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北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯
設(shè)計(jì) (論文)題目
犁式除雪車除雪裝置設(shè)計(jì)
作者所在系別
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專業(yè)
車輛工程
作者所在班級
B13141
作 者 姓 名
羅輝
作 者 學(xué) 號
201322273
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
劉志強(qiáng)
指導(dǎo)教師職稱
講師
完 成 時(shí) 間
2017
年
3
月
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制
History Of The Snowblower
So who did invent the snowblower or snowthrower? We need to begin by qualifying that question since there are a number of answers depending on your interest. Some notable firsts would be:
●The first machine to clear snow by throwing or blowing it
●The first fully mobile snow clearing machine?
●The first domestic walk-behind snow blower
The latter is the one people generally think of and have the most interest in. It is also the one that has the most elusive answer.
Chapter 1
So where did it all begin? Looking back in time we need to consider where would there be a need to remove snow while having a source of power available? The need and the enabling power were found on the railways of the U.S. snowbelt and in Canada. The earliest documented art belongs to a Toronto dentist known as J/W Elliot. His 1869 patent #390 design was never built.
The story next takes us to Orangeville Ontario, Canada where we find Orange Jull, a gristmill operator and inventor. In 1884 he applied for a patent and was subsequently granted patent #18506. Jull did not have the means to build and commercialize his invention so he contracted the local Leslie brothers to build the machines.
The Jull/Leslie machines were self powered but not self propelled. A locomotive was used to move the machine. The Jull design consisted of 2 large inline fans rotating in opposite directions. The lead fan chewed into and pulverized the snow while blowing it back into the discharge fan, which propelled it into the sky. Due to clogging problems it was simplified to a single fan. Further changes to effectively control the discharge were made including a movable deflector and pitching impeller blades. Production was moved to the Cook locomotive works in several locations. Additional machines were built under license. Finally 5 machines were "home built" by end users with the last one finished in 1971. In all 146 were built.
Later work consisted of fortifying the design to deal with the hazards of the unknown. Tracks were often blocked with fallen trees and other debris that were concealed in the snow. Legend has it that in one case a herd of cattle were trapped and buried under the snow on the rail bed. As the rotary snowplow progressed forward beefsteaks were flying. They remained in production into the 1950s and a few are still in service today. Many survive as museum pieces with an occasional demonstration.
Following his collaboration with the Leslie Brothers Orange Jull went on to create a next generation machine. This design utilized a screw auger to collect the snow. It was not as effective, especially in deep snow and only eleven were ever built. Sadly all have been scrapped.
All of the available photos and drawings of these machines are on enthusiasts sites where they are best viewed.. A Google search using Jull snowblower as keywords will deliver hours of reading and nostalgia. On You-tube you may be able to find " The Return of Rotary #1 ". A search for "rotary snowplow" found this video.
Chapter 2
Our next installment finds Arthur Sicard, circa 1894, an 18 year old working on the family dairy farm in Saint-Leonard-de-Port-Maurice, Quebec. Snowstorms being frequent and dairy products being perishable motivated him to find a better snow removal means.
Motivation found inspiration one day when he saw a new piece of farm machinery called the thresher. If this machine could gather grain perhaps he could use the design to gather and move snow. It wasn't long before he had built and tested his first prototype however it bogged down in snow. His notion was dismissed by those around him and he went on unsupported in his pursuit. He went on to make a life for himself in Montreal until finally in 1925, 31 years later he astonished the people of that city with his "Sicard Snow Remover Snowblower". The first sale was to the nearby town of Outremont, in 1927.
The Sicard name has been synonymous with large snowblowers ever since. My hometown had a Sicard unit mounted to an old Michigan front end loader for several decades.
