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Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetextwithoutreferringtotheoriginal Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven 1 Wheneverhementionedhisbigdonationtotheorphanage hecouldnotberestrainedfrommakingratheranostentatiousp ofhisliberty Vocabulary arade 2 Smallpoxfinallyceasedtobeas inthelastcenturywiththegreateffortsofthescientists Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetextwithoutreferringtotheoriginal Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven Vocabulary courge 3 Fightscouldnothelpthetwocountriessettledowntheterritorydisagreement andatlast theyplacedthedisputedlandunderUNs Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetextwithoutreferringtotheoriginal Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven Vocabulary urveillance 4 Byhisredandswollenlegweconcludedthatthosemosquitoesinthatareamusthavebeenveryv Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetextwithoutreferringtotheoriginal Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven Vocabulary irulent 5 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TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish 1 盡管他的科研工作不斷出現(xiàn)困難 但他都一一克服了 并最終發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種新的元素 cropup Thoughdifficultieskeptoncroppingupinhiswork hestillsucceededinfindingthisnewelementaftersolvingalltheproblems 2 火車以飛快的速度行駛 一天的旅行就把他從白雪皚皚的北國(guó)帶到了赤日炎炎的南方 atagoodclip Thetrainwasmovingatsuchagoodclipthatoneday stravelbroughthimtothesouthwithscorchingsunfromthenorthernpartofthecountrycoveredwithwhitesnow B TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish Duringherfirstvoyagetothesea theship senginebreakdown sosheleftatthemercyoftheroughsea B TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish 3 第一次出海航行時(shí) 由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)出現(xiàn)了故障 這艘船在大海中由風(fēng)浪任意擺布 atthemercyof Whileseekingaftertheirownprofit somecompaniesignorethefarmerworkers interest Recently thegovernmenthasbeenbombardedwiththecomplaintsaboutdelayedpayment 4 一些公司貪求利潤(rùn)而置農(nóng)民工的利益于不顧 政府部門(mén)最近收到許多拖欠工資的投訴 bombard B TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish WiththebirdfluemerginginsomeAsiancountries ourgovernmenthasplacedtheimportedfoodunderclosesurveillance 5 隨著亞洲的一些國(guó)家發(fā)生禽流感 我國(guó)加強(qiáng)了對(duì)從這些國(guó)家進(jìn)口食品的嚴(yán)格監(jiān)控 surveillance B TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish WhileeconomicglobalizationhasbroughtabsoluteopportunitiestosomeChinese thechallengesitcausestoothersarealsounmistakable 