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UNIT 1 Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this communitys values and practices. Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially on and each individual has the power to change things. In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other. Global citizens care about education, disease, poverty, and environmental issues around the world. Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community. This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and transportation technologies. Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action. Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be pro-active in making a positive difference in the world. 世界公民是指一個(gè)人承認(rèn)自己是新興的全球社區(qū)的一分子，而且其行動(dòng)對(duì)全球社區(qū)的價(jià)值打造和實(shí)踐活動(dòng)有所貢獻(xiàn)。世界公民相信人類從本質(zhì)上來說是一個(gè)整體，每個(gè)人都有改變事物的能力。在我們這樣一個(gè)相互依賴的世界中，世界公民意識(shí)鼓勵(lì)我們認(rèn)識(shí)到對(duì)彼此的責(zé)任，并從對(duì)方身上學(xué)習(xí)。世界公民關(guān)心全球的教育、疾病、貧窮和環(huán)境問題。在當(dāng)今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌發(fā)世界公民的意識(shí)，讓他們擁有對(duì)全球社區(qū)的歸屬感。這種不斷發(fā)展的世界公民意識(shí)在很大程度上來講，要?dú)w功于現(xiàn)代信息、通信和交通技術(shù)的力量。世界公民意識(shí)致力于給予人們力量，讓他們付諸行動(dòng)。世界公民除了要從世界問題中學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)和價(jià)值觀，還要擁有必需的技能，使他們擁有能力和自信，積極推動(dòng)世界的發(fā)展。 UNIT 2 The American Dream is a national ethos(精神特質(zhì))of the United States. The term is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life. Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and meaningful relationships. The idea of an American Dream is older than the US, dating back to the 1600s, when people began to have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European immigrants. And the meaning of the Dream has changed over the course of history, including both personal components and a global vision. But not everybody thinks the American Dream is a positive thing. Some people believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone. Critics often point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for everyone. 美國夢(mèng)是美利堅(jiān)合眾國的民族精神，該詞有各種各樣的用法，但其根本含義是，在美國任何人都可以通過努力獲得成功，都有可能過上幸福而成功的生活。許多人對(duì)美國夢(mèng)的概念加以拓展和提煉，涵蓋了像自由、自我實(shí)現(xiàn)和深厚的人際關(guān)系等方面的內(nèi)容。美國夢(mèng)的思想比美國本身更為久遠(yuǎn)，可以追溯到17世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲移民面對(duì)這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)的、未經(jīng)開發(fā)的廣袤大陸，開始紛紛懷揣希望，追逐夢(mèng)想，隨著歷史的發(fā)展，美國夢(mèng)的含義也已改變，既包含了個(gè)人元素，也包含了全局視野。但并不是每個(gè)人都對(duì)美國夢(mèng)持肯定態(tài)度。一些人認(rèn)為美國的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)決定了不是每個(gè)人都能擁有這樣的理想目標(biāo)，批評(píng)者常常舉以實(shí)例，揭露植根于階級(jí)、種族、宗教 和民族的不平等現(xiàn)象，指出美國夢(mèng)并非每個(gè)人都可企及。 UNIT 3 Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance, is perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. A painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, he is famous for a wide range of accomplishments. His natural genius, which crossed multiple disciplines, won him the title of"Renaissance Master". Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the best known and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time. What make Leonardos drawings unique are mainly his innovative techniques and acute scientific mind. Perhaps only 15 of his paintings have survived, partly because his constant experimentation with new techniques made his total output quite small. Although not a prolific(多產(chǎn)的)painter, Leonardo was a most productive draftsman, keeping journals full of sketches, drawings, and diagrams. These notebooks, often referred to as da Vincis manuscripts, recorded his inventions, observations, and theories about everything that captured his attention. Leonards genius made him a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook. His paintings, together with his notebooks, have contributed significantly to the history of art. 萊奧納多?達(dá)?芬奇是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期最偉大的思想家之一，也許也是迄今最多才多藝的人。他是畫家、雕刻家、建筑家、數(shù)學(xué)家、工程師和發(fā)明家，因成就廣泛而聞名。他的天賦跨越多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，為其贏得了“文藝復(fù)興大師”的稱號(hào)。萊奧納多主要作為畫家而著名。在其所有作品中，《蒙娜麗莎》最為有名，而《最后的晚餐》則是歷來復(fù)制最多的宗教畫作。萊奧納多作品的獨(dú)特之處主要在于其創(chuàng)新性的技巧和敏銳的科學(xué)思維。他的畫作大約只有15幅流傳了下來，其部分原因是他不斷試驗(yàn)新的技巧，所以作品總量很小。萊奧納多雖然不是多產(chǎn)畫家，卻是一位最高產(chǎn)的繪圖家，他在日記中畫滿了各種草圖、圖畫和圖表。這些筆記通常被稱為達(dá) ?芬奇手稿，記錄了他的各種發(fā)明、觀察，以及他對(duì)自己感興趣的事物提出的理論。萊奧納多的天賦使他幾乎在涉足的每一領(lǐng)域都成了先驅(qū)。他的畫作，連同他的筆記，在藝術(shù)史上貢獻(xiàn)斐然。 UNIT 4 Venice is the worlds famous island city in northern Italy. Founded in the 5th century, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs. After several hundred years in power, Venice began to decline in the 15th century. Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the worlds most beautiful cities and one of the most important tourist destinations in the world. Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is the Gothic style. Venice is also known for several important artistic movements in history, especially the Renaissance period. The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and arts has been considerable. Today, it is still playing an important role in contemporary arts and popular cultures. In 1987, Venice was listed as a World Heritage Site. In March 1980, Venice became a sister city of Chinas Suzhou City. 威尼斯是意大利北部一座世界聞名的島城。威尼斯建立于公元5世紀(jì)，在公元10世紀(jì)時(shí)成為一支重要的海上力量。在中世紀(jì)和文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，威尼斯曾是重要的商貿(mào)中心，是當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲極為富裕的城市，在政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)中居領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。幾百年的興盛之后，威尼斯在15世紀(jì)開始衰落，如今，威尼斯被公認(rèn)為是全世界最美的城市之一，也是全世界最重要的旅游勝地之一。威尼斯的建筑風(fēng)格豐富多樣，其中最出名的是哥特式風(fēng)格，威尼斯還因歷史上的幾次重要的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)而聞名，特別是文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期。威尼斯對(duì)建筑和藝術(shù)的發(fā)展影響巨大。至今，威尼斯仍對(duì)現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)和流行文化的發(fā)展起著重要作用。1987年，威尼斯被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。1980年3月，威尼斯與中國蘇州結(jié)為“友好城市”。 UNIT 5 The English ceremony of afternoon tea dates back to the 1840s. The tradition evolved out of the rituals and routines that surrounded tea drinking in Britain before that time. Tea was first introduced to England in the late 1650s, but for a long time, it was only consumed by the royal family and the aristocracy due to its high cost. The habit of having afternoon tea did not become established until almost 200 years later. In those days, the British ate only two daily meals:a large breakfast late in the morning and a late dinner around 8 oclock in the evening. Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford, can be credited for creating the tradition of afternoon tea to soothe hunger pangs before supper. She invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at four to five oclock. The menu included tea and snacks such as dainty cakes and sandwiches. Fine porcelain(瓷器)was used to serve this minor feast. Afternoon tea soon became popular, and is now a symbol of the elegant British way of life. As novelist Henry James wrote, "There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea. 英式下午茶的儀式可以追溯到19世紀(jì)40年代，該傳統(tǒng)是由之前英國的茶飲儀式和習(xí)慣發(fā)展而來的，茶最初在17世紀(jì)50年代晚期被引入英國，但由于價(jià)格昂貴，所以很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里，只有皇家和貴族才能享用。直到將近200多年之后，英國人才養(yǎng)成吃下午茶的習(xí)慣。在當(dāng)時(shí)，英國人一日兩餐：快接近中午時(shí)分的豐盛早餐和晚上八點(diǎn)左右的晚餐，據(jù)說第七代貝德福德公爵夫人安娜開創(chuàng)了下午茶的傳統(tǒng)，以此來緩解晚餐前的饑餓感。她邀請(qǐng)朋友和她一起在下午四五點(diǎn)鐘吃下午茶。下午茶中包括茶和一些點(diǎn)心，比如精致的蛋糕及三明治。這些小巧的美食用精美的瓷器盛裝，"下午茶很快就流行開來，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為優(yōu)雅英國生活方式的一個(gè)象征。正如小說家亨利?詹姆斯寫道的那樣：“人生鮮有比全心全意享用下午茶這一儀式更愜意的時(shí)刻了?！? UNIT 6 Homer’s epics are said to be written by an ancient Greek blind poet Homer, who is revered as the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets. The epics include two great works of Greek history: the Iliad and the Odyssey. The two epics are the earliest works of Greek literature, and are among the greatest treasures of the ancient world, regarded by Westerners as the greatest epics in history. They have had an enormous influence on the history of literature and are of great value for the study of history, geography, archeology and folklore. Both the epics are divided into 24 volumes, the Iliad containing 15, 693 lines and the Odyssey 12, 11 lines. The Iliad is the oldest surviving work of Greek literature, which tells the story of the 10-year siege of the city of Troy. The Odyssey mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his journey home after the fall of Troy. Given the concise language, vivid plots and characters, Homer’s epics are great masterpieces of literature and occupy an important position in the world literature history. 《荷馬史詩》據(jù)傳是由古希臘盲詩人荷馬創(chuàng)作，他被推崇為古希臘最偉大的史詩詩人。《荷馬史詩》由反映希臘歷史的兩部巨著《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》組成，是希臘文學(xué)最早的著作，也是古代世界最偉大的瑰寶之一，被西方人認(rèn)為是歷史上最偉大的史詩。這兩部史詩對(duì)文學(xué)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了巨大影響，并對(duì)研究歷史、地理、考古以及民俗具有重大的價(jià)值。兩部史詩都分為24卷，《伊利亞特》有15, 693行，《奧德賽》有12, 110行?！兑晾麃喬亍肥乾F(xiàn)存希臘文學(xué)中最早的著作，講述的是特洛伊十年圍城的故事。《奧德賽》則主要講述希臘英雄奧德修斯以及他在特洛伊陷落之后回家途中發(fā)生的故事?！逗神R史詩》以其精煉的語言、生動(dòng)的情節(jié)和人物形象被認(rèn)為是偉大的文學(xué)杰作，在世界文學(xué)史上享有重要地位。