Chapter 3
The curious question then becomes when did the walk behind domestic snowblower emerge? The Toro website makes the claim that Toro introduced the first snowthrower, the Snowhound in 1951. Ariens entered snow moving the market in 1952 with an attachment for it's Yardster series. The Ariens Sno-Thro series was launched in 1960. Simplicty followed in 1962. The earliest confirmed Gilson dates back to 1966. Meanwhile dozens of others launched product lines.This of course is in the context of domestic walk-behind units. If you have an early machine I'd appreciate a picture and brief story. Of all of the archival material I have amassed nothing points to an earlier machine. The 1951 Toro was not the driveway behemoth than many of us use today as can be seen in the photo.
In my Vintage Machine Showcase you can get a sense of the diversity found in the early machines and a search of patents will reveal even more radical designs.
Machines of modern proportions began to emerge in the 1960's. The small-scale brands slowly disappeared and most were gone by the 1980s. The Gilson snow blower line launched in 1966. The full sized gear drives continued to evolve through the decade and with the introduction of the Unitrol machines in 1970 Gilson had 2 full size formats that evolved into the 1980s. The small Gilson single stage models were discontinued after the 1970 model year.
Just as the small scale models were fading away the industry was turned on it's head with the introduction of "personal sized" 2 stroke machines. The models were easy to handle, store and pay for. They pack enough power to handle a significant storm if you are patient enough to let it eat the elephant one bite at a time. Gilson was an early player with some patent action and the Snow-Cannon was a hit.
Horsepower grew over the years. Early machines were in the 3-4 horsepower range. In 1970 8HP was the big machine. By 1980 most brands included a 10 or even 11 HP machine. Today 13 HP models easy to find.
The 21st century brought power accessories. Manufacturers are offering heated handles, motorized chute rotators and you can find machines that have onboard battery power to allow electric starting when away from household power. While engine powered lighting is nothing new it is becoming far more common.
The other big story is consolidation. Where there used to be scores of suppliers there are now essentially 7. Promotional grade machines (I'm being kind here) are made by MTD, Murray and AYP. Quality machine are built by Simplicity, Ariens, Toro and Honda. Virtually any machine you can find on the market, regardless of the brand is from one of these sources. The exceptions as small players such as attachments for BCS tillers. The age of the mass merchandiser has forced everyone to slash cost in pursuit of market share. The quality brands often sell machines in several tiers with one targeted at the promotional grade competition.
What do the coming decades hold for snowblower users? The market moves slowly. While nearly every homeowner owns a lawn mower the snowblower market is confined to the snowbelt region and many property owners choose not to own such a machine. That being said it is a small piece of the pie that has a hard time attracting R&D money. The basic concepts have been quite stable for along time. Ecology has been a big driver of engine refinements and this is likely to continue. Much of the recent work has been value engineering with most of the benefit going to the manufacturers. The brute strength built into the machines of yesteryear is gone forever. We can only hope that future machines will not be overburdened with fragile accessories. Other than that we will all have to wait and see what blows in the future.
Chapter 4
Each year, countries will spend huge cost to snow removal operations.There are recent studies that focus on beneficiaries’ awareness for the service level of snow removal to find a solution for cost reduction. From this viewpoint, issues including the demand for snow removal, residents’ willingness to pay and residents’ satisfaction levels for snow removal have been discussed.
Most of these studies on snow removal addressed economic benefits, or used questionnaire surveys to address public involvement or customer satisfaction. Very few in-depth studies have addressed the cost structure of snow removal by the Japanese government.
As for the cost reduction efforts for infrastructure management including snow removal in the U.S.A. and other countries, Baroga, E.V. proposed to measure performance -based service levels to use it for budget and resource allocations; and Lindsey, R.K.et al. focused work conditions including geography and climate that are different by work site to realize efficient resource allocation for snow removal. Other than those for snow removal, efforts including the bridge management system have been made to optimize budget allocation for infrastructure management. However, there seem to be few studies on a model that enables efficient snow removal budget and resource allocations on the basis of cost structure analyses as well as of inter-regional comparisons of the time-series data of snow removal costs.
