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密 級 分類號 編 號 成 績 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文) 外 文 翻 譯 原 文 標 題 Automotive lighting 譯 文 標 題 汽車照明系統(tǒng) 作者所在系別 機械工程 作者所在專業(yè) 車輛工程 作者所在班級 B13142 作 者 姓 名 宋應(yīng)紅 作 者 學 號 201322206 指導教師姓名 白亞雙 指導教師職稱 講師 完 成 時 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學院教務(wù)處制 1 譯文標題 Automotive lighting 原文標題 汽車照明系統(tǒng) 作 者 Magneti Marelli 譯 名 馬瑞利 國 籍 England 原文出處 From Wikipedia 一輛汽車的照明系統(tǒng)包括照明及信號裝置安裝在前方、后方、兩邊，還有一部分安裝在汽車頂部。當汽車在巷道和車流多的地方行駛時，燈光很明顯的提醒其他司機和行人注意到車輛的存在、位置、大小、方向等并知道駕駛者的意圖和行駛速度。緊急車輛常常帶有獨特的照明設(shè)備，以提醒司機和表明交通優(yōu)先。 歷史 早期的道路車輛用燃料燈作為車前照明燈。例如，第一次引進的福特T型車的頭燈和尾燈是用油燈。它并沒有在市場上作為標準功能，經(jīng)過幾年所有車輛由電氣照明。發(fā)電機，1908年第一次在汽車上使用，20世紀20年代普遍使用。制動尾燈在1915年開始研究，1919年投入使用。1936到1940年密封前照燈在美國作為唯一的標準類型。自動取消轉(zhuǎn)彎信號開始于1940年。到了1945年，大燈和信號燈被納入汽車結(jié)構(gòu)，1960年，歐洲開發(fā)了鹵素前照燈光源。1991年開始制作了HID車燈。1993年，大批量生產(chǎn)的汽車上安裝了LED尾燈。21世紀的前十年里，LED等大量增加。 光源 白熾燈泡是長在所有汽車照明設(shè)備中使用的光源。許多類型的燈泡都說過了。由制造商使用的標準化的型數(shù)字用于標識燈泡同規(guī)格?；乜赡芫哂幸粋€或兩個聯(lián)系人、 塑料或玻璃楔形或雙線循環(huán)或箍在管狀"繩"燈具上使用刺刀類型。螺絲燈座燈永遠不會使用在汽車應(yīng)用中由于其振動下松動。方向燈與內(nèi)部或外部鏡片使用無色的燈泡;相反，燈與無色鏡片可能使用紅色或黃色的燈泡來為各種功能提供所需的顏色的光。 通常，21 到 27 瓦，生產(chǎn) 280 至 570W （22 至 45 平均球面光） 用于停止，燈泡轉(zhuǎn)，扭轉(zhuǎn)前后霧燈，而 4 到 10 W 的燈泡，生產(chǎn) 40 到 130 W (3 到 10平均球面光 ) 用于尾燈、 停車燈、 側(cè)標志燈和側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向燈中繼器。 Led?被用在汽車燈的次數(shù)越來越多。他們提供很長的使用壽命，耐極端振動，并且可以允許淺得多的包裝相比，大多數(shù)燈泡類型的程序集。發(fā)光二極管也提供潛在的安全效益時從事停車燈，因為接通電源時他們上升到充分的強度大約250 毫秒為單位?（??秒）?快比白熾燈泡。此快速上升的時間，不僅提高了剎車燈，故意誤傳但可能與增加的時間作出反應(yīng)的停車燈外觀后還提供以下驅(qū)動程序。然而，不顯示這個更快的上升時間使汽車,剎車燈可能從追尾。 發(fā)光二極管首先被應(yīng)用于汽車照明中心高位剎車燈，在?80 年代末開始。采用發(fā)光二極管乘用車上的其他信號功能逐漸增加對技術(shù)和相關(guān)的樣式更新的需求。在北美，2000年凱迪拉克?Deville?是第一輛客車，與?LED?尾燈。?2002 年起亞歐菲萊斯/雇傭了早期的?LED?前面轉(zhuǎn)信號。?2007 年奧迪R8跑車使用兩個條狀的光學聚焦高強度發(fā)光二極管為其白天運行燈。在北美以外是世界上第一個LED頭燈由鋁汽車照明的奧迪R8是可選的。低和遠光位置停車燈和前轉(zhuǎn)向燈和所有l(wèi)ed的意思。雷克薩斯LS600h功能LED低梁位置、?側(cè)標志燈在北美，以及2009年卡迪拉克凱雷德白金利用發(fā)光二極管為低和高的橫梁，以及位置和側(cè)標志燈。梅賽德斯-奔馳?S 級?(W222)?根本沒有非 LED?燈，即使是在最基層的修剪。 分配的照明 在光的分配系統(tǒng)，光從單個源發(fā)送?viaoptical?纖維或光導到它在汽車所需要的地方。光導常用應(yīng)用到分布式光的儀表板顯示和溢價車輛開始使用分布式系統(tǒng)照明門鎖、?窗口控件和杯架等項目。此外探討了分配外部照明，高強度中央的光源。 緊急車輛燈 緊急車輛?lightingEmergency?如火引擎、 救護車、?警車、?除雪車輛和拖車通常配有強烈警告燈的特定顏色。這些可能是機動旋轉(zhuǎn)信標、?氙氣頻閃燈、?或Led?陣列。[105]?規(guī)定的顏色不同的管轄權(quán);在大多數(shù)國家，藍色和紅色特別警告燈用于警察、?消防和醫(yī)療急救車輛。在美國和一些其他司法管轄區(qū)，琥珀色指示燈是拖車、?私人保安人員、?工程車輛和其他非官方的特別服務(wù)車輛，則志愿消防員使用紅色、?藍色或綠色，根據(jù)管轄權(quán)。在美國它是違反了交通部?（運輸部）?任何非緊急車輛?（警察/消防/救護車）?操作的任何一種面向前方紅燈車輛統(tǒng)一法典 。在美國的汽車僅有紅色的尾燈，也沒有藍色的燈光;顯示?（或不閃爍）?（向前）?紅燈車輛向一名司機，走來，或后面的驅(qū)動程序?（在后視鏡里）?表明，官方緊急車輛來，要求要產(chǎn)量，從拉到路邊，或否則擺脫其方式的驅(qū)動程序。美國的部分州允許緊急車輛都有藍色的指示燈，可以開啟來警告司機緊急車輛在行動;藍色和紅色的燈光可以被結(jié)合，向前-和/或面向后方也。在英國，醫(yī)生可以用綠色的警示燈，雖然這些不允許用戶要求任何免除道路交通規(guī)例 ?相比，藍色的燈光，由法定的緊急服務(wù)在響應(yīng)時使用。特別警示燈，通常呈琥珀色，也有時被安裝在緩慢和/或?qū)挼能囕v，如移動式起重機、 挖掘機、?拖拉機和在一定條件下甚至代步車。 The?lighting system of a motor vehicle?consists of?lighting?and signalling devices mounted or integrated to the front, rear, sides, and in some cases the top of a?motor vehicle.This lights the roadway for the driver and increases the?conspicuity?of the vehicle, allowing other drivers and pedestrians to see a vehicle's presence, position, size, direction of travel, and the driver's intentions regarding direction and speed of travel.?Emergency vehicles?usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to warn drivers and indicate