6 雖然經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化給一些中國(guó)人帶來(lái)了絕對(duì)的機(jī)遇 但它給其他人所帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)也是很明顯的 unmistakable B TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish Toourrelief thevoteinthisassemblystoppedcertaincountriesfromcontainingChina 7 令我們欣慰的是 這次大會(huì)中的投票表決挫敗了某些國(guó)家遏制中國(guó)的企圖 contain B TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish Withsomepeople theoldsaying One scharacteratthreeyearsoldsealshisfate istrue buttherearemanypeoplewithdifferentexperiences 8 在有些人 諺語(yǔ) 三歲看到老 的說(shuō)法是真的 但有許多人不是這種經(jīng)歷 seal B TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish Direction Accordingtotheauthor humanprogresshasbeenproducingsucceedingnegativeeffectsuponthemselves ofwhich somehavebeenminor somehavebeendestructiveandkilling Doyousharehisview Howdoyoucommentonhumanprogress Analyzingitbyprovingsomefacts WritingPractice TheRealProgressAscivilizationadvances humanbeingshascontinuouslyexploredtheirbrainstomakeagreatprogresstoleavetheirnamesinthemilestones Realizeitornot Atom AgeandSpace Agehavepassed thenewChip Ageiscomingunknowingly Justaswhatsomehaveblasted theprogresseshumanshavemadeinthepast100yearsarefarmorethaneverbefore However behindthebigprogresses plentyofuncontrollableproblemsexist Webuildmoreroads WritingPractice Sample WritingPractice Sample citiesandairportsbypushingbacktheforestonlytodestroytheecologicalequation whichhasreactedtohumanactionswithonedisasterafteranother Wetakebetterandbetteradvantageofautomobilesonlytocreateworseandworsegreenhouseeffectontheearththat inturn isdailymakingtheirlivingenvironmentanunsuitablehabitation Sosomescholarspointoutthatthemorewewanttoimproveourlife thebiggerchancethereisthatwearetoinvitedeadlydisasters What stherealprogress Ontheonehand itissomethingthathumanbeingscanbenefitfrominthelongrun ontheotherhand itsdrawbackswon tendangerus Therefore whenwetalkabouthumanprogresseswithenthusiasm weshouldalsocoolourselvestoassesstheirdarkpointsdisinterestedly Beforewedecidetotakesomeactionstomakecertainprogresses wearesupposedtobalanceitsbenefitandharmcarefully Doesitreallypushhumancivilizationforward WritingPractice Sample Doesitexposeunexpectedbadconsequencesonus Howcanwepreventitsuglydarkside Isitreallyworthdoingit Ifthebenefitsfaroutweighthedrawbacks wewilldoitwithoutanyhesitation otherwise wecan tsimplydefineitasaprogress Inconclusion ifhumanscanhaveobjective wiseviewontheitemof real progress theyareboundtoimprovetheirlifemore and atthesametime reducethechancethattheyaretoinvitedeadlydisasters WritingPractice Sample 