Out?of?Japan’s?total?road?length?of?1.2?mil.?km?(744?thou.?miles),?municipal?roads?account?for?about?84%.?The?length?of?national?roads?under?the?direct?control?of?the?national?government?accounts?for?a?mere?1.9%?of?the?total.?The?length?of?roads?in?the?cold,?snowy?areas?that?account?for?about?60%?of?Japan’s?land?area?is?about?41.6?thou.?km?(25.79?thou.?miles).?The?national?government?fully?finances?snow?removal?for?national?highways,?including?expressways,?and?partially?subsidizes?snow?removal?for?national?highways?under?the?control?of?prefectures?and?prefectural?roads?in?areas?designated?as?snowy?and?cold?by?The?national?government?covers?snow?removal?costs?for?nationally?managed?national?highways.?The?national?government?subsidizes?snow?removal?costs?for?prefecturally?managed?national?highways?and?prefectural?roads?in?areas?designated?as?snowy?and?cold?by?.?The?law?states?that?the?national?government?shall?subsidize?prefectures?for?two?thirds?of?the?cost?of?snow?removal,?with?the?prefecture?covering?the?remaining?third.?At?present,?the?national?government’s?subsidy?for?roads?in?areas?that?are?designated?as?snowy?and?cold?by?the?law?amunts?to?about?70?billion?yen?($583?million?($1/?￥120),?FY?2007).?National?revenues?for?this?subsidy?include?those?from?the?national?gas?tax,?the?automobile?tonnage?tax?and?the?automobile?acquisition?tax.?Those?revenues,?whose?disbursement?is?limited?to?road-related?projects,?amount?to?about?5.6?trillion?yen?($47?billion,?FY?2007).??
Each?prefecture’s?snow?removal?costs?are?financed?from?the?prefectural?general?account?and?the?prefectural?special?account.?The?revenue?sources?for?the?prefectural?special?account?includes?the?light?oil?wholesale?tax,?whose?disbursement?is?limited?to?road-related?projects.And the key to reduce snow removal costs is snow sweeper on the development and production and human resource saving.
Chapter 5
Let's take a look at each country different snow blowers.
(1) schmidt CJS Super Ⅱ compact tractor. The machine on skis, roller and snow blower can work alone or at the same time, roller length is 4200 mm, roller diameter of 914 mm, high-performance gas flow rate of 530 m3 / h, the snow blower adopts hydraulic drive, blowing snow speed can be adjusted, and it is mainly used for snow removal of airport runway, taxiway and parking apron. Its compact design, high flexibility, excellent performance, high reliability, schmidt is one of the largest equipment ownership in China. The machine USES 4 x4 overloaded trucks, chassis after appropriate modification, to install snow equipment. A separate engine used to drive hydraulic pump control rolling brush and high-pressure blower, driven by the chassis engine hydraulic circuit used to push the skis operation, roller between before and after the truck bridge, roller powered by two hydraulic motor, by hydraulic cylinder pushing skis swinging and ascend. Roller is suspended under the table, make its can adjust Angle in the horizontal direction in order to adapt to the change of clean the road. Roller is working from two free to support roller bearing. High pressure blower by auxiliary engine driven hydraulic pump, driven by a hydraulic motor, air volume according to different power is divided into two levels. Blower is located in the rear, used in dry be swept pavement or away the remaining cx. Blower under driving condition, back and side not highlight parts, so as to avoid risk while backing out. When using the CJS is cleared when the airport pavement snow, often need to install the skis, MS56.1 and push type MS64.1 airport skis are suitable for the machine of snow removal operations at the airport.
(2) wave male company able to provide a complete line of laminated push the snow shovel, the car can be installed in various types of chassis, winter snow removal operations for a variety of occasions. The automatic collision avoidance height is 150 mm, push the snow shovel suspension adopts hydraulic control, ensure the snow removal more clean and effective; Patented high pressure hydraulic control valve can avoid because of the snow shovel side collision damage caused by the. Wave MF push the snow shovel male the company are controlled by the "Vpad" operating system. Male company dedicated to the airport and the width of the highway design and manufacturing.
