised to reject puters, resist alcohol as well as refuse nuts or cheese before bedtime.(要點3)Even counting sheep may help solve the problem in some way.(要點4) 三、范文解析 范文將原文的“hardly caught any shuteye, yawning, insomniacs, sleep patterns”概括為“sleeplessness”和“a state of tiredness”，實現(xiàn)語言的轉(zhuǎn)化和靈活表達。為保證表達的流暢，分別用phenomenon 聯(lián)系要點1和要點2，用“in order to solve the problem”過渡到要點3。要點3里面的三條建議分別用reject, resist和refuse三個近義詞來表達，體現(xiàn)語言的一致性。用語氣詞Even來引出要點4，以突顯語氣的轉(zhuǎn)變。 概要寫作專練(二) A 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people.However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the fort of their own home with the help of the Internet. Online shopping is being more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse. Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to ￡ 240 (3,360 yuan) pared to the slightly lower average of ￡ 233 (3,262 yuan) for men. In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has bee more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the everincreasing numbers of online shoppers. One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only ￡ 197.70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online. Christmas trading can represent up to 60% of the business for some stores. Many panies are concerned that not enough shoppers are ing through their doors in the runup to Christmas. As a result there are lots of special offers in the shops. Most shops traditionally have sales after Christmas but this year the bargains have e early in an attempt to attract consumers to spend. 一、試題詳解 1．核心內(nèi)容 本文是一篇說明文，共分五段。第一段主要講隨著圣誕購物季的到來，今年許多人選擇在家網(wǎng)購。第二段講了網(wǎng)上購物變得流行的原因。第三段主要講無論男女都熱衷網(wǎng)購，不過網(wǎng)購對女士更有吸引力。第四段主要講對網(wǎng)購安全的擔(dān)憂并未降低網(wǎng)購人數(shù)。第五段主要講面對網(wǎng)購的沖擊，傳統(tǒng)商場在圣誕購物季到來時的應(yīng)對措施——提前打折。 2．寫作思路 (1)抓住關(guān)鍵信息，理解段落大意。準確理解文章內(nèi)容，在此基礎(chǔ)上理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意是寫概要的關(guān)鍵。 第一段的主要信息是However后的這句話，其他則是次要信息。 第二段的關(guān)鍵詞是popular和reasons。 第三段信息重點是but后面的“women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men”。 第四段的關(guān)鍵信息是security和“everincreasing numbers of online shoppers”，關(guān)鍵信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折。 第五段的主要信息是“the bargains have e early”及其原因，該段大意需要在理解的基礎(chǔ)上進行概括。 (2)確定表達要點，簡要提煉概括。將每段的段落大意都作為表達的要點可以確保不遺漏要點。 第一段的表達要點是“not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping”也可以是“l(fā)ots of people can do their shopping in the fort of their own home with the help of the Internet”，結(jié)合背景圣誕購物，概括起來就是“people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leaving their homes”。 第二段的表達要點是reasons，可以考慮整合到第一段。 第三段的要點是“women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men”，利用簡化原則，概括起來就是“women spend more than men”。 第四段概括起來核心內(nèi)容是“security worries haven’t slowed down the everincreasing numbers of online shoppers”。 第五段的要點是“One victim of the online shopping boom”和“the bargains have e early”，概括起來就是“Because of the popularity of online shopping, the bargains have e early.”。 二、參考范文 This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leaving their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要點1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要點2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online, still more and more people choose to shop online.(要點3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要點4) 三、范文解析 范文把第一、二段合并為一個要點，用“rather than”表達“在家網(wǎng)購而不是外出購物”，然后用for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語表達原因，用名詞短語“cheaper goods”替換“prices are often lower online”，“more convenience”替換“don’t have to queue up”和“you can buy almost any product ...”，使表達簡潔明了。 要點2表達時，用with短語銜接上下句，然后簡潔地表達“women spend more than men”。 要點3用safety替換security，concern替換worry，整個要點用Although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句來表達，使語意表達充分。 要點4用pressure替換victim，用“sales promotion”替換bargains，用with介詞短語表達原因，然后交代實體店的應(yīng)對措施，使表達簡潔清楚。 B 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Many seniors feel pressured to go straight from high school to college — but Camden Olson, who graduated from Latin School of Chicago in the US last year, didn’t give in. She decided to spend a gap year raising a guide dog for Guiding Eyes for the Blind in Maine. The nonprofit provides trained guide dogs to blind and visually impaired people. “I can say I’m living the dream，” Olson said.“This is something I’ve always wanted to do.” Taking a year off before college, monly known as a gap year, is being more and more popular among American teenagers. According to a survey by the American Gap Association, enrollment in these programs grew 27 percent between 2012 and 2013. Some students use the year off to figure out what they want to do, travel around the world, or save money for college. Olson is using her time to pursue a passion she’s had since 7th grade. For years, she kept an eye on guide dog services until she came across the opportunity at Guiding Eyes. With support from her friends, family and teachers, Olson went for it. Olson’s volunteer work centers around Derby, a 1yearold black dog.“My job is to raise him to be wellmannered and socialized，” she said.“Guide dogs have to ignore any distractions. They go everywhere with their visually impaired handler. They give a blind person a lot of independence and emotional support, too.” Of course, there’s an end in sight for Derby and Olson’s close bond. When Derby celebrates his own graduation, Olson will have to say goodbye to him. While some look at gap years in a negative light, Olson said she’s seen major success. In fact, she’ll be attending Princeton University this fall and is thinking about majoring in ecology and biology. “I think I’m already much more mature than I was and aware of what really matters，” she said.“So many kids do e back from gap years a lot more focused and prepared.” 一、試題詳解 1．核心內(nèi)容 本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述Olson決定利用gap year來訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)盲犬，這是她自七年級以來的夢想。Olson選擇把這一年的時間用來訓(xùn)練Derby，使它能夠勝任導(dǎo)盲犬的工作，給視力障礙人士提供幫助，而這次經(jīng)歷也有助于她的成長。 2．寫作思路 (1)記敘文是以記敘人物的經(jīng)歷或事物的發(fā)展變化過程為主的一種文體。這篇文章以人物為中心敘述事情。所以我們要交代清楚人物(Camden Olson)、時間(last year after graduating senior school)、事由(raise a guide dog called Derby)，這樣文章的脈絡(luò)就一目了然，有助于概括大意。 (2)確定要點，使其結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，過渡自然。本文要點1是全文的中心，即Olson高中畢業(yè)后打算用gap year來培訓(xùn)導(dǎo)盲犬，這也是她長久的愿望。要點2說明訓(xùn)練的結(jié)果，要點3則是Olson從中的收獲。在確定要點后就要有效地組織語言。 二、參考范文 Unlike many other high school graduates, Olson was determined to take advantage of her gap year to train a guide dog, which was what she longed to do for a long time.(要點1)Not only did Olson acplish the task of training Derby to be capable of its work — to help people with visual disabilities, (要點2) but also she herself benefited much from this experience.(要點3) 三、范文解析 以時間、人物、事由作為概要的第一句，直截了當(dāng)。陳述事由的起因靈活運用了非限制性定語從句和表語從句，范文中用train代替raise，用“what she longed to do”替代“a passion she’s had since 7th grade”。事由的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果其實在原文中占了一半的篇幅，怎樣使其簡潔是此概要的難點。毫無疑問，導(dǎo)盲犬的主要作用在于能夠為盲人導(dǎo)路，給予陪