1a SARSmayhavedominatedtheheadlineslastweek butitwasn ttheonlyweirddiseaseontheWorldHealthOrganization sradarscreen IncentralAfrica anoutbreakofthedreadedEbolafeverhadstretchedintoitsfifthmonth InBelgiumandtheNetherlands avirulentnewstrainofavianfluwaswipingoutentirechickenfarms Dutchfarmersrecentlyslaughtered18millionbirdsinhopesofstoppingtheoutbreak DetailedStudy 1a 上周 非典大概占據(jù)了各家報(bào)紙的頭版頭條 但它并非世界衛(wèi)生組織的報(bào)告中唯一的怪病 在中部非洲 致命的埃博拉出血熱前爆發(fā)以來(lái)已持續(xù)五個(gè)月 在比利時(shí)和荷蘭 一種新的致命的禽流感席卷了所有的養(yǎng)雞場(chǎng) 為了阻止該病的爆發(fā) 荷蘭的農(nóng)場(chǎng)主最近宰殺了1800萬(wàn)只家禽 1b Yetthebirdfluhasspreadtoseveralprovincesandjumpedfrompoultrytopigsandevenpeoplecausing83humancases peoplehavesufferedonlyeyeinflammation butsomehavedevelopedrespiratoryillness Oneofthem a57yearoldveterinarysurgeon recentlydiedofpneumonia Birdfluviruswas foundinthelungs accordingtoanApril19statementfromtheDutchAgricultureMinistry andnoothercauseofdeathcouldbedetected Soundfamiliar DetailedStudy 1b 然而 禽流感已經(jīng)蔓延到幾個(gè)省 并由家禽傳染給豬 甚至人也受到感染 目前已有八十三例病人 大多數(shù)禽流感病人只表現(xiàn)為眼睛發(fā)炎 但有些還并發(fā)呼吸道感染 其中一位五十七歲的外科獸醫(yī)最近死于肺炎 根據(jù)荷蘭農(nóng)業(yè)部四月十九日的報(bào)告 在死者肺部發(fā)現(xiàn)禽流感病毒 并沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)有任何其它死因 很耳熟 不是嗎 DetailedStudy 2a 非典 埃博拉出血熱 禽流感 可怕的新病層出不窮 而每一種病都證實(shí) 盡管人類很聰明 但還沒(méi)徹底擺脫病菌的威脅 30年前的情況似乎不同 當(dāng)時(shí) 天花已基本根治 也沒(méi)有什么 艾滋病 而且 醫(yī)學(xué)也在日新月異地發(fā)展 然而 正當(dāng)樂(lè)觀派宣告我們戰(zhàn)勝樂(lè)細(xì)菌之時(shí) 我們的大都市 農(nóng)工聯(lián)合企業(yè) 噴氣式飛機(jī) 以及血庫(kù) 都在為傳染開(kāi)辟新的途徑 2a SARS Ebola Avianflu Theparadeoffrighteningnewmaladiescontinues eachoneconfirmingthatourspecies forallitscleverness stilllivesatthemercyofthemicrobe Itdidn tseemthatway30yearsago notwithsmallpoxlargelydefeated AIDSstillundreamedofandmedicalscienceevolvingatanunprecedentedclip Butevenasoptimistsproclaimedvictoryoverthegerm ourmegacities factoryfarms jetplanesandbloodbankswereopeningbroadnewavenuesforinfection DetailedStudy 2b 人類發(fā)展的不利影響現(xiàn)在是顯而易見(jiàn)的 使我們生活更加舒適的種種進(jìn)步也已經(jīng)是我們更加危險(xiǎn)了 從20世紀(jì)70年代中期以來(lái) 出現(xiàn)了大約30種新的疾病 引起了好幾千萬(wàn)人的死亡 而被人們忘記了的種種災(zāi)難以驚人的規(guī)律性又卷土重來(lái) 醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)的新的研究報(bào)告中指出 傳染病將會(huì)繼續(xù)產(chǎn)生 報(bào)告警告驕傲自滿 不采取行動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致 接 觸 傳 染的 災(zāi)難風(fēng)暴 那么我們?yōu)槭裁床徊扇∈裁礃拥拇胧┠?2b Thedarksideofprogressisnowunmistakable manyoftheadvancesthathavemadeourlivesmorecomfortablehavealsomadethemmoredangerous Some30newdiseaseshavecroppedupsincethemid 1970s causingtensofmillionsofdeaths andforgottenscourgeshaveresurfacedwithalarmingregularity