(3) The House Card H series, multi-purpose snow sweeper to hao and H series models based on design and manufacture, the snow sweeper can be hung in front of all kinds of snow blower, snow, and snow brush, the vehicle cab design highlights the safety and comfort of the driver. Snow and pull (Sno - way) throw snow machine adopts B/S engine, move, Yang xue suction, throw the snow Yang can reach 3 ~ 15 m, can automatically walk, backward; The improved type steel hollow out hob has a big mouth, into the snow in improving work efficiency and reduce the fuel consumption; Increase the acupoint redirector, easily toggle can complete turn; Multiple block transform, speed can be adjusted forward or backward. Applicable Yu Daxue, blizzard when opened up a road, as well as the heaps of snow loading pickup, suitable for state organs and units, schools, parking lot, square, property management community, garden and winter snow removal of non-motor vehicle lanes etc.
(4) the Zoomlion ZLJ5250TCXZE3 / ZLJ5251 TCXZE4 multi-functional snow sweeper is a collection of snow, the snow, solid, prewetting cloth and cloth, scraping ice and other functions in a body's comprehensive snow sweeper. With large power and high efficiency, Hunan and GuiZhou mountainous area highway in early 2011 in the fight against snow disaster played a huge role in work. Which USES push before and after, the operation mode, solved the problem of the snow removal after freezes again. Spraying machine control system adopts the closed loop ratio control, and high accuracy, high reliability and convenient operation. Adopt multi-function integrated design, installation at the front have push the snow shovel, rolling, options to improve the working efficiency of snow removal; Equipped with central in addition to ice skate, can wipe out the compacted snow and ice road. With a large cloth, profile options wings shovel, which can realize the highway fast and efficient in addition to the snow and ice.
Road snow blocking will bring a great deal of trouble and loss, snow removal vehicles is an effective countermeasure for this bad situation, however, snow sweeper is the development of future life development could not drink the lack of necessary conditions. 掃雪機(jī)的歷史及概況