priority of movement in traffic. History Early road vehicles used fueled lamps, before the availability of electric lighting. For example, the first introduced?Ford Model T?used?carbide lamps?for headlamps and oil lamps for tail lamps. It did not have all-electric lighting as a standard feature until after several years on the market.?Dynamos?for automobile headlamps were first fitted around 1908 and became commonplace in 1920s automobiles. Tail lamps and brake lamps were introduced around 1915, and by 1919 "dip" headlamps were available. The?sealed beam?headlamp was introduced in 1936 and standardised as the only acceptable type in the USA in 1940. Self-cancelling turn signals were developed in 1940. By 1945 headlamps and signal lamps were integrated into the body styling. Halogen headlamp light sources were developed in Europe in 1960. HID headlamps were produced starting in 1991. In 1993, the first?LED?tail lamps were installed on mass-production automobiles.?LED headlamps?were introduced in the first decade of the 21st century. Light sources The?incandescent light bulb?was long the light source used in all automotive lighting devices. Many?types of bulbs?have been used. Standardized type numbers are used by manufacturers to identify bulbs with the same specifications. Bases may be bayonet-type with one or two contacts, plastic or glass wedge, or dual wire loops or ferrules used on tubular "festoon" lamps. Screw-base lamps are never used in automobile applications due to their loosening under vibration. Signal lamps with internal or external coloured lenses use colourless bulbs; conversely, lamps with colourless lenses may use red or amber bulbs to provide light of the required colours for the various functions. Typically, bulbs of 21 to 27?watts, producing 280 to 570?lumens?(22 to 45?mean spherical candlepower) are used for stop, turn, reversing and rear fog lamps, while bulbs of 4 to 10?W, producing 40 to 130?lm?(3 to 10 mscp) are used for tail lamps, parking lamps, side marker lamps and side turn signal repeaters. LEDs(Light emitting diodes)?are being used with increasing frequency in automotive lamps. They offer very long?service life, extreme vibration resistance, and can permit considerably shallower packaging compared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a potential safety benefit when employed in stop lights, because when power is applied they rise to full intensity approximately 250?milliseconds?(? second) faster than incandescent bulbs.[106]?This fast?rise timenot only improves the intentional conspicuity of the stop lamp,[citation needed]but could also provide following drivers with increased time to react to the appearance of the stop lamps. However, this faster rise time has not been shown to make cars with LED stop lamps less likely to be struck from behind.[107] LEDs were first applied to automotive lighting in centre high mount stop lamps (CHMSL), beginning in the late 1980s. Adoption of LEDs for other signal functions on passenger cars is gradually increasing with demand for the technology and related styling updates. In North America, the 2000?Cadillac Deville?was the first passenger car with LED taillights.