Infectiousdiseaseswillcontinuetoemerge theInstituteofMedicinedeclaresinanewreport warningthatcomplacencyandinactioncouldleadtoacatastrophicstorm ofcontagion Sowhat stobedone 2c AstheSARSoutbreakhasshown surveillanceiscritical Byspottingnewinfectionswherevertheyoccur andworkinggloballytocontainthem wecangreatlyreducetheirimpact Butispreparednessourultimateweapon Doweknowenoughaboutthegenesisofnewdiseasestopreventthem CouldweavertthenextSARS ThenextAIDS Whatwouldareasonablestrategylooklike DetailedStudy 2c 正如SARS爆發(fā)所表明的那樣 監(jiān)測(cè)是十分重要的 不管一些新的傳染病在哪里發(fā)生 通過(guò)及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們 我們就能極大的降低它們的影響 可是做好準(zhǔn)備就是我們最終的武器嗎 我們是否充分了解了新疾病的起源來(lái)防治它們 我們能避免另一種像SARS那樣的新疾病嗎 還有另一種像艾滋病那樣的新疾病嗎 什么看來(lái)像是一個(gè)明智的防治策略呢 3a Wedon tholdallthecardsinthisgame Mostnewdiseasesbeginwhenapersoncatchessomethingfromananimal atransactionshapedbychanceoreventheweather WhenhealthyyoungadultsstarteddyingofaSARS likesyndromeinNewMexico10yearsago ittookhealthexpertsseveralweeksofintensivelabworktoidentifytheculprit Tothescientists amazement itwasn tahumanpathogenatall Itwasanovelmemberofthehantavirusfamily agroupofrodentvirusesthatsometimesspreadthroughtheairafterratsormiceshedthemintheirurine DetailedStudy 3a 在對(duì)傳染病的戰(zhàn)斗中我們并沒(méi)有絕對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì) 大多數(shù)新的疾病愿與人從動(dòng)物那兒感染的某種東西 這種傳染的形式是偶發(fā)事件甚或是天氣造成的 10年前在新墨西哥 當(dāng)健康的年輕人開(kāi)始死于一種類似非典綜合癥是 醫(yī)學(xué)專家在實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行了幾周深入的研究來(lái)確定病因 令科學(xué)家吃驚的是 它本身比是人類的病原體 它和嚙齒動(dòng)物病毒類群 漢坦病毒類群 中的新成員 大鼠或小鼠有時(shí)通過(guò)排尿?qū)⒉《緮U(kuò)散到空氣中去 DetailedStudy 3b 以前在亞洲曾數(shù)次爆發(fā)過(guò)這種傳染病 那么 為什么當(dāng)時(shí)在新墨西哥州有人死亡呢 現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家認(rèn)為 美國(guó)小鼠身上始終潛伏著這種病毒 在工具房和地下室他們從來(lái)沒(méi)有達(dá)到散布傳染劑量的足夠數(shù)量 那年打破這種平衡厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象 海洋的異常變化給美國(guó)西南部帶來(lái)非同尋常的暖冬 導(dǎo)致小鼠數(shù)量激增 漢坦病毒數(shù)量也隨之大量增加 3b ThepreviousoutbreakshadoccurredinAsia SowhywerepeopledyinginNewMexico ScientistsnowbelievetheAmericanmicehadharboredthevirusallalongbuthadneverbeenpopulousenoughtoscatterinfectiousdosespeople stool shedsandbasements WhatchangedtheequationthatyearwasElNino TheoceandisturbancecausesanunusuallywarmwinterintheSouthwest Themousepopulationexplodedasaresult andthehantavirusgotafreeride DetailedStudy 4a Untilsomeoneharnessesthejetstream suchaccidentsaresuretohappen Butquirkyweatherisn tthegreatestthreatweface Asecologistsstudythecausesofdiseaseemergence they refindingthathumanenterpriseisafarmoresignificantforce