所以誰發(fā)明了掃雪機(jī)？我們需要開始的排位賽，因?yàn)橛性S多問題的答案取決于你的興趣。一些值得注意的第一次是：
●第一臺通過投擲或吹雪清除雪的機(jī)器
●什么是第一個(gè)完全移動(dòng)清理雪的機(jī)器?
●第一個(gè)國內(nèi)手動(dòng)除雪機(jī)
后者通常是人們最感興趣的一個(gè)，但是也是最難回答的一個(gè)。
第1章
那么這一切在哪里開始?回首往事時(shí)我們需要考慮在哪里有需要清除雪雖然有一個(gè)電源可用?這種需要和力量在美國多雪地帶和在加拿大的鐵路被發(fā)現(xiàn)。最早的記載藝術(shù)屬于一個(gè)叫J / W埃利奧特的多倫多牙醫(yī)。他1869年專利390號設(shè)計(jì)從來沒有建造。
接下來的故事發(fā)生在加拿大，奧蘭治維爾安大略，是發(fā)現(xiàn)Orange Jull的地方。Orange Jull是磨坊的操作員和發(fā)明者。1884年他申請了專利，隨后被授予專利18506號。Jull沒有建立和推廣他的發(fā)明，他承包了當(dāng)?shù)氐娜R斯利兄弟建造機(jī)器的裝置。
Jull/萊斯利機(jī)器可以自行供電但是卻不能自己行走。所以利用火車頭來移動(dòng)機(jī)器。Jull設(shè)計(jì)有兩大內(nèi)聯(lián)風(fēng)扇在相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。風(fēng)扇將雪粉碎成沫，再經(jīng)由排風(fēng)扇將其吹向天空。由于堵塞問題，所以將風(fēng)扇簡化成單扇。為了有效地控制放電，將其進(jìn)一步改變成一個(gè)可移動(dòng)的偏轉(zhuǎn)和俯仰葉輪葉片。產(chǎn)品被轉(zhuǎn)移到幾個(gè)做機(jī)車廠的地方。額外的機(jī)器是建立在許可證下。最后5臺“家庭建設(shè)”是在1971年通過最終用戶的最后一個(gè)完成的。一共共建造146臺機(jī)器。
接下來的工作是設(shè)計(jì)處理未知的危險(xiǎn)。通常是阻止倒下的樹木和其他隱藏在雪地里的碎片。傳說，有一次牛群被困，埋在雪下的床身導(dǎo)軌。旋轉(zhuǎn)掃雪機(jī)前進(jìn)過程中，牛排是飛行的。它們一直生產(chǎn)到上個(gè)世紀(jì)50年代，有一些甚至用到了今天。還有一些偶爾展示在博物館。
與萊斯利兄弟合作后Orange Jull繼續(xù)創(chuàng)建了下一代機(jī)器。這次設(shè)計(jì)利用了螺旋鉆來收集雪。但不是很有效，尤其是在積雪厚只有11厘米的地方，所以很遺憾的都被取消了。
在圖紙愛好者網(wǎng)站上這些所有可用的圖片和繪畫是這些機(jī)器最好的歸宿。在谷歌上輸入Jull掃雪機(jī)的關(guān)鍵字，那么你將花費(fèi)幾個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間閱讀和懷舊。在You-tube上，你可以找到“扶輪1號的回歸”相關(guān)話題，還可以搜索發(fā)現(xiàn)“旋轉(zhuǎn)掃雪機(jī)”的視頻。
第2章
大約在1894年，我們進(jìn)一步的發(fā)現(xiàn)亞瑟西卡德，一個(gè)18歲在圣倫納德的毛里斯港的家庭農(nóng)場努力工作。暴風(fēng)雪的頻繁發(fā)生和奶制品的腐爛使他找到了一個(gè)更好地除雪動(dòng)力裝置。
這個(gè)動(dòng)機(jī)的靈感來自于，有一天他發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)叫做脫粒機(jī)的農(nóng)場機(jī)械。如果這種機(jī)器可以收集糧食，那么或許他可以利用這種設(shè)計(jì)來收集和清除雪。不久之后，他完成了他的第一個(gè)原型，并進(jìn)行測試，然而機(jī)器卻陷在雪里。他的觀點(diǎn)沒有被周圍的人理解，他的追求人們并不支持。他獨(dú)自一人前往蒙特利爾生活，一直到1925年，31年后，他發(fā)明的“西卡德除雪機(jī)”令那些城市的人感到驚訝。他第一次賣出掃雪機(jī)，是在1927年，賣到了附近的外山鎮(zhèn)。
西卡德的名字因此成為了大型除雪機(jī)的代名詞。我的家鄉(xiāng)有一個(gè)西卡德機(jī)器安裝到了舊密歇根，使用了幾十年。
第3章