[108]?The 2002?Kia Opirus/Amanti?was an early adopter of LED front turn signals.?The 2007Audi R8?sports car uses two strips of optically focused high-intensity LEDs for its?daytime running lamps. Optional on the R8 outside North America was the world's first?LED headlamp?made by?AL-Automotive Lighting. The low and high beams along with the position (parking) lamp and front turn signal are all realised with LEDs. The?Lexus LS 600h?features LED low beam, position and side marker lamps in North America, and the 2009?Cadillac Escalade?Platinum uses LEDs for the low and high beams, as well as for the position and side marker lamps. The?Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)?has no non-LED lamps at all, not even in the most basic trim level. Distributive lighting In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent viaoptical fibres?or?light guides?to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributively light dashboard displays,and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lighting such items as door locks, window controls, and cup holders.?Distributive exterior lighting has also been explored, with high-intensity central light sources. Emergency vehicle lights Main article: Emergency vehicle lightingEmergency vehicles?such as?fire engines,ambulances,?police cars,?snow-removal vehicles?and?tow trucks?are usually equipped with intense warning lights of particular colours. These may be motorised rotating beacons, xenon?strobes, or arrays of?LEDs.[105]?The prescribed colours differ by jurisdiction; in most countries, blue and red special warning lamps are used on police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles. In the United States and some other jurisdictions, amber lights are for tow trucks, private security personnel, construction vehicles, and other nonofficial special-service vehicles, while volunteer firefighters use red, blue, or green, depending on jurisdiction. In the U.S. it is a violation of the D.O.T. (Department of Transportation) Uniform Vehicle Code for any non-emergency vehicle (Police/Fire/Ambulance) to operate forward-facing red lights of any kind. Cars in the U.S. only have red tail-lights, and no blue lights; a vehicle displaying a red (forward-facing) light (flashing or not) coming towards a driver, or from behind the driver (in rear view mirror) indicates that an official emergency vehicle is coming, requiring the driver to yield, pull off to the side of the road, or otherwise get out of its way. Some U.S. States allow emergency vehicles to have blue lights that can be turned on to warn drivers of an emergency vehicle in action; blue and red lights can be combined, forward- and/or rear-facing, also. In the UK, doctors may use green warning lamps although these do not allow the user to claim any exemption from road traffic regulations compared to the blue lights used by statutory emergency services when responding to calls. Special warning lights, usually amber, are also sometimes mounted on slow and/or wide vehicles such as?mobile cranes,excavators,?tractors, and even?mobility scooters?in certain conditions. 指 導 教 師 評 語 外文翻譯成績： 指導教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導教師對譯文進行評閱時應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面：①翻譯的外文文獻與畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的參考文獻；②翻譯的外文文獻字數(shù)是否達到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語言是否準確、通順、具有參考價值。 2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。 7