Almostanyactivitythatdisruptsanaturalenvironmentcanenhancethemobilityofdisease causingmicrobes 4a 在人們控制海洋急流之前 這樣的偶然事情肯定還會(huì)發(fā)生 然而 異常的天氣并非我們面臨的最大威脅 當(dāng)生態(tài)學(xué)家們研究疾病發(fā)生的原因時(shí) 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)人類活動(dòng)的作用顯得更為重要 幾乎任何打破生態(tài)平衡的活動(dòng)都能引起致病細(xì)菌的活動(dòng)性增強(qiáng) DetailedStudy 4b Considerwhathappenedinthe1980s whenfarmersinVenezuela sPortuguesastateclearedmillionsofacresofforesttocreatecroplandThefarmsdrewasmanyratsandmiceaspeople andtherodentsintroducedadeadlynewvirusintotheregion Theso calledGuanaritoviruscausesfever shockandhemorrhaging Itinfectedmorethan100people leavingathirdofthemdead 4b 想想在20世紀(jì)80年代所發(fā)生的事吧 委內(nèi)瑞拉波圖格薩州的農(nóng)民為拓寬農(nóng)田而砍伐幾百萬(wàn)英畝森林 農(nóng)場(chǎng)吸引了許多人 同時(shí)也吸引了多多的老鼠 田鼠把一種新的致命的病毒帶到這個(gè)地區(qū) 被稱之為瓜納瑞托的病毒引起發(fā)熱 休克和出血 有一百多人被傳染 其中三分之一死亡 DetailedStudy 5a Malaysianpigfarmershadasimilarexperiencein1999 aftertheystartedpushingbacktheforesttoexpandtheiroperations Asbarnsreplacedforestland displacedfruitbatsstartedlivingintherafters bombardingthepigs drinkingwaterwithapathogennowknownastheNipahvirus 5a 1999年 馬來(lái)西亞人為擴(kuò)大養(yǎng)豬業(yè)而砍伐森林以后 他們的養(yǎng)豬場(chǎng)有過(guò)類似的經(jīng)歷 豬場(chǎng)取代了森林以后 無(wú)處棲息的狐蝠開(kāi)始以屋椽為居 用一種現(xiàn)稱尼巴病毒的病原體污染了豬的飲用水 DetailedStudy 5b 紐約州巴利塞得的保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物基金組織主席馬利普爾說(shuō) 豬感染了一種嚴(yán)重的咳嗽 人稱 一英里 咳嗽 因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)诤苓h(yuǎn)的地方能聽(tīng)到豬的咳嗽聲 病毒迅速由豬傳染給了飼養(yǎng)員 導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重腦炎 感染的人中40 死亡 當(dāng)馬來(lái)西亞政府封閉了八個(gè)養(yǎng)豬場(chǎng) 宰殺了一百萬(wàn)頭豬時(shí) 流行病才停止蔓延 5b Thepigsdevelopedanexplosivecoughthatbecameknownastheone milecoughbecauseyoucouldhearitfromsofaraway saysMaryPearl presidentoftheWildlifeTrustinPalisades N Y Thevirussoonspreadfromthepigstotheirkeepers causingextremebraininflammationandkilling40percentoftheaffectedpeople TheoutbreakendedwhenMalaysianauthoritiesclosedeightfarmsandslaughteredamillionpigs DetailedStudy 6a Thepointisnotthatrainforestsaredangerous It sthatblindlyrearrangingecosystemscanbehazardoustoourhealth whetherwe reintheAmazonBasinorthewoodsofConnecticut That swhereLymediseaseemerged andit too isaproductofthewayweuseourland Borreliaburgdorferi thebacteriumthatcausesLyme livesinthebodiesofdeerandwhite footedmice passingbetweenthoseanimalsintheheadsofbitingticks 6a 事實(shí)上 熱帶雨林并不危險(xiǎn) 對(duì)我們健康造成威脅的是盲目改變生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 無(wú)論我們?cè)趤嗰R孫河流域還是康乃迪格州的森林 后者即是萊姆病的發(fā)生地 起因還是我們隨意使用土地 萊姆病的致病菌伯氏舒螺旋體住在鹿和白爪鼠體內(nèi) 通過(guò)吸血虱的頭部在這類動(dòng)物當(dāng)中傳播 DetailedStudy 6b 人類世世代代穿行在充滿這類生物的小路上 