人們好奇的問題變成了國內(nèi)可以行走的除雪機(jī)是什么時(shí)候發(fā)明的？托羅網(wǎng)站上說第一臺行走掃雪機(jī)是托羅在1951年提出的。這種機(jī)器和其附件Yardster系列在1952年進(jìn)入掃雪機(jī)市場。該產(chǎn)品的Sno-Thro系列在1960年問世。Simplicty也在1962年緊隨其后生產(chǎn)出來。這最早的確認(rèn)的Gilson產(chǎn)品要追溯到1966年。與此同時(shí)，其他許多公司也推出了生產(chǎn)線。這項(xiàng)發(fā)明當(dāng)然是國內(nèi)第一個(gè)行走單位。如果你有一個(gè)早期的機(jī)器，我可以欣賞它的圖片和簡短的故事。我積累了所有早期機(jī)器的檔案資料。1951年托羅并不是我們今天看到的照片中的那樣。
在我的古董機(jī)展示中，你可以了解發(fā)現(xiàn)早期機(jī)器和搜索多樣性的專利，從而顯示更加激進(jìn)的設(shè)計(jì)。
現(xiàn)代機(jī)器的模型在20世紀(jì)60年代開始出現(xiàn)。小規(guī)模品牌慢慢消失，20世紀(jì)80年代之前的都成為了過去。Gilson除雪機(jī)成立于1966年，全尺寸齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)器通過十年的不斷發(fā)展，在1970年引進(jìn)Unitrol機(jī)器。20世紀(jì)80年代Gilson 2演變?yōu)槿叽绺袷?。小的Gilson單級模型在1970年停產(chǎn)。
小規(guī)模模型消失后，這個(gè)行業(yè)推出了“個(gè)人型號”的沖程機(jī)器。模型很容易處理，存儲和支付。如果你有足夠的耐心讓它吃一頭大象，他們就有足夠的權(quán)利來處理強(qiáng)大的風(fēng)暴。Gilson是一個(gè)早期的專利行動(dòng)的球員也是雪炮的打擊。
多年后馬力增長。早期的機(jī)器是3-4的馬力。1970年第8代惠普是大型機(jī)器。到1980年，包括第10代甚至第11代惠普機(jī)器在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)品牌都已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。在今天，惠普13模型也很容易找到。
21世紀(jì)是電力配件。制造商提供加熱處理，電槽轉(zhuǎn)子，你可以找到機(jī)器主板電池，可以在遠(yuǎn)離家庭的時(shí)候啟動(dòng)。而發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力照明就不是什么新鮮事情了。
另一個(gè)故事是整理。那里曾經(jīng)有許多供應(yīng)商。促銷級的機(jī)器是由MTD,Murray和AYP傳達(dá)出來。質(zhì)量好的機(jī)器制造廠商有Simplicity，Ariens，Toro和Honda等。在市場上幾乎任何種類的機(jī)器你都找的到，無論品牌是其中的哪一個(gè)。作為BCS分部的小型機(jī)例外。大量銷售商的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致每家廠商不得不削減成本來追求市場份額。質(zhì)量品牌通常出售幾個(gè)層次機(jī)器在針對吸引各個(gè)級別的消費(fèi)者來競爭得到更高的利益。
掃雪機(jī)用戶的未來幾十年將是什么樣的呢？市場變換很慢。雖然幾乎每家都擁有割草機(jī)的掃雪機(jī)市場，但掃雪機(jī)的使用僅限于多雪地區(qū)，許多業(yè)主選擇不買這種機(jī)器。也就是說這是一小塊蛋糕，很難吸引研發(fā)資金。隨著時(shí)間的推移，基本概念已經(jīng)相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定。生態(tài)環(huán)境是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的推動(dòng)力，且會一直延續(xù)下去。最近大多工作已經(jīng)被大多數(shù)工廠利益去制造有價(jià)值的工程。昔日的制造機(jī)器的蠻力已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了，我們只能希望，未來的機(jī)器不會配置過多的脆弱零件。除此之外，我們都將等待，看看未來的打擊。
第4章
有最近的研究，專注于受益人的要求，為達(dá)到預(yù)期水平的除雪服務(wù)而找到一個(gè)有效方案來降低成本。從這個(gè)角度出發(fā)，討論了除雪需求、居民的支付意愿和居民對積雪消除的滿意度等問題。
這些積雪去除的研究大多涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，或使用問卷調(diào)查，以解決公眾參與或客戶滿意度的問題。很少有深入的研究能夠根本解決政府的除雪成本不足的問題。