直到一九七五年才發(fā)生第一例萊姆病 為什么我們的抵抗力突然間下降了呢 在紐約州密爾布魯克生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究所的一位動(dòng)物生態(tài)學(xué)家里查德奧思特菲爾德把這件事和城市郊區(qū)開(kāi)發(fā)聯(lián)系起來(lái) 在原始森林里 狐貍和美洲野貓捕食攜帶病菌的老鼠 從而起到了阻止疾病傳播的作用 6b Peoplehavecrossedpathswithallthesecrittersforgenerations yetthefirstknowncaseofLymediseasedatesbackonlyto1975 Whydidwesuddenlybecomevulnerable RichardOstfeld ananimalecologistattheInstituteofEcosystemStudiesinMillbrook N Y hastiedtheeventtosuburbandevelopment Inopenwoodlands foxesandbobcatskeepalidontheLymeagentbyhuntingthemicethatcarryit DetailedStudy 6c 但是 當(dāng)開(kāi)發(fā)者將森林地帶砍伐成為可以出售的小塊土地時(shí) 天敵消失了 小鼠和寄生在他們身上的壁虱異常增加 奧斯特爾德最近在對(duì)紐約的一些林地進(jìn)行了調(diào)查 發(fā)現(xiàn)傳染性壁虱在1 2英畝林地中的數(shù)量大約為10 15英畝林地中的7倍 他的結(jié)論是 人們?cè)谒箍ㄋ勾鸂柋仍诳ù幕鶢柹礁尤菀谆既R姆病 6c Butthepredatorsvanishwhendeveloperschopwoodlandsintosubdivisions andthemiceandtheirticksproliferateunnaturally InarecentsurveyofwoodlotsinNewYork Ostfeldfoundthatinfectedticksweresomeseventimesasprevalentononeandtwo acrelotsastheywereonlotsof10to15acres Hisbottomline You remorelikelytogetLymediseaseinScarsdalethantheCatskills 7a Fortunately you renotlikelytospreaditineitherplace Evenwhenamicrobesucceedsatleapingfromonespeciestoanother thenewhostisoftenadeadend NeitherNipahnorGuanaritocanspreadfrompersontoperson Thehantaviruseshavethesameproblem AndatickcouldsuckonaLyme diseasepatientalldaywithoutgettingenoughbacteriatoinfectitsnexthost Theinfectionswegetfromprimatesandpigsareawholedifferentstory DetailedStudy 7a 所幸的是 在這倆個(gè)地方的人都不可能傳染該病 即使病菌從一個(gè)物種傳到另一物種 新的寄主也常常是傳播的死胡同 尼巴病和瓜納瑞托病毒都不會(huì)在人群中傳播 漢坦病毒也一樣 一個(gè)虱子可以在一個(gè)萊姆病人身上吸一整天的血也不能獲得足夠的病菌去感染下一個(gè)人 而我們從靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物和豬傳染的疾病則完全不同 7b WhentheEbolavirusjumpsfromanapeintoaperson itoftenracesthroughafamilyorahospitalbeforeburningitselfout AndHIVisstillspreadingsteadilyafterthreedecadesofperson to persontransmission Ithasinfectedsome60millionpeoplesincecrossingoverfromchimpanzees anditsemergencewasnoflukeoftheweather Weplacedourselvesinthepathofthevirus wemoveditaroundtheworld andwe rewellpoisedtodoitagain DetailedStudy 7b 當(dāng)埃博拉病毒從猿傳到人 往往在它失去生命力之前 在短期內(nèi)迅速感染病人全家或整個(gè)醫(yī)院 在人群中傳染了三十年以后 HIV 人體免疫缺損病毒即艾滋病病毒 如今仍然在擴(kuò)散 自從黑猩猩傳染了艾滋病以來(lái) 已有大約六千萬(wàn)人類患者 而它的傳播不是偶然的天氣事件 我們使自己成為了病毒的傳播途徑 我們把病毒傳播到了世界各地 現(xiàn)在我們又泰然自若地一而再 再而三的重復(fù)這個(gè)過(guò)程 8a ThehumanAIDSvirusesaredescendedfromsimianpathogensknownasSIVS HIV 1isessentiallyachimpanzeevirus whileHIV 2 ararerandmilderbug comesfromthesootymangabey amonkey Howdidthechimpvirusmakeitswayintohumans DetailedStudy 8a 人類艾滋病病毒來(lái)源于叫做SIVS的猴子致病菌 HIV 1基本上是黑猩猩病毒 HIV 2 一種少見(jiàn)的 而且毒性也小一些的病毒 源于黑猴 那么 黑猩猩病毒又是怎樣傳染給人類的呢 8b ThebestguessisthatAfricanhunterscontracteditwhilebutcheringanimals andthenpasseditonthroughsexualcontact Untilafewdecadesago thathuntingaccidentwouldhavebeenalocalmisfortune acurseplayedoutinafewruralvillages Whatturneditintoaholocaustwasnotjustanewinfectiousagentbutaproliferationofroads citiesandairports abreakdownofsocialtraditions andtheadventofbloodbankingandneedlesharing DetailedStudy 8b 很有可能是非洲的獵人在捕殺黑猩猩的時(shí)候被感染的 然后通過(guò)性接觸傳給別人 幾十年前 這類捕獵時(shí)的偶然事件在當(dāng)?shù)乇豢闯刹恍业氖?它是一些農(nóng)村人詛咒別人的話 把它變成一大殺手的并非是一種新的傳染媒介 而是劇增的道路 城市和機(jī)場(chǎng) 社會(huì)傳統(tǒng)觀念的危機(jī) 血庫(kù)的使用 以及合用注射器 8c ThoseconditionsvirtuallysealedHIV ssuccess andtheycontinuetorocketobscurebugsintoeverycorneroftheworld Thevolumeandspeedoftravelareunprecedented saysDrMaryWilsonofHarvard Weareinterconnectedinwaysthatweren ttrueacenturyago DetailedStudy 8c 這種情形幾乎決定了HIV的傳播成功 因?yàn)樗粩喟堰@原本默默無(wú)聞的病菌飛速帶到地球的每一個(gè)角落 游客的數(shù)量和旅游的速度都達(dá)到歷史最高水平 哈佛大學(xué)的馬利威爾遜博士說(shuō) 如今人類社會(huì)的相互聯(lián)系的程度及方式是一個(gè)世紀(jì)前所不能想象的 DetailedStudy 9a SARSisonlythelatestreminderofhowpowerfulthoseconnectionscanbe ThenovelcoronavirusthatcausesthesyndromeemergedfromGuangdong thesameChineseprovincethatdeliversnewfluvirusestotheworldmostyears Pigs ducks chickensandpeoplelivecheek by jowlonthedistrict sprimitivefarms exchangingfluandcoldgermssorapidlythatasinglepigcaneasilyincubatehumanandavianvirussimultaneously 9a 非典再一次提醒我們這種密切聯(lián)系的威力 新的致病的冠狀病毒源于廣東 亦即常常向全球傳播流感病毒的那個(gè)中國(guó)省份 在那個(gè)地區(qū)的原始農(nóng)場(chǎng) 豬 鴨 雞和人親密地生活在一起 導(dǎo)致流感和感冒病毒的交叉感染如此迅速 以至于在一頭豬的身上很容易同時(shí)培養(yǎng)出人類病毒和禽流感病毒 DetailedStudy 9b Thedualinfectionscangeneratehybridsthatescapeantibodiesaimedattheoriginals settingoffawholenewchainofhumaninfection TheclincheristhatthesefarmssitjustafewmilesfromGuangzhou ateemingcitythatmixespeople animalsandmicrobesfromthecountrysidewithtravelersfromaroundtheworld Youcouldhardlydesignabettersystemforturningsmalloutbreaksintobigones 9b 這樣的雙重感染會(huì)產(chǎn)生病毒的雜種 導(dǎo)致針對(duì)原來(lái)病毒的抗體無(wú)效 從而就開(kāi)始了新一輪的人類疾病 關(guān)鍵是這些農(nóng)場(chǎng)和廣州市只相距幾英里 這座熱鬧的城市把南來(lái)北往的人群 來(lái)自農(nóng)村的動(dòng)物和細(xì)菌與來(lái)自世界各地的游客混同在一起 這真是讓小范圍的發(fā)病向外傳播的再好不過(guò)的環(huán)境了 DetailedStudy 10 Forallthefearithascaused SARSclearlyisn tthebigone atleastnotinitscurrentincarnation Thecoronavirusthatcausesitisasnastyasanyfluvirus butitdoesn tgetaroundveryeasily AndasUniversityofLouisvilleevolutionistPaulEwaldpointsout anepidemiccan tsustainitselfunlesseachpatientinfectsmorethanoneotherperson IfeachSARScaseweregeneratingeventwoothers hesays wewouldhaveseenhundredsofthousandsbynow AdoomsdayfluviruswouldapproachthevirulenceoftheSARSagent butitwouldinfectpeoplebytheroomful 盡管非典帶來(lái)異?？