對于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施管理，包括在美國和其他國家，包括巴羅加除雪的降低成本的努力，E.V.提出了用以衡量性能的除雪服務(wù)水平，使用它給出的預(yù)算和資源分配；除雪車滿足的工作條件，包括地理和氣候不同的工作場所，實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的資源分配用以有效除雪。除了那些除雪方案外，包括橋梁管理系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的努力，已為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施管理優(yōu)化預(yù)算分配。然而，似乎有一些研究的模型，在高效的除雪預(yù)算和資源分配的成本結(jié)構(gòu)分析的基礎(chǔ)上，以跨區(qū)域比較消耗時(shí)間排列數(shù)據(jù)的方法來比較除雪成本。
日本的道路總長度約1.2萬公里(744千英里),市政道路的長度約占84%。國家道路在中央政府直接控制下的僅占總數(shù)的1.9%。道路中長期處在寒冷,下雪地區(qū)的約占日本60%，其中的土地面積約為41.6萬公里(25.79 萬英里)。國民政府完全使用財(cái)政來為國家高速公路除雪,包括在高速公路、和部分補(bǔ)貼國家高速公路除雪的支持下縣和縣級公路地區(qū)、由國家政府規(guī)定為雪和寒冷覆蓋的為由國家負(fù)責(zé)除雪的國家高速公路。國家地方政府補(bǔ)貼除雪成本管理國家高速公路。法律規(guī)定,國家政府補(bǔ)貼縣除雪成本的三分之二,剩下由各個(gè)縣自行負(fù)責(zé)。目前,國家政府補(bǔ)貼的道路所指定為雪和寒冷地區(qū)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)每年使用約700億日圓(5.83億美元(1美元/￥120),2007財(cái)政年度)的開支,國家收入補(bǔ)貼包括那些來自全國汽油稅,汽車噸位稅和汽車收購的稅收,這些收入的支出僅限于road-related項(xiàng)目,金額約5.6萬億日圓(470億美元,2007財(cái)年)每年。
每個(gè)縣的除雪成本資金分為全州一般賬戶和全州特殊賬戶。地方專門賬戶的收入來源包括輕油批發(fā)稅,其支出僅限于road-related項(xiàng)目。而消減除雪開支的關(guān)鍵就在于除雪車開發(fā)生產(chǎn)以及人力資源的節(jié)約上了。
第5章
讓我們來看看各個(gè)國家的不同除雪車。
（1） 施密特CJS Super Ⅱ緊湊型掃雪車。該機(jī)的推雪板、滾刷和吹雪機(jī)可以單獨(dú)或同時(shí)工作，滾刷長度4200mm，滾刷直徑914mm，高性能吹雪機(jī)氣流量530m3/h，采用液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)，吹雪速度可以任意調(diào)節(jié)，主要用于機(jī)場跑道、滑行道和停機(jī)坪的除雪。該車設(shè)計(jì)緊湊、靈活度高、性能優(yōu)異、可靠性高，是施密特在中國保有量最大的設(shè)備之一。該機(jī)采用四驅(qū)重載卡車，底盤經(jīng)過相應(yīng)改裝，以安裝掃雪設(shè)備。一臺獨(dú)立的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)用于驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓泵控制滾刷和高壓鼓風(fēng)機(jī)，由底盤發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的液壓回路用來操作推雪板，滾刷位于卡車前后橋之間，滾刷由2臺液壓馬達(dá)提供動(dòng)力，通過液壓缸實(shí)現(xiàn)推雪板的左右擺動(dòng)和提升。滾刷被懸置在轉(zhuǎn)盤下，使其可在水平方向調(diào)整角度以適應(yīng)清掃路面的變化。滾刷工作時(shí)由2個(gè)自由轉(zhuǎn)向支承輪支承。高壓鼓風(fēng)機(jī)由輔助發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓泵，通過一個(gè)液壓馬達(dá)進(jìn)行驅(qū)動(dòng)，出風(fēng)量按不同功率分為兩級。鼓風(fēng)機(jī)位于車輛后部，用于吹干被掃過的路面或吹去剩余殘雪。鼓風(fēng)機(jī)在行駛狀態(tài)下，后部和側(cè)面沒有突出部件，從而避免倒車時(shí)的危險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)使用CJS清除機(jī)場路面積雪時(shí)，通常需要安裝推雪板，MS56.1和MS64.1型機(jī)場推雪板均適合于該機(jī)的機(jī)場除雪作業(yè)。
（2） 瑞士波雄公司能夠提供完整系列的多片式推