只?它顯然不是太嚴(yán)重 至少?gòu)乃壳暗那闆r看 致病的冠狀病毒和流感病毒同樣嚴(yán)重 但它不太容易傳染 正像路易威爾大學(xué)進(jìn)化學(xué)家保羅 埃威爾德指出的那樣 除非每個(gè)病人傳染的人數(shù)超過(guò)一人 這種流行性病就流行不下去 倘若一個(gè)非典病人會(huì)傳染兩個(gè)人 他指出 我們現(xiàn)在就會(huì)看到成千上萬(wàn)的患者了 一種致命的流感病毒會(huì)和非典病毒的毒性相似 但它所感染的人卻是成批成批的 11a Suchpandemicfluviruseshaveemergedinthepast andmanyexpertsbelieveit sonlyamatteroftimeuntilithappensagain Howcanwelessenthedanger Along termstrategywouldhavetoincludemodernizingtheworld sfarms improvingbasichealthcareandstockpilingvaccinesandantiviraldrugs Asscienceilluminatestheecologyofinfectiousdisease itmayalsoinspirewiser saferapproachestolanduseandwildernesspreservation DetailedStudy 11a 過(guò)去就有過(guò)這類大范圍流行的流感病毒 專家們認(rèn)為遲早還要發(fā)生 我們?cè)鯓訙p少這種危險(xiǎn)呢 長(zhǎng)期的戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)包括建設(shè)全球范圍的現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)場(chǎng) 改善基本的衛(wèi)生保健 儲(chǔ)備疫苗及抗病毒藥物 鑒于科學(xué)揭示了傳染病的生態(tài)學(xué) 科學(xué)照樣可以啟示我們明智 安全地使用土地和維護(hù)生態(tài)平衡 11b Untilthen surveillancewillbedoublyimportant thegoodnewsisthattheforcesmakingmicrobessomobilearealsomakingthemeasiertotrack Tenyearsago quickcommunicationwasstillaproblemformanyhealthdepartments saysStephenMorse directoroftheCenterforPublicHealthPreparednessatColumbiaUniversity sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealth AcolleagueinRussiahadafaxbutnofaxpaper AcolleagueinGhanahadtelexbutnofax Inotherplacestheyhadatelephonebutnotelex DetailedStudy 11b 在這一階段 監(jiān)控顯得尤其重要 好在扮演了傳播疾病的幫手的高科技手段同樣可以幫助我們找到疾病的原因 十年前 許多衛(wèi)生部門(mén)還不能進(jìn)行快速的信息交流 哥倫比亞大學(xué)公衛(wèi)郵電學(xué)院的公共衛(wèi)生準(zhǔn)備中心主任斯締芬莫絲說(shuō) 在俄羅斯的同事有傳真機(jī) 卻沒(méi)有傳真用紙 在加納共和國(guó)的同事有電傳機(jī) 但沒(méi)有傳真機(jī) DetailedStudy 11c TodayeventhemostremotesurveillancestationsaretiedintotheWeb basedProgramforMonitoringEmergingDiseases Theworld slargesthealthagencieshavecreatedsimilarsystemsforsharingscientificresearch Suchsystemsareonlyasgoodastheopennessandgoodwilloftheirusers IfanythinggoodhascomeoftheSARSscare itisarenewedcommitmenttothoseideals Howfarthey lltakeusisstillanyone sguess 11c 其他地方的人有電話可沒(méi)有電傳機(jī) 如今 甚至處于最邊遠(yuǎn)的監(jiān)控站也使用聯(lián)網(wǎng)的程序監(jiān)視正在出現(xiàn)的疾病 世界上最大的衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建了相似的系統(tǒng)以便于共同進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究 這種系統(tǒng)只有當(dāng)人們顯示出他們的坦誠(chéng)和善意才能發(fā)揮作用 如果說(shuō)非典帶來(lái)的恐慌有什么積極作用的話 那就是人們?cè)俅纬兄Z一定要實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo) 究竟要多久才能兌現(xiàn)仍然是個